Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery

Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery Alek Davis 2009

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery2 of 43 Intro • Speaker – Alek Davis: Technoblog: http://alekdavis.blogspot.com • Goals – Basic understanding of jQuery, ASP.NET AJAX – Know how to build an application using ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery – Know what can go wrong and how to fix common problems – Know where find information, support, and tools • Presentation – Use as a reference – References contain active hyperlinks – Code samples • Audience – Expected to understand • JavaScript: Basic JavaScript syntax • ASP.NET: Postback, code-behind, viewstate, data binding

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery3 of 43 Topics • Technologies – Rich Internet Applications (RIA) – ASP.NET AJAX – jQuery • Pros and cons – ASP.NET + AJAX + jQuery – Other alternatives • Development – Web design – Common patterns – Caveats – Tools – Debugging • References

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery4 of 43 Rich internet applications (RIA) • Server-side • ASP/ASP.NET (Microsoft) • JSP (Sun) • PHP • Client-side – virtual machine (plug-in) based • Flash/Flex (Adobe) • Java/JavaFX (Sun) • Gears (Google) • Silverlight (Microsoft) • BrowserPlus (Yahoo!) • Curl – JavaScript based • ASP.NET AJAX • Yahoo! User Inter Interface (YUI) Library • Google AJAX APIs, Data (GData) APIs, … • jQuery, Prototype, MooTools, Dojo, script.aculo.us, …

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery5 of 43 Comparing RIA technologies • Server-side – Pros: ease of development – Cons: user experience (flicker), server load, web traffic • Client-side virtual machine based – Pros: user experience, capabilities, platform support – Cons: user experience, platform support, no HTML benefits • Client-side JavaScript based – Pros: user experience, availability, graceful degradation (NOSCRIPT) – Cons: performance (less of an issue), browser specifics, JavaScript

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery6 of 43 Choosing RIA technologies • Assumptions – Building intranet, line-of-business (LOB) application – Using Microsoft stack (Visual Studio, etc) • Criteria – Utilize existing knowledge (ASP.NET) – Development ease and speed – Code maintainability – Application performance • Options – ASP.NET AJAX – AJAX libraries

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery7 of 43 ASP.NET AJAX • Quick facts – Comes with Visual Studio 2008 (ASP.NET 3.5) • Add-on for Visual Studio 2005 • Overview – 3+ primary controls • ScriptManager (required) – Enables ASP.NET AJAX, partial page rendering, Web service calls • UpdatePanel (optional) – Partial page update (see also: UpdatePanel Tips and Tricks by Jeff Prosise) • UpdateProgress (optional) – Progress indicator – Add-ons • ASP.NET Control Toolkit – Open-source project – Last release: Aug 20, 2008; last update: Dec 17, 2008 • jQuery

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery8 of 43 Learning ASP.NET AJAX • Documentation – Adding AJAX and Client Capabilities Roadmap • Web sites – http://ajax.asp.net (main site) – http://asp.net/AJAX/Documentation/Live/ (old, but good examples) – http://encosia.com/ (ASP.NET, AJAX, and more; articles, tutorials, tips, RSS) – http://mattberseth.com/blog/aspnet_ajax/ (articles, tips, RSS) • Presentations/talks/demos/screencasts – ASP.NET AJAX 100 by Bruce Kyle (16 min) – ASP.NET AJAX Futures by Bertrand Le Roy at PDC 2008 (84 min) – Building Great AJAX Applications from Scratch Using ASP.NET 3.5 and Visual Studio 2008 by Brad Adams at MIX 2008 (76 min) – Real-World AJAX with ASP.NET by Nikhil Kothari at MIX 2008 (75 min) • Books – ASP.NET AJAX UpdatePanel Control by Matt Gibbs, Bertrand Le Roy – More from Amazon

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery9 of 43 jQuery • Quick facts – JavaScript library (file) created by John Resig – Open source (MIT and GPL licenses; good for commercial use) – Current version: 1.3 (released on January 21, 2009) – Size: ~18 KB – Browser support: IE 6+, Firefox 2+, Opera 9+, Safari 2+, Chrome – Actively developed – Large and active community – Used by many companies (Google, IBM, Amazon, Dell, Netflix, Intel, …) – Shipped with ASP.NET MVC Framework – Will be included in next versions of Visual Studio – 24/7 support by Microsoft through Product Support Services (PSS) • See also – Learning jQuery @ MIT (presented by John Resig at MIT) • More facts, performance benchmarks, key features

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery10 of 43 Learning jQuery • Web sites – http://jquery.com/ (downloads, docs, tutorials, bug tracker, forums) – http://www.learningjquery.com/ (tips, techniques, tutorials, RSS) • Tutorials/articles – jQuery for Absolute Beginners (15 short videos, about 5 minutes each) – An introduction to jQuery (Part 1: The Client Side) – Using jQuery with ASP.NET (Part 2: Making Ajax Callbacks to the Server) • Books – Learning jQuery: … by Karl Swedberg & Jonathan Chaffer – jQuery Reference Guide by Karl Swedberg & Jonathan Chaffer – jQuery in Action by Bear Bibeault & Yehuda Katz

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery11 of 43 jQuery basics • Syntax – $('select element').doSomething('info').doSomethingElse('more info'); • Selectors – $('#txtSearchBox'): element with ID txtSearchBox – $('.SelectedCell'): element(s) with class attribute SelectedCell – $('#userGrid tr:even'): even rows of the element with ID userGrid – $('input:checkbox[id$='chkDelete']'): input element(s) of the type checkbox with ID that ends with chkDelete – $('img.ImgLink[id$='imgOK'],img.ImgLink[id$='imgCancel']'): IMG element(s) with class attribute ImgLink and ID ending with imgOK or imgCancel • Animations – $(…).hide() $(…).show() – $(…).fadeIn("fast") $(…).fadeOut("slow") – $(…).slideUp(1000) $(…).slideDown(5000) – …

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery12 of 43 More jQuery • Common operations – $(…).preventDefaults(): prevents default behavior – $(…).attr(): sets/gets attribute value – $(…).css(): sets/gets CSS attribute value – $(…).val(): sets/gets value of a text input element (text box, text area) – $(…).text(): sets/gets text value of an element (span, etc) – … • Events – $(…).click(function(e){ … }): on click event handler – $(…).keydown(function(e){ … }): on key down event handler – $(…).hover(function(){ … }, function()): on hover (in and out) event handler – $(…).bind("eventX eventY …", …): binds one or more event to event hander – …

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery13 of 43 jQuery extras • jQuery UI – jQuery widgets • Handle drag-and-drop, sorting, resizing, selecting • Accordion, date picker, dialog, progress bar, slider, tabs controls • Effects (color animation, class transitions, theming) • Plugins – Third party widgets • User interface • Data manipulation • AJAX • … – See also: Plugins/Authoring • See also – http://docs.jquery.com/ (documentation)

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery14 of 43 jQuery demo • Features – Custom search box • Auto-show, auto-hide • Submit, cancel • Buttons and keyboard • Input validation

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery15 of 43 ASP.NET AJAX + jQuery benefits • Why ASP.NET? – Server-side (code-behind) programming • Why ASP.NET AJAX? – Simple partial page updates and progress indicator – Simple asynchronous postbacks and partial page updates – Can reuse code-behind (no additional code for Web services) – Graceful degradation (<NOSCRIPT>) – Less JavaScript code • Why jQuery? – Efficient, small, clean JavaScript; shields from browser specifics – Complements ASP.NET AJAX: offers animations, selectors, plugins – Minor overlap with ASP.NET AJAX (unlike other JavaScript libraries) • Why ASP.NET AJAX (UpdatePanel, UpdateProgress) + jQuery? – Less code (clean code) – Reasonable efficiency (not the best, but good enough)

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery16 of 43 ASP.NET AJAX + jQuery limitations • Why not use ASP.NET AJAX (UpdatePanel, UpdateProgress) + jQuery? – Performance (in certain scenarios) – HTML payload – ViewState size – Not pure • Alternatives – ASP.NET AJAX + DHTML – ASP.NET (without AJAX) + jQuery – ASP.NET AJAX (without UpdatePanel) + jQuery – ASP.NET AJAX + ASP.NET AJAX Toolkit + jQuery (just kidding) • Video (good talk describing one alternative) – ASP.NET and jQuery by Stephen Walther at PDC 2008 (74 min)

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery17 of 43 Web development • Design skills – Don't Make Me Think by Steve Krug – The Non-Designer's Design Book by Robin Williams – SitePoint TechTimes and SitePoint Design View newsletters • Graphics (*free* icons) – Visual Studio 2008 Image Library – Sweetie icons (2 collections: BasePack and WebCommunication) – ICONlook: the icon search – Crystal Project (see also Crystal Clear) – See also: 14 Free Icon Resources • CSS frameworks – BlueprintCSS – YUI Grid CSS – See also: List of CSS frameworks

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery18 of 43 Browsers and tools • Firefox – Use IE Tab add-on to switch between Firefox and IE views – Use Web Developer add-on/toolbar for… lots of things – Use Firebug add-on for debugging • console.log is your friend – Use YSlow add-on to see performance score – More add-ons • iMacros creates macros for task automation • FireRainbow enables JavaScript syntax highlighting for Firebug • Internet Explorer – Use Fiddler to debug HTTP traffic – Use Internet Explorer Developer Toolbar for debugging – Use IE7Pro add-on for "everything" else • Web tools – jQuery API Browser – Visual jQuery

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery19 of 43 ASP.NET AJAX + jQuery demo • Features – ASP.NET AJAX (.NET 3.5) + jQuery 1.3 – Repeater control • Each item in Repeater is an UpdatePanel • Each UpdatePanel holds an UpdateProgress control – jQuery is responsible for DHTML operations

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery20 of 43 Application settings and configuration • Enable a Visual Studio project for ASP.NET AJAX – Set Target Framework (in the project Properties – Application tab) to .NET Framework 3.5 – For upgraded projects (e.g. migrated from VS 2005 to VS 2008) • Don't use <xhtmlConformance mode="Legacy"/> in Web.config; otherwise, you may get the following error: "'Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager' is null or not an object" – See Scott Guthrie's post (read comments on suggestions for customization of the xhtmConformance settings)

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery21 of 43 Adding ASP.NET AJAX functionality • Use ScriptManager control – Set EnablePartialRendering attribute to true <asp:ScriptManager id="ScriptManager1" EnablePartialRendering="true" runat="server"> … </asp:ScriptManager> – Include references to JavaScript files in the <Scripts> section

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery22 of 43 Using jQuery in a project • Options – Option 1: Reference distribution source (Google) • Pros: Download speed, caching, proximity • Cons: External reference – Option 2: Make your own copy • Pros: Internal reference • Cons: Download speed (possibly) • Example <asp:ScriptManager …> <Scripts> <asp:ScriptReference Path="~/Scripts/jQuery-1.3.1-vsdoc.js" /> </Scripts> </asp:ScriptManager>

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery23 of 43 jQuery and IntelliSense • The documentation (-vsdoc.js) file – Use for documentation only (the official file at Google is buggy) – If official version is not available (e.g. immediately after release) • Generate vsdoc file via InfoBasis JQuery IntelliSense Header Generator – Generated stub file contains no code (only comments) • Usage options – If using VS 2008 SP1 • Install hotfix KB958502 (see Visual Studio patched for better jQuery IntelliSense) • Add the vsdoc file to the project; do not reference it in code • Vsdoc file must have the same name as the original with –vsdoc suffix – If not using VS 2008 SP1 (also see the Resources slide) • Add the vsdoc file to the project • Wrap the vsdoc file in an invisible control (use appropriate name): <asp:Label Visible="false" runat="server"> <script src="../Scripts/jQuery-1.3.1-vsdoc.js" type="text/javascript" /> </asp:Label> • In JavaScript files, add at the top (use appropriate name): /// <reference path="jQuery-1.3.1-vsdoc.js"/>

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery24 of 43 jQuery code • Traditional jQuery code – Does not work after partial postback $(document).ready(function() // or $(function() { // JavaScript code here // … }); • ASP.NET AJAX-specific jQuery – Works after partial postback //$(function() function pageLoad(sender, args) { // JavaScript code here // … } //});

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery25 of 43 UpdateProgress control • Basics – Works with UpdatePanel control – Invisible during initial page load and full postback – Visible only during partial postback – Can implement UpdateProgress as a user control • Advanced – Modal UpdateProgress for UpdatePanel – Revisited by Damien White • *Free* progress indicators (graphics) – Activity indicators – Ajaxload: Ajax loading gif generator

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery26 of 43 Anatomy of a postback • Full postback – Client  server: GET (initial request, URL) – Server  client: <HTML>…<BODY></BODY></HTML> – Client  server: POST (form data, including VIEWSTATE) – Server  client: <HTML>…<BODY></BODY></HTML> • Partial postback – Client  server: GET (initial request, URL) – Server  client: <HTML>…<BODY></BODY></HTML> – Client  server: POST (form data, including VIEWSTATE) – Server  client: <DIV id="UpdatePanelID"></DIV>, VIEWSTATE

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery27 of 43 UpdatePanel control • Basics – Embeds contents in the <DIV></DIV> tags – Set UpdateMode attribute to Conditional – Not everything can be implemented as an UpdatePanel • Cannot include <TR> elements in UpdatePanel • Using UpdatePanel with data-bound controls – Using Eval (slower) <asp:ImageButton … CommandArgument='<%# DataBinder.Eval("ID") %>'/> – Using DataBinder.GetPropertyValue (faster) <a …><%# DataBinder.GetPropertyValue(Container.DataItem, "Name") %></a> – For complex formatting use String.Format <asp:HyperLink … NavigateUrl='<%# String.Format("?ID={0}&Mode={1}", Eval("ID"), Eval("Mode")) %>' /> • Accessing controls in UpdatePanel

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery28 of 43 How to find a control? • Helper function – Find control recursively public static Control FindControl(Control start, string id) { Control foundControl; if (start != null) { foundControl = start.FindControl(id); if (foundControl != null) return foundControl; foreach (Control c in start.Controls) { foundControl = FindControl(c, id); if (foundControl != null) return foundControl; } } return null; } • See also Generic Recursive Find Control Extension by Brendan Enrick ASP.NET 2.0 MasterPages and FindControl() by Rick Strahl

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery29 of 43 Accessing UpdatePanel from code-behind • Access UpdatePanel control private void someCtrl_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { … UpdatePanel updPanel = FindControl((Control)sender, "updPanel") as UpdatePanel; … } • Access controls hosted by UpdatePanel HtmlTable tbl = Helper.FindControl(updPanel, "tblDetails") as HtmlTable; LinkButton lnk = Helper.FindControl(updPanel, "lnkItem") as LinkButton; ImageButton img = Helper.FindControl(updPanel, "imgDetails") as ImageButton;

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery30 of 43 Find controls via jQuery • If you do not know IDs of elements (e.g. in Repeater) – Example: Make sure that check box A gets checked and disabled when user checks box B (both check boxes belong to a repeater item and have IDs chkA and chkB) $('input:checkbox[id$='chkB']').click(function(e) { var elemID = $(e.target).attr('id'); var prefixID = elemID.replace(/chkB$/i, ""); var elemIDchkA = "#" + elemID.replace(/chkB$/, "chkA"); if (this.checked) { $(elemIDchkA).attr('checked', 'true'); $(elemIDchkA).attr('disabled', 'true'); } else $(elemIDchkA).removeAttr('disabled'); });

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery31 of 43 What is $(this)? • this can have different contexts – Most common contexts • Context #1: JavaScript DOM element – Inside of a callback function (click, hover, …) • Context #2: jQuery object – Inside of custom jQuery function • Context #3: JavaScript object – Such as an array element • What about $(this)? – $(this) converts a DOM object into a jQuery object • To convert a jQuery object to a DOM object use: – $(…).get(0) or $(…)[0] • See also – What is this? By Mike Alsup – jQuery's this: demystified by Remy Sharp

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery32 of 43 Partial postback • Detecting partial postback – In code-behind if (ScriptManager1.IsInAsyncPostBack) { … } – In JavaScript function pageLoad(sender, args) { if (args.get_isPartialLoad()) { … } }

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery33 of 43 Handle concurrent partial postbacks • Default behavior – Cancels running postback and switch to the new postback (confusing) • Custom behavior – Options: show error message, … • How Sys.Application.add_load(ApplicationLoadHandler); function ApplicationLoadHandler(sender, args) { if (!Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.getInstance().get_isInAsyncPostBack()) Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.getInstance().add_initializeRequest(InitializeRequest); } function InitializeRequest(sender, args) { if (Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.getInstance().get_isInAsyncPostBack()) { args.set_cancel(true); alert('Please wait until the already running operation finishes processing and retry.'); } } Sys.Application.notifyScriptLoaded(); • Example Giving Precedence to a Specific Asynchronous Postback

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery34 of 43 Customize postbacks • Default behavior – Children of UpdatePanel automatically invoke (partial) postback • Unless AutoPostBack property is set to false • Custom behavior – Can specify which controls/events perform partial/full updates • Use <Triggers> section of UpdatePanel control <asp:UpdatePanel … UpdateMode="Conditional"> <Triggers> <asp:PostBackTrigger ControlID="btnFull" EventName="Click" /> <asp:AsyncPostBackTrigger ControlID="btnPartial" EventName="Click" /> </Triggers> <ContentTemplate> … </ContentTemplate> </asp:UpdatePanel> • See also – Understanding ASP.NET AJAX UpdatePanel Triggers

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery35 of 43 Handle errors from partial postback • Default behavior – Does not display errors (non-documented change in ASP.NET 3.5) • Custom behavior – Show error message box, or show inline error message, or … • How – Add OnAsyncPostbackError attribute to ScriptManager element <asp:ScriptManager … OnAsyncPostbackError="ScriptManager1_AsyncPostBackError"> – In OnAsyncPostbackError event handler, set AsyncPostBackErrorMessage property of the ScriptManager object (see next slide) ScriptManager1.AsyncPostBackErrorMessage = e.Exception.Message; – Add JavaScript code to handle error event and process error message Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.getInstance().add_endRequest(EndRequest); function EndRequest(sender, args){/* see next slide */} • Examples – Handling Errors During a Partial-page Postback by Matthew Ellis – How to improve ASP.NET AJAX error handling by Dave Ward (read comments)

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery36 of 43 Error handlers • Server-side (code-behind) protected void ScriptManager1_AsyncPostBackError(object sender, AsyncPostBackErrorEventArgs e) { if (e.Exception.Data["UserError"] == null) ScriptManager1.AsyncPostBackErrorMessage = e.Exception.Message; else ScriptManager1.AsyncPostBackErrorMessage = e.Exception.Data["UserError"].ToString(); } • Client-side (JavaScript) function EndRequest(sender, args) { if (!args.get_error()) return true; if (args.get_error().message == null || args.get_error().message.length == 0) return true; // Get message without the prefix (name of exception type). var msg = args.get_error().message.replace(/^[^:]+:s*/, ""); if (msg == null || msg.length == 0) return true; alert(msg); args.set_errorHandled(true); }

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery37 of 43 Processing control info • In ASPX code <asp:LinkButton … ID="lnkItem" Text='<%# Eval("Name") %>' OnClientClick='<%# String.Format("return ToggleDetails("{0}");", lnkItem.ClientID) %>' OnClick="lnkItem_Click" CommandArgument='<%# Eval("ID") %>' /> • In JavaScript function ToggleDetails(elemID) { … if (/* panel has not been initialized, pass event to server */) return true; // Assume that $(…) returns a details panel if ($(…).is(':visible')) $(…).hide(); else $(…).show(); // Suppress default operation caused by click event. return false; }

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery38 of 43 Obtaining control info in code-behind • In code-behind private void lnkItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { … int id = 0; if (sender is LinkButton) id = Convert.ToInt32(((LinkButton)sender).CommandArgument); else … … }

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery39 of 43 Other ASP.NET AJAX considerations • ViewState – May need to disable ViewState for controls updated via JavaScript • Invisible elements – Be careful with <… Visible="false" />; jQuery may not find these elements • Use <… style="display:none;" /> if possible – See also • ATLAS UpdatePanel problem with Postback Scripts and invisible controls by Rick Strahl

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery40 of 43 Other jQuery considerations • Text values – Know when to use $(…).text() or $(…).val() • Prevent default behavior – Use e.PreventDefaults or return false from function • Repeated click events – Not sure why

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery41 of 43 What's next? • Interesting topics – Page methods (see ASP.NET AJAX Page Methods by Damien White) – jQuery, UpdatePanel, UpdateProgress in master pages – jQuery, UpdatePanel, UpdateProgress in user controls – Calling Web services via client-side proxy classes in ASP.NET AJAX – Using client templates in ASP.NET 4.0 AJAX – Using jQuery plugins – Writing jQuery plugins – Using jQuery UI

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery42 of 43 Videos • Presentations/talks/demos/videocasts/samples – Performance Improvements in Browsers by John Resig at Google (92 min) – MIX08 Presentation : Real-World AJAX with ASP.NET Video by Nikhil Kothari (references to presentations/demos/talks/samples) – ASP.NET 3.5: Adding AJAX Functionality to an Existing ASP.NET Page by Todd Miranda – ASP.NET Podcast Show #128 - AJAX with jQuery by Wallace B. (Wally) McClure

09/03/15Building intranet applications with ASP.NET AJAX and jQuery43 of 43 Resources • JavaScript – Create Advanced Web Applications With Object-Oriented Techniques by Ray Djajadinata • jQuery – The Grubbsian: jQuery (a few interesting articles) – jQuery for JavaScript programmers by Simon Willison • jQuery, ASP.NET, AJAX – Tales from the Evil Empire by Bertrand Le Roy – Blog - Microsoft .NET, ASP.NET, AJAX and more by Visoft, Inc. • IntelliSense – JQuery 1.3 and Visual Studio 2008 IntelliSense by James Hart – (Better) JQuery IntelliSense in VS2008 by Brad Vin – JScript IntelliSense FAQ • Rich Internet Applications (RIA) – Developing rich Internet applications (RIA) by Alek Davis (links to many samples) • CSS – Which CSS Grid Framework Should You Use for Web Design?

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