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Angular interview questions
Angular 7 introduces optimizations such as support for TypeScript 2.4 and enhanced RxJS features, along with improvements in Angular's build tools and routing events. Key components of Angular architecture include modules, components, and services, which facilitate dynamic templates and dependency injection. Additionally, the document explains concepts like data binding, lifecycle hooks, view encapsulation, and the benefits of using TypeScript over JavaScript.
Angular interview questions
- 2. 1. What’s newin Angular 7? Certain tools are optimized in the new version of Angular, let us see what the tools are: Angular 7 supports Typescript version 2.4 Angular 7 supports RxJS which has new features like Pipeable Operators A build tool to make the js bundles (files) lighter Ahead of Time (AOT) is updated to be on by default Events like ActivationStart and ActivationEnd are introduced in Router
- 3. Name the buildingblocks of Angular. The Angular application is made using the following: Modules Component Template Directives Data Binding Services Dependency Injection Routing
- 5. Components – Acomponent controls one or more views. Each view is some specific section of the screen. Every Angular application has at least one component, known as the root component. It is bootstrapped inside the main module, known as the root module. A component contains application logic defined inside a class. This class is responsible for interacting with the view via an API of properties and methods. Data Binding – The mechanism by which parts of a template coordinates with parts of a component is known as data binding. In order to let Angular know how to connect both sides (template and its component), the binding markup is added to the template HTML. Dependency Injection (DI) – Angular makes use of DI to provide required dependencies to new components. Typically, dependencies required by a component are services. A component’s constructor parameters tell Angular about the services that a component requires. So, a dependency injection offers a way to supply fully- formed dependencies required by a new instance of a class.
- 7. Directives – Thetemplates used by Angular are dynamic in nature. Directives are responsible for instructing Angular about how to transform the DOM when rendering a template. Actually, components are directives with a template. Other types of directives are attribute and structural directives. Metadata – In order to let Angular know how to process a class, metadata is attached to the class. For doing so decorators are used. Modules – Also known as NgModules, a module is an organized block of code with a specific set of capabilities. It has a specific application domain or a workflow. Like components, any Angular application has at least one module. This is known as the root module. Typically, an Angular application has several modules. Routing – An Angular router is responsible for interpreting a browser URL as an instruction to navigate to a client-generated view. The router is bound to links on a page to tell Angular to navigate the application view when a user clicks on it. Services – A very broad category, a service can be anything ranging from a value and function to a feature that is required by an Angular app. Technically, a service is a class with a well-defined purpose. Template – Each component’s view is associated with its companion template. A template in Angular is a form of HTML tags that lets Angular know that how it is meant to render the component.
- 8. 3. What isTranspiling in Angular? Transpiling is the process of converting the typescript into javascript. Though typescript is used to write code in the Angular applications, the code is internally transpiled into javascript.
- 9. 4. Which ofthe Angular life cycle component execution happens when a data-bound input value updates? ngOnChanges is the life cycle hook that gets executed whenever a change happens to the data that was bound to an input.
- 10. 5. Differentiate between Componentsand Directives in Angular . Components break up the application into smaller parts; whereas, Directives add behavior to an existing DOM element.
- 11. 6. What isthe use of @Input and @Output? When it comes to the communication of Angular Components, which are in Parent-Child Relationship; we use @Input in Child Component and @Output is used in Child Component to receive an event from Child to Parent Component.
- 12. What does arouter.navigate do? When we want to route to a component we use router.navigate. Syntax: this.router.navigate([‘/component_name’]);
- 13. 9. What isViewEncapsulation? ViewEncapsulation decides whether the styles defined in a component can affect the entire application or not. There are three ways to do this in Angular: Emulated: styles from other HTML spread to the component. Native: styles from other HTML do not spread to the component. None: styles defined in a component are visible to all components.
- 14. 10. What areServices in Angular and what command is used to create a service? Services help us in not repeating the code. With the creation of services, we can use the same code from different components. Here is the command to create a service in angular, ng g service User (a UserService is created when this command is used).
- 15. In how manyways the Data Binding can be done? Data Binding happens between the HTML (template) and typescript (component). Data binding can be done in 3 ways: (i) Property Binding (ii) Event Binding (iii) Two-Way Data Binding.
- 16. What is thesequence of Angular Lifecycle Hooks? OnChange() - OnInit() - DoCheck() - AfterContentInit() - AfterContentChecked() - AfterViewInit() - AfterViewChecked() - OnDestroy().
- 17. What is thepurpose of using package.json in the angular project? With the existence of package.json, it will be easy to manage the dependencies of the project. If we are using typescript in the angular project then we can mention the typescript package and version of typescript in package.json.
- 18. How is SPA(Single Page Application) technology different from the traditional web technology? In traditional web technology, the client requests for a web page (HTML/JSP/asp) and the server sends the resource (or HTML page), and the client again requests for another page and the server responds with another resource. The problem here is a lot of time is consumed in the requesting/responding or due to a lot of reloading. Whereas, in the SPA technology, we maintain only one page (index.HTML) even though the URL keeps on changing.
- 19. What are ngModeland how do we represent it? ngModel is a directive which can be applied on a text field. This a two-way data binding. ngModel is represented by [()]
- 20. Differentiate between Observables andPromises. Observables are lazy, which means nothing happens until a subscription is made. Whereas Promises are eager; which means as soon as a promise is created, the execution takes place. Observable is a stream in which passing of zero or more events is possible and the callback is called for each event. Whereas, promise handles a single event.
- 21. What is anAsyncPipe in Angular? When an observable or promise returns something, we use a temporary property to hold the content. Later, we bind the same content to the template. With the usage of AsyncPipe, the promise or observable can be directly used in a template and a temporary property is not required.
- 22. Explain Authentication and Authorization. Authentication:The user login credentials are passed to an authenticate API (on the server). On the server side validation of the credentials happens and a JSON Web Token (JWT) is returned. JWT is a JSON object that has some information or attributes about the current user. Once the JWT is given to the client, the client or the user will be identified with that JWT. Authorization: After logging in successfully, the authenticated or genuine user does not have access to everything. The user is not authorized to access someone else’s data, he/she is authorized to access some data.
- 23. What is AOTCompilation? Every angular application gets compiled internally. The angular compiler takes javascript code, compiles it and produces javascript code again. Ahead-of-Time Compilation does not happen every time or for every user, as is the case with Just-In- Time (JIT) Compilation.
- 24. What is Redux? Itis a library which helps us maintain the state of the application. Redux is not required in applications that are simple with the simple data flow, it is used in Single Page Applications that have complex data flow.
- 25. What are thePipes? This feature is used to change the output on the template; something like changing the string into uppercase and displaying it on the template. It can also change Date format accordingly.
- 26. Why Typescript withAngular? Typescript is a superset of Javascript. Earlier, Javascript was the only client-side language supported by all browsers. But, the problem with Javascript is, it is not a pure Object Oriented Programming Language. The code written in JS without following patterns like Prototype Pattern becomes messy and finally leading to difficulties in maintainability and reusability. Instead of learning concepts (like patterns) to maintain code, programmers prefer to maintain the code in an OOP approach and is made available with a programming language like Typescript was thus developed by Microsoft in a way that it can work as Javascript and also offer what javascript cannot ;
- 27. pure OOPS asTypescript offers concepts like Generics, Interfaces and Types (a Static Typed Language) which makes it is easier to catch incorrect data types passing to variables. TS provides flexibility to programmers experienced in java, .net as it offers encapsulation through classes and interfaces. JS version ES5 offers features like Constructor Function, Dynamic Types, Prototypes. The next version of Javascript ie ES6 introduced a new feature like Class keyword but not supported by many browsers. TS offers Arrow Functions (=>) which is an ES6 feature not supported by many browsers directly but when used in TS, gets compiled into JS ES5 and runs in any browser. TS is not the only alternative to JS, we have CoffeeScript, Dart(Google). Finally, it is like, TS makes life easier when compared to JS.