01 Intro to the Arduino and it's basics.ppt

WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER? • A small computer on a single chip • containing a processor, memory, and input/output • Typically "embedded" inside some device that they control • A microcontroller is often small and low cost

WHAT IS A DEVELOPMENT BOARD?  A printed circuit board designed to facilitate work with a particular microcontroller. • Typical components include: • power circuit • programming interface • basic input; usually buttons and LEDs • I/O pins

THE MANY FLAVORS OF ARDUINO • Arduino Uno • Arduino Leonardo • Arduino LilyPad • Arduino Mega • Arduino Nano • Arduino Mini • Arduino Mini Pro • Arduino BT

5 USB 7-12v Adapter External DC input Supplies Analog Input Pins Digital I/O Pins Pins with ~ are PWM [Analog Output] GND Transmitter/Receiver Serial Connection Microcontroller ATmega328 Operating Voltage 5V Input Voltage (recommended)7-12V Input Voltage (limits)6-20V Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 6 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA Reset Button Analog Reference 16Mhz Crystal

--- Arduino IDE --- Programming and Simulation Environment

Check out: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage 1. Download & install the Arduino environment (IDE) (not needed in lab) 2. Connect the board to your computer via the USB cable 3. If needed, install the drivers (not needed in lab) 4. Launch the Arduino IDE 5. Select your board 6. Select your serial port 7. Open the blink example 8. Upload the program

See: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment for more information

Lets Discuss Arduino Code Basics and Digital I/O programming

ARDUINO PROGRAM SKETCH STRUCTURE TWO functions Used • void setup() – Will be executed only when the program begins (or reset button is pressed) • void loop() – Will be executed repeatedly void setup() { // put your setup code here, to run once //The setup section is used for assigning input and outputs (Examples: motors, LED’s, sensors etc) to ports on the Arduino //setup motors, sensors etc } void loop() { // put your main code here, to run repeatedly // e.g get information from sensors // send commands to motors etc }

ARDUINO COMMANDS TO CONFIGURE I/O DIRECTION AND DATA  pinMode(pin#, mode) Sets pin mode to either INPUT or OUTPUT  digitalWrite(pin#,value) Writes HIGH or LOW value to a pin  digitalRead(pin#) Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin // Code to make pin#1 HIGH if pin#2 is LOW if(digitalRead(2) == LOW) { digitalWrite(1, HIGH); } // command to make pin#9 of Arduino as OUTPUT pinMode(9, OUTPUT); // command to write LOW to pin#2 digitalWrite(2, LOW);

const int kPinLed = 13; void setup() //will run once in start { pinMode(kPinLed, OUTPUT); //make pin#13 o/p } void loop() //executed again and again { digitalWrite(kPinLed, HIGH); //make pin#13 hi delay(500); //500ms delay, command format: delay(milliseconds) digitalWrite(kPinLed, LOW); //make pin#13 lo delay(500); } Program that toggle LED after every ½ sec attatched with pin 13 of Arduino

const int kPinLeds[] = {2,3,4,5}; // LEDs connected to pins 2-5 void setup() { for(int i = 0; i<4; i++) pinMode(kPinLeds[i], OUTPUT); // make LED pins 2-5 o/p } void loop() { for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) // LEDs switch on from left to right { digitalWrite(kPinLeds[i], HIGH); delay(100); } for(int i = 3; i >= 0; i--) // LED switch off from right to left { digitalWrite(kPinLeds[i], LOW); delay(100); } } Program that switch on LEDs connected to pin2-5 from left to right and then switch off on reverse order

const int kPinLed = 13; void setup() { pinMode(kPinLed, OUTPUT); } int delayTime = 1000; void loop() { if(delayTime <= 100){ delayTime = 1000; // If it is less than or equal to !!100, reset it } else{ delayTime = delayTime - 100; } digitalWrite(kPinLed, HIGH); delay(delayTime); digitalWrite(kPinLed, LOW); delay(delayTime); )

const int kPinButton1 = 2; // button attached to pin#2 const int kPinLed = 9; // LED attached with pin#9 void setup() { pinMode(kPinButton1, INPUT); // make button pin i/p digitalWrite(kPinButton1, HIGH);// enable internal pull up resistors for i/p pin pinMode(kPinLed, OUTPUT); // make LED pins 2-5 o/p } void loop() { if(digitalRead(kPinButton1) == LOW) // make LED pins 2-5 o/p digitalWrite(kPinLed, HIGH); // make LED pins 2-5 o/p else digitalWrite(kPinLed, LOW); } Program that switch on LEDs connected to pin9 according to switch connected on pin2

boolean data type is used to store state of a pin.

ADC of Arduino • Analog read  Get binary number against voltage given at particular analog channels • Analog Write  generate PWM of different duty cycles at particular PWM pin • This is not part of ADC, Just a function to achieve a specific task!

ADC INTRO • Six analog input channels: A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 • AREF = Reference voltage (default = +5 V) • 10 bit resolution: – Returns an integer from 0 to 1023 – Result is proportional to the pin voltage – Formulas for finding a binary number against any voltage i/p are same as studied in PIC microcontrollers • All voltages are measured relative to GND

ARDUINO COMMAND TO READ ADC VALUE • analogRead(pin) Convert analog input to a value between 01023 // code to assign a 10-bit binary number to voltage signal given at channel A0 and store in variable integer. int Val; Val=analogRead(A0) ;

int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for the potentiometer int ledPin = 13; // select the pin for the LED int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor void setup() { pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare the ledPin as an OUTPUT: } void loop() { sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor: digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the ledPin on delay(sensorValue); // stop the program for <sensorValue> milliseconds: digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the ledPin off: delay(sensorValue); // stop the program for for <sensorValue> milliseconds: } Application: Controlling delay using potentiometer. Program that blink LEDs connected to pin#13, delay is controlled through a POTENTIOMETER (used as sensor) connected to analog channel0

ANALOG OUTPUT  Can a digital device produce analog output? • Analog output can be simulated using Pulse width modulation (PWM) which is also used to control motor parameters

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION • Can’t use digital pins to directly supply say 2.5V, but can pulse the output on and off really fast to produce the same effect • The on-off pulsing happens so quickly, the connected output device “sees” the result as a reduction in the voltage output voltage = (on_time / cycle_time) * 5V

ARDUINO COMMANDS TO WRITE ANALOG VALUE analogWrite(pin,value) value is duty cycle: between 0 and 255 // Command for a 50% duty cycle on pin9 analogWrite(9, 128) // Command for a 25% duty cycle on pin11 analogWrite(11, 64)

PROGRAM TO CONTROL BRIGHTNESS OF LED ATTACHED WITH PIN9 USING POTENTIOMETER ATTACHED WIT A0 const int kPinPot = A0; // POT connected const int kPinLed = 9; //LED at pin9 void setup() { pinMode(kPinPot, INPUT); pinMode(kPinLed, OUTPUT); } void loop() { int ledBrightness; int sensorValue = 0; // initialize sensorValue = analogRead(kPinPot); ledBrightness = map(sensorValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255); //map function is used to map value of two different ranges, here it maps value b/w 01023 of variable sensorValue to value between 0255 analogWrite(kPinLed, ledBrightness); Map function Re-maps a number from one range to another. Its format is: map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh);

SERIAL COMMUNICATI ON • Compiling turns your program into binary data (ones and zeros) • Uploading sends the bits through USB cable to the Arduino • The two LEDs near the USB connector blink when data is transmitted • RX blinks when the Arduino is receiving data • TX blinks when the Arduino is transmitting data

SERIAL MONITOR TO SEE WHAT YOU RECEIVE ON SCREEN

Serial.begin(baud); Initialize serial port for communication and sets baud rate Serial.print(Val) , Serial.print(Val,format) Send data on serial port. Serial.println(val); // Same as Serial.print(), but with line-feed Example: Serial.begin(9600); // opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps Examples: Serial.print(“hi”); // print a string on screem Serial.print(78); //works with numbers too Serial.print(variable) //works with variables Serial.print(78,BIN) //will send 10011110 , others formats can be HEX,OCT ARDUINO COMMAND TO WRITE DATA

int analogPin = A1; // potentiometer connected to analog channel 1 int val = 0; // variable to store the value read void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); // setup serial baud rate //write a command here to make A1 as input } void loop() { val = analogRead(analogPin); // read the sensor value Serial.println(val); // transmit value } Program that transmit digital value of a sensor (Potentiometer in this case) attatched to A1

Serial.read(); Returns data received Serial.available(Val); Returns the number of bytes in the buffer Serial.flush(); // clears the buffer Some More Useful Functions, Understand your self (Optional) //code to read data and store in a character if (Serial.available() > 0) { char data = Serial.read(); } ARDUINO COMMAND TO RECEIVE DATA

int incomingByte = 0; // for incoming serial data void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); // opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps } void loop() { // send data only when you receive data: if (Serial.available() > 0) { incomingByte = Serial.read(); // read the incoming byte: // display on screen what you got: Serial.print("I received: "); Serial.println(incomingByte, DEC); } } Program that receive a number through serial port and then transmit a msg and at last transmit received number in decimal

ARDUINO PROGRAMMING WITH SENSORS, MOTORS AND EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS

CONTROLLING MOTORS USING ARDUINO

DigitalOutput-Motion-Servo Motor  Servo Motors are electronic devices that convert digital signal to rotational movement. 40 Functions to control Servo motor: • Servo servoname; // used to name a servo • attach(pin); //PWM pins are used , Fucntion called through servoname • write(angle) //called through servoname • read() //called through servoname, return current servo angle • detach(); //detach servo. Pins can be used for PWM

Standard Servo Rotation to Exact Angel //Code to rotate a servo motor attached with pin#9 in clock and anticlockwise direction continuosly #include <Servo.h> //servo function library Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo. int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position void setup() { myservo.attach(9); // attaches the “myservo” on pin 9 to the servo object } void loop() { myservo.attach(9); //command to tell where “myservo” is attached for(pos = 0; pos < 180; pos += 1) // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees { // in steps of 1 degree myservo.write(pos); // tell “myservo” to go to position in variable 'pos' delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position } for(pos = 180; pos>=1; pos-=1) // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees { myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position } myservo.detach(); //Detach the myservo if you are not controling it for a while delay(2000); } 41

STEPPER MOTORS  Motor controlled by a series of electromagnetic coils.  The coils are alternately given current or not, creating magnetic fields which repulse or attract the magnets on the shaft, causing the motor to rotate.  Allows for very precise control of the motor. It can be turned in very accurate steps of set degree increments Functions to control Stepper motor: • Stepper motorname(steps, pin1, pin2, pin3, pin4) • setSpeed(rpm) //called through motorname • step(steps) // called through motorname

STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL //code to rotate motor attached with pin 8,9,10,11, rpm=60 and 200 steps/rev #include <Stepper.h> //the control sequence is in this library const int stepsPerRevolution = 200; // motor-dependent Stepper myStepper(stepsPerRevolution, 8, 9, 10, 11); //pins used void setup() { // set the speed at 60 rpm: myStepper.setSpeed(60); //actually sets the delay between steps } void loop() { // step one revolution in one direction: myStepper.step(stepsPerRevolution); delay(500); }

USING EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS  On a UNO Arduino board, two pins can be used as interrupts: pins 2 and 3. and in MEGA these pins are used:2, 3, 18, 19, 20, 21  The interrupt is enabled through the following line: attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(pin), ISR, mode);  modes are LOW, HIGH, RISING, FALLING, CHANGE  E.g attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(0), doEncoder, FALLING); //Interrupt will occur on FALLING edge and doEncoder function called when

INTERRUPT EXAMPLE //code to toggle LED status attached with PIN9 whenever pin 1 status changes. int led = 9; volatile int state = LOW; void setup() { pinMode(led, OUTPUT); attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(1), blink, CHANGE); //PIN 1 for Intr , blink function called when change on pin 1 occurs } void loop() { digitalWrite(led, state); } void blink() { state = !state; }

Sound-Piezo Sensor  A Piezo is an electronic piece that converts electricity energy to sound.  It is a digital output device.  You can make white noise or even exact musical notes (frequencies for musical notes) based on the duration that you iterate between HIGH and LOW signals. 48

Arduino- Digital Output-Sound-Piezo // Program to play musical tones using piezo sensor attached with pin 13 int freqs[] = {1915, 1700, 1519, 1432, 1275, 1136, 1014, 956}; void setup(){ pinMode(13,OUTPUT); } void loop(){ for(int i=0;i<8;i++) //iterating through notes { for(int j=0;j<1000;j++) //the time span that each note is being played { digitalWrite(13,HIGH); delayMicroseconds(freqs[i]); //delay in microseconds digitalWrite(13,LOW); delayMicroseconds(freqs[i]); } } 49

ULTRA SONIC SENSOR ASSIGNMENT Using Ultra Sonic Sensor, Measure distance of an object and display it on serial port? Approach: 1.Understand how this sensor works 2.Understand mathematical sense of pulse generated by this sensor 3.Understand pulseIn() function , it will help you to get pulse width 4.Code it and test it in proteus

ULTRA SONIC SENSOR INTRO  It emits an ultrasound at 40000 Hz which travels through the air and if there is an object or obstacle on its path, It will bounce back to the module.  It has 4 pins  Ground, VCC, Trig and Echo 51

ULTRA SONIC SENSOR WORKING 52  To generate the ultrasound you need to do: 1. Set the Trig on a High State for 10 µs. 2. That will send out an 8 cycle sonic burst which will travel at the speed sound and it will be received in the Echo pin. 3. The Echo pin will output the time in microseconds the sound wave traveled from TX to RX

How to measure distance? 53  Speed of the sound is 340 m/s or 0.034 cm/µs  Below is an example for distance= 10cm  In Arduino function pulseIn(pin#,value) is used to measure width of pulse in microseconds. Value is HIGH or LOW. i.e starting point of pulse!

// defines pins numbers const int trigPin = 9; const int echoPin = 10; // defines variables long duration; int distance; void setup() { pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // trigPin as an o/p pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // echoPin as an i/p Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial comm } void loop() { // Clears the trigPin digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(2); // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10us digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(10); digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); // Reads the pulse width of echoPin, i.e returns the sound wave travel time in us duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); // Calculating the distance distance= duration*0.034/2; // Prints the distance on the Serial monitor Serial.print("Distance: "); Serial.println(distance); } Scenerio: Trigger pin of ultrasonic sensor is attached with pin9 and echo with pin 10 of Arduino. On serial port throw the distance of an object that comes in range of this sensor?

INTERNET OF THINGS SENDING DATA THROUGH WIFI

ESP8266 WIFI MODULE AND CONNECTIONS WITH ARDUINO • Tx and Rx pins of ESP8266 are directly connected to pin 2 and 3 of Arduino. • Software Serial Library is used to allow serial communication on pin 2 and 3 of Arduino.

MAIN STEPS TO MAKE CONNECTION 1. Connect our wi-fi module to wi-fi router for network connectivity 2. Then we will configure the local server 3. Send the data to web 4. Finally close the connection

LETS DISCUSS DETAILS OF THESE STEPS! STEP 1: Connect our wi-fi module to wi-fi router for network connectivity

INSIDE STEP 1: 1. First we need to test the Wi-Fi module by sending AT command, it will revert back a response containing OK. 2. After this, we need to select mode using command AT+CWMODE=mode_id , we have used Mode id =3. Mode ids: 1 = Station mode (client) 2 = AP mode (host) 3 = AP + Station mode (Yes, ESP8266 has a dual mode!) 3. Now we need to disconnect our Wi-Fi module from the previously connected Wi-Fi network, by using the command AT+CWQAP, as ESP8266 is default auto connected with any previously available Wi-Fi network 4. After that, user can Reset the module with AT+RST command. This step is optional.

MAIN STEPS TO MAKE CONNECTION 6. Now get IP Address by using given command: AT+CIFSR It will return an IP Address. 7. Now enable the multiplex mode by using AT+CIPMUX=1 (1 for multiple connection and 0 for single connection) 8. Now configure ESP8266 as server by using AT+CIPSERVER=1,port_no (port may be 80). Now your Wi-Fi is ready. Here ‘1’ is used to create the server and ‘0’ to delete the server. 9. Now by using given command user can send data to local created server: AT+CIPSEND =id, length of data Id = ID no. of transmit connection Length = Max length of data is 2 kb 10. After sending ID and Length to the server, we need to send data like : Serial.println(“circuitdigest@gmail.com”); 11. After sending data we need close the connection by given command: AT+CIPCLOSE=0 Now data has been transmitted to local server.

01 Intro to the Arduino and it's basics.ppt

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01 Intro to the Arduino and it's basics.ppt