Sensors and Actuators in Arduino, Introduction

Input/Output (Sensor and Actuators) Workshop on Arduino

Input/Output (Sensor and Actuators) • Input and Output  State Input Output  Data Input Output • Sensors • Actuators

Input/Output • Example Code // Switch test program int ledPin = 12; // LED is connected to pin 12 int switchPin = 2; // Switch connected to digital pin 2 int val; // variable for reading the pin status void setup() { pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set the LED pin as output pinMode(switchPin, INPUT); // Set the switch pin as input } void loop(){ val = digitalRead(switchPin); // read input value and store it in val if (val == HIGH) { // check if the button is pressed digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn LED on } if (val == LOW) { // check if the button is not pressed digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn LED off } }

State input • Pull Down and Pull up

State input • Example code /* * Switch and LED test program */ int ledPin = 12; // LED is connected to pin 12 int switchPin = 2; // switch is connected to pin 2 int val; // variable for reading the pin status void setup() { pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set the LED pin as output pinMode(switchPin, INPUT); // Set the switch pin as input } void loop(){ val = digitalRead(switchPin); // read input value and store it in val if (val == LOW) { // check if the button is pressed digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn LED on } if (val == HIGH) { // check if the button is not pressed digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn LED off } }

Input/Output Data Input Output

Data Input Output #include <dht.h> #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); dht DHT; #define DHT11_PIN 2 void setup() { lcd.init(); lcd.clear(); lcd.backlight(); // Make sure backlight is on } void loop() { DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN); int current_temp = DHT.temperature; int current_humi = DHT.humidity; lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.print("Temp: "); lcd.print(current_temp); lcd.print((char)223); //Shows degrees character lcd.print("C"); lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("Humidity: "); lcd.print(current_humi); lcd.print("%"); delay(1000); }

Serial Library /* * Hello World! * * This is the Hello World! for Arduino. * It shows how to send data to the computer */ void setup() // run once, when the sketch starts { Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps } void loop() // run over and over again { Serial.println("Hello world!"); // prints hello with ending line break delay(1000); }

Serial Communication (UART communication)

Serial Communication /* * Hello World! * * This is the Hello World! for Arduino. * It shows how to send data to the computer */ void setup() // run once, when the sketch starts { Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps } void loop() // run over and over again { Serial.println("Hello world!"); // prints hello with ending line break delay(1000); }

Serial Communication /* * Math is fun! */ int a = 5; int b = 10; int c = 20; void setup() // run once, when the sketch starts { Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps Serial.println("Here is some math: "); Serial.print("a = "); Serial.println(a); Serial.print("b = "); Serial.println(b); Serial.print("c = "); Serial.println(c); Serial.print("a + b = "); // add Serial.println(a + b); Serial.print("a * c = "); // multiply Serial.println(a * c); Serial.print("c / b = "); // divide Serial.println(c / b); Serial.print("b - c = "); // subtract Serial.println(b - c); } void loop() { }

Serial Communication /* * Drive size calculator! */ int drive_gb = 5; int drive_mb; void setup() // run once, when the sketch starts { Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps Serial.print("Your HD is "); Serial.print(drive_gb); Serial.println(" GB large."); drive_mb = 1024 * drive_gb; Serial.print("It can store "); Serial.print(drive_mb); Serial.println(" Megabytes!"); } void loop() // we need this to be here even though its empty { }

Serial Communication Type Size (bits) Size (bytes) Minimum Value Maximum Value unsigned byte 8 1 0 255 byte 8 1 -128 127 unsigned int 16 2 0 65535 int 16 2 -32768 32767 unsigned long 32 4 0 4294967295 long 32 4 -2147483648 2147483647

Serial Communication /* * Drive size calculator! */ int drive_gb = 100; long drive_mb; long drive_kb; long real_drive_mb; long real_drive_kb; void setup() // run once, when the sketch starts { Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps Serial.print("Your HD is "); Serial.print(drive_gb); Serial.println(" GB large."); drive_mb = drive_gb; drive_mb = drive_mb * 1024; drive_kb = drive_mb * 1024; Serial.print("In theory, it can store "); Serial.print(drive_mb); Serial.print(" Megabytes, "); Serial.print(drive_kb); Serial.println(" Kilobytes."); real_drive_mb = drive_gb; real_drive_mb = real_drive_mb * 1000; real_drive_kb = real_drive_mb * 1000; Serial.print("But it really only stores "); Serial.print(real_drive_mb); Serial.print(" Megabytes, "); Serial.print(real_drive_kb); Serial.println(" Kilobytes."); Serial.print("You are missing "); Serial.print(drive_kb - real_drive_kb); Serial.println(" Kilobytes!"); } void loop() // run over and over again { }

Serial Communication (UART communication) //Transmitter and Recevier int button = 7; int LED = 8; char message; // message character void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); // start communication pinMode(button, INPUT); // input button 1 pinMode(LED, OUTPUT); // input button 2 } void loop() { digitalWrite(LED,LOW); if (Serial.available()) // while message received { message = Serial.read(); // read message if (message == '1') // if the message contain character one { digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); // switch led one ON } } if (digitalRead(button)==HIGH) // while button is pushed { Serial.write('1'); // send this Character } delay(20); // delay before sending next message }

I2C Communication // Master Code #include <wire.h> int x = 0; void setup() { // Start the I2C Bus as Master Wire.begin(); } void loop() { Wire.beginTransmission(9); // transmit to device #9 Wire.write(x); // sends x Wire.endTransmission(); // stop transmitting x++; // Increment x if (x > 5) x = 0; // `reset x once it gets 6 delay(500); }

I2C Communication // Slave Code #include <Wire.h> int LED = 13; int x = 0; void setup() { pinMode (LED, OUTPUT); // Define the LED pin as Output Wire.begin(9); // Start the I2C Bus as Slave on address 9 // Attach a function to trigger when something is received. Wire.onReceive(receiveEvent); } void receiveEvent(int bytes) { x = Wire.read(); // read one character from the I2C } void loop() { if (x == '0') { //If value received is 0 blink LED for 200 ms digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); delay(200); digitalWrite(LED, LOW); delay(200); } //If value received is 3 blink LED for 400 ms if (x == '3') { digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); delay(400); digitalWrite(LED, LOW); delay(400); } }

SPI Communication (Serial Peripheral Interface)

SPI Communication (Serial Peripheral Interface) // Master Code #include <SPI.h> void setup (void) { Serial.begin(115200); //set baud rate to 115200 for usart digitalWrite(SS, HIGH); // disable Slave Select SPI.begin (); SPI.setClockDivider(SPI_CLOCK_DIV8);//divide the clock by 8 } void loop (void) { char c; digitalWrite(SS, LOW); // enable Slave Select // send test string for (const char * p = "Hello, world!r" ; c = *p; p++) { SPI.transfer (c); Serial.print(c); } digitalWrite(SS, HIGH); // disable Slave Select delay(2000); }

SPI Communication (Serial Peripheral Interface) // Slave Code #include <SPI.h> char buff [50]; volatile byte indx; volatile boolean process; void setup (void) { Serial.begin (115200); pinMode(MISO, OUTPUT); // have to send on master in so it set as output SPCR |= _BV(SPE); // turn on SPI in slave mode indx = 0; // buffer empty process = false; SPI.attachInterrupt(); // turn on interrupt } ISR (SPI_STC_vect) // SPI interrupt routine { byte c = SPDR; // read byte from SPI Data Register if (indx < sizeof buff) { buff [indx++] = c; // save data in the next index in the array buff if (c == 'r') //check for the end of the word process = true;

SPI Communication (Serial Peripheral Interface) } } void loop (void) { if (process) { process = false; //reset the process Serial.println (buff); //print the array on serial monitor indx= 0; //reset button to zero } }

Some Arduino Projects 1) Arduino-based Home Automation System 2) Smart Irrigation Project 3) Human Following Robot 4) Fire Fighter Robot 5) Medicine Reminder using Arduino 6) Arduino-based Weather Station 7) Digital Thermometer using Arduino 8) Arduino-based Security System 9) LED Light Device using Arduino 10) Soil Moisture Monitoring Arduino 1. Automation Systems using Arduino 2. Arduino-based Clock with Alaram 3. Door Lock System with Arduino 4. Arduino Nano BLE 33 Sense Game Controller 5. Color Detection using TCS-3200 and LCD Display 6. Touch Dimmer circuit 7. Precise Motor speed measurement 8. Gas Detector Arduino project 9. Security System using Ultrasonic Sensor 10.Water flow and volume measurement

Sensors and Actuators in Arduino, Introduction

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Sensors and Actuators in Arduino, Introduction