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![7. Portable: We may carry the java byte code to any platforms. 8. High performance: Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is close to native code. 9. Distributed: We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. We may access files by calling the methods from any machine on internet. 10. Multi-threaded: A thread is like a separate program executing concurrently. We can write java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are important for multimedia, web applications etc. 1.3 Simple java program To create a java program, we need to create a class that contains main method. For executing any java program, we need to install JDK. Let‟s see this with an example Class Simple { Public static void main (string args [] ) { System.out.println (“ Hello Java “); } } Save this file as “Simple.java” To compile use “javac Simple.java” To execute use “java Simple” The meaning of the keywords used in the above example is as follows: Class: It is a keyword used to declare a class in java. Public: It is a keyword used as an access modifier which represents visibility. If its public then it means its visible to all. Static: It is a keyword which if declared static means that there is no need of creating objects to invoke the method. In this way it saves memory. Void: It is the return type of the method. It means that it does not return any value. Main: It represents the start of a program. String [] args: It is used for command line argument. System.out.println: It is used as a print statement.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-3-2048.jpg)
![In how many ways can we write a java program? There are many ways to write a java program. By changing the sequence of the modifier. Static public void main (string agrs []) Subscript notation in java array can be used after type, before variable or after variable. Public static void main (string[] args) Public static void main (string [] args) Public static void main (string args[]) We can provide var-args support to main method by passing three ellipses (dots) Public static void main (string … args) Having semicolon at the end of class in java is optional. Class A { Static public void main (string … args) { System.out.println (“hello java”); } }; What happens at compile time? At compile time, java file is compiled by java compiler and converts the java code into byte code. 1.4 Java Environment Understanding the difference between JDK, JRE and JVM is important in java. Compiler Class simple { } Byte code](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-4-2048.jpg)
![Simple Example of Object and Class In this example, we have created a Student class that have two data members id and name. We are creating the object of the Student class by new keyword and printing the objects value. class Student1{ int id;//data member (also instance variable) String name;//data member(also instance variable) public static void main(String args[]){ Student1 s1=new Student1();//creating an object of Student System.out.println(s1.id); System.out.println(s1.name); } } Output: 0 null 2.4 Method in Java In java, a method is like function i.e. used to expose behavior of an object. Advantage of Method Code Reusability Code Optimization Example of Object and class that maintains the records of students In this example, we are creating the two objects of Student class and initializing the value to these objects by invoking the insertRecord method on it. Here, we are displaying the state (data) of the objects by invoking the displayInformation method. class Student2{](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-11-2048.jpg)
![int rollno; String name; void insertRecord(int r, String n){ //method rollno=r; name=n; } void displayInformation(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name);}//method public static void main(String args[]){ Student2 s1=new Student2(); Student2 s2=new Student2(); s1.insertRecord(111,"Karan"); s2.insertRecord(222,"Aryan"); s1.displayInformation(); s2.displayInformation(); } } Output: 111 Karan 222 Aryan 2.5 Method Overloading in Java If a class have multiple methods by same name but different parameters, it is known as Method Overloading. If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the readability of the program. Suppose you have to perform addition of the given numbers but there can be any number of arguments, if you write the method such as a(int,int) for two parameters, and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-12-2048.jpg)
![b(int,int,int) for three parameters then it may be difficult for you as well as other programmers to understand the behavior of the method because its name differs. So, we perform method overloading to figure out the program quickly. Advantage of method overloading? Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Different ways to overload the method There are two ways to overload the method in java 1. By changing number of arguments 2. By changing the data type In java, Method Overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the method. 1)Example of Method Overloading by changing the no. of arguments In this example, we have created two overloaded methods, first sum method performs addition of two numbers and second sum method performs addition of three numbers. class Calculation{ void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b); } void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);} public static void main(String args[]){ Calculation obj=new Calculation(); obj.sum(10,10,10); obj.sum(20,20); } } Output:30 40](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-13-2048.jpg)
![2)Example of Method Overloading by changing data type of argument In this example, we have created two overloaded methods that differs in data type. The first sum method receives two integer arguments and second sum method receives two double arguments. class Calculation2{ void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);} void sum(double a,double b){System.out.println(a+b);} public static void main(String args[]){ Calculation2 obj=new Calculation2(); obj.sum(10.5,10.5); obj.sum(20,20); } } Output: 21.0 40 Method Overloading and TypePromotion One type is promoted to another implicitly if no matching datatype is found. Let's understand the concept by the figure given below:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-14-2048.jpg)
![As displayed in the above diagram, byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double. The short datatype can be promoted to int,long,float or double. The char datatype can be promoted to int,long,float or double and so on. Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion if matching found If there are matching type arguments in the method, type promotion is not performed. class OverloadingCalculation2{ void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println("int arg method invoked");} void sum(long a,long b){System.out.println("long arg method invoked");} public static void main(String args[]){ OverloadingCalculation2 obj=new OverloadingCalculation2(); obj.sum(20,20);//now int arg sum() method gets invoked } } Output: int arg method invoked 2.6 Constructor in java It is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object. Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides data for the object that is why it is known as constructor. Rules for creating java constructor: There are basically two rules defined for the constructor. 1. Constructor name must be same as its class name 2. Constructor must have no explicit return type Types of java constructors: There are two types of constructors: 1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor) 2. Parameterized constructor Java Default Constructor A constructor that have no parameter is known as default constructor.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-15-2048.jpg)
![Syntax of default constructor: 1. <class_name>(){} Example of default constructor In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked at the time of object creation. class Bike1{ Bike1(){System.out.println("Bike is created");} public static void main(String args[]){ Bike1 b=new Bike1(); } } Output: Bike is created Rule: If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates a default constructor. Java parameterized constructor A constructor that have parameters is known as parameterized constructor. Why use parameterized constructor? Parameterized constructor is used to provide different values to the distinct objects. Example of parameterized constructor In this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters. We can have any number of parameters in the constructor. class Student4{](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-16-2048.jpg)
![int id; String name; Student4(int i,String n){ id = i; name = n; } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student4 s1 = new Student4(111,"Karan"); Student4 s2 = new Student4(222,"Aryan"); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output: 111 Karan 222 Aryan Constructor Overloading in Java Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of constructors that differ in parameter lists. The compiler differentiates these constructors by taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type. Example of Constructor Overloading class Student5{ int id;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-17-2048.jpg)
![String name; int age; Student5(int i,String n){ id = i; name = n; } Student5(int i,String n,int a){ id = i; name = n; age=a; } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan"); Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output: 111 Karan 0 222 Aryan 25](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-18-2048.jpg)
![//Program of static variable class Student8{ int rollno; String name; static String college ="ITS"; Student8(int r,String n){ rollno = r; name = n; } void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan"); Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan"); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output:111 Karan ITS 222 Aryan ITS 2) Java static method If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method. A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a class. A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class. static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-20-2048.jpg)
![Example of static method //Program of changing the common property of all objects(static field). class Student9{ int rollno; String name; static String college = "ITS"; static void change(){ college = "BBDIT"; } Student9(int r, String n){ rollno = r; name = n; } void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student9.change(); Student9 s1 = new Student9 (111,"Karan"); Student9 s2 = new Student9 (222,"Aryan"); Student9 s3 = new Student9 (333,"Sonoo"); s1.display(); s2.display(); s3.display();](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-21-2048.jpg)
![name = name; } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student10 s1 = new Student10(111,"Karan"); Student10 s2 = new Student10(321,"Aryan"); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output:0 null 0 null In the above example, parameter (formal arguments) and instance variables are same that is why we are using this keyword to distinguish between local variable and instance variable. Solution of the above problem by this keyword class Student11{ int id; String name; Student11(int id,String name){ this.id = id; this.name = name; } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} public static void main(String args[]){](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-23-2048.jpg)
![} void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student12 e1 = new Student12(111,"karan"); Student12 e2 = new Student12(222,"Aryan"); e1.display(); e2.display(); } } Output:111 Karan 222 Aryan 2.9 Inheritance in Java Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of parent object. The idea behind inheritance in java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of parent class, and you can add new methods and fields also. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-child relationship. Why use inheritance in java For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved). For Code Reusability. Syntax of Java Inheritance class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name { //methods and fields }](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-25-2048.jpg)
![The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing class. In the terminology of Java, a class that is inherited is called a super class. The new class is called a subclass. Understanding the simple example of inheritance As displayed in the above figure, Programmer is the subclass and Employee is the superclass. Relationship between two classes is Programmer IS-A Employee.It means that Programmer is a type of Employee. class Employee{ float salary=40000; } class Programmer extends Employee{ int bonus=10000; public static void main(String args[]){ Programmer p=new Programmer(); System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary); System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus); } } Programmer salary is:40000.0 Bonus of programmer is:10000](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-26-2048.jpg)
![} class Circle{ Operation op;//aggregation double pi=3.14; double area(int radius){ op=new Operation(); int rsquare=op.square(radius);//code reusability (i.e. delegates the method call). return pi*rsquare; } public static void main(String args[]){ Circle c=new Circle(); double result=c.area(5); System.out.println(result); } } Output: 78.5 When use Aggregation? Code reuse is also best achieved by aggregation when there is no is-a relationship. Inheritance should be used only if the relationship is-a is maintained throughout the lifetime of the objects involved; otherwise, aggregation is the best choice. 2.11 Method Overriding in Java If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as method overriding in java. In other words, If subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that has been provided by one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding. Usage of Java Method Overriding Method overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its super class.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-28-2048.jpg)
![ Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism Rules for Java Method Overriding 1. method must have same name as in the parent class 2. method must have same parameter as in the parent class. 3. must be IS-A relationship (inheritance). Understanding the problem without method overriding Let's understand the problem that we may face in the program if we don't use method overriding. class Vehicle{ void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");} } class Bike extends Vehicle{ public static void main(String args[]){ Bike obj = new Bike(); obj.run(); } } Output: Vehicle is running Problem is that I have to provide a specific implementation of run() method in subclass that is why we use method overriding. Real example of Java Method Overriding Consider a scenario, Bank is a class that provides functionality to get rate of interest. But, rate of interest varies according to banks. For example, SBI, ICICI and AXIS banks could provide 8%, 7% and 9% rate of interest.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-29-2048.jpg)
![class Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 0;} } class SBI extends Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;} } class ICICI extends Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;} } class AXIS extends Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 9;} } class Test2{ public static void main(String args[]){ SBI s=new SBI(); ICICI i=new ICICI(); AXIS a=new AXIS(); System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: "+s.getRateOfInterest());](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-30-2048.jpg)
![} public static void main(String args[]){ Bike3 b=new Bike3(); b.display(); } } Output: 100 In the above example Vehicle and Bike both class have a common property speed. Instance variable of current class is refered by instance bydefault, but I have to refer parent class instance variable that is why we use super keyword to distinguish between parent class instance variable and current class instance variable. Solution by super keyword //example of super keyword class Vehicle{ int speed=50; } class Bike4 extends Vehicle{ int speed=100; void display(){ System.out.println(super.speed);//will print speed of Vehicle now } public static void main(String args[]){ Bike4 b=new Bike4(); b.display();](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-32-2048.jpg)
![} } Output: 50 2) super is used to invoke parent class constructor. The super keyword can also be used to invoke the parent class constructor as given below: class Vehicle{ Vehicle(){System.out.println("Vehicle is created");} } class Bike5 extends Vehicle{ Bike5(){ super();//will invoke parent class constructor System.out.println("Bike is created"); } public static void main(String args[]){ Bike5 b=new Bike5(); } } Output: Vehicle is created Bike is created 3) super can be used to invoke parent class method The super keyword can also be used to invoke parent class method. It should be used in case subclass contains the same method as parent class as in the example given below: class Person{ void message(){System.out.println("welcome");}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-33-2048.jpg)
![} class Student16 extends Person{ void message(){System.out.println("welcome to java");} void display(){ message();//will invoke current class message() method super.message();//will invoke parent class message() method } public static void main(String args[]){ Student16 s=new Student16(); s.display(); } } Output: welcome to java Welcome Chapter 3: Java String Java String provides a lot of concepts that can be performed on a string such as compare, concat, equals, split, length, replace, compareTo, intern, substring etc. In java, string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters works same as java string. For example: 1. char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'}; 2. String s=new String(ch); is same as: 1. String s="javatpoint";](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-34-2048.jpg)
![that it will find the string with the value "Welcome" in the pool, it will not create new object but will return the reference to the same instance. Note: String objects are stored in a special memory area known as string constant pool. Why java uses concept of string literal? To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in string constant pool). 2) By new keyword 1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal(non pool) heap memory and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object in heap(non pool). Java String Example public class StringExample{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="java";//creating string by java string literal char ch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'}; String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new keyword System.out.println(s1); System.out.println(s2); System.out.println(s3); }} java strings example Java String class methods The java.lang.String class provides many useful methods to perform operations on sequence of char values. No. Method Description](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-36-2048.jpg)
![3.1 Immutable String in Java In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable. Once string object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new string object is created. Let's try to understand the immutability concept by the example given below: class Testimmutablestring{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s="Sachin"; s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects } } Output:Sachin Now it can be understood by the diagram given below. Here Sachin is not changed but a new object is created with sachintendulkar. That is why string is known as immutable. As you can see in the above figure that two objects are created but s reference variable still refers to "Sachin" not to "Sachin Tendulkar". But if we explicitely assign it to the reference variable, it will refer to "Sachin Tendulkar" object.For example: 1. class Testimmutablestring1{ 2. public static void main(String args[]){ 3. String s="Sachin";](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-38-2048.jpg)
![4. s=s.concat(" Tendulkar"); 5. System.out.println(s); 6. } 7. } output:Sachin Tendulkar In such case, s points to the "Sachin Tendulkar". Please notice that still sachin object is not modified. Why string objects are immutable in java? Because java uses the concept of string literal.Suppose there are 5 reference variables,all referes to one object "sachin".If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be affected to all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java. 3.2 Java String compare We can compare string in java on the basis of content and reference. It is used in authentication (by equals() method), sorting (by compareTo() method), reference matching (by == operator) etc. There are three ways to compare string in java: 1. By equals() method 2. By = = operator 3. By compareTo() method 1) String compare by equals() method The String equals() method compares the original content of the string. It compares values of string for equality. String class provides two methods: public boolean equals(Object another) compares this string to the specified object. public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String another) compares this String to another string, ignoring case. class Teststringcomparison1{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin"; String s2="Sachin"; String s3=new String("Sachin"); String s4="Saurav";](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-39-2048.jpg)
![System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//true System.out.println(s1.equals(s3));//true System.out.println(s1.equals(s4));//false } } Output:true true false class Teststringcomparison2{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin"; String s2="SACHIN"; System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//false System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s3));//true } } Output:false true 2) String compare by == operator The = = operator compares references not values. class Teststringcomparison3{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin"; String s2="Sachin"; String s3=new String("Sachin"); System.out.println(s1==s2);//true (because both refer to same instance)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-40-2048.jpg)
![System.out.println(s1==s3);//false(because s3 refers to instance created in nonpool) } } Output:true false 3) String compare by compareTo() method The String compareTo() method compares values lexicographically and returns an integer value that describes if first string is less than, equal to or greater than second string. Suppose s1 and s2 are two string variables. If: s1 == s2 :0 s1 > s2 :positive value s1 < s2 :negative value class Teststringcomparison4{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin"; String s2="Sachin"; String s3="Ratan"; System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s2));//0 System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s3));//1(because s1>s3) System.out.println(s3.compareTo(s1));//-1(because s3 < s1 ) } } Output:0 3.3 String Concatenation in Java In java, string concatenation forms a new string that is the combination of multiple strings. There are two ways to concat string in java: 1. By + (string concatenation) operator 2. By concat() method](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-41-2048.jpg)
![1) String Concatenation by + (string concatenation) operator Java string concatenation operator (+) is used to add strings. For Example: class TestStringConcatenation1{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s="Sachin"+" Tendulkar"; System.out.println(s);//Sachin Tendulkar } } Output:Sachin Tendulkar The Java compiler transforms above code to this: 1. String s=(new StringBuilder()).append("Sachin").append(" Tendulkar).toString(); In java, String concatenation is implemented through the StringBuilder (or StringBuffer) class and its append method. String concatenation operator produces a new string by appending the second operand onto the end of the first operand. The string concatenation operator can concat not only string but primitive values also. For Example: class TestStringConcatenation2{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s=50+30+"Sachin"+40+40; System.out.println(s);//80Sachin4040 } } 80Sachin4040 Note: After a string literal, all the + will be treated as string concatenation operator. 2) String Concatenation by concat() method The String concat() method concatenates the specified string to the end of current string. Syntax: 1. public String concat(String another)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-42-2048.jpg)
![Let's see the example of String concat() method. class TestStringConcatenation3{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin "; String s2="Tendulkar"; String s3=s1.concat(s2); System.out.println(s3);//Sachin Tendulkar } } Sachin Tendulkar 3.4 Substring in Java A part of string is called substring. In other words, substring is a subset of another string. In case of substring startIndex is inclusive and endIndex is exclusive. Note: Index starts from 0. You can get substring from the given string object by one of the two methods: 1. public String substring(int startIndex): This method returns new String object containing the substring of the given string from specified startIndex (inclusive). 2. public String substring(int startIndex, int endIndex): This method returns new String object containing the substring of the given string from specified startIndex to endIndex. In case of string: startIndex: inclusive endIndex: exclusive Let's understand the startIndex and endIndex by the code given below. 1. String s="hello"; 2. System.out.println(s.substring(0,2));//he In the above substring, 0 points to h but 2 points to e (because end index is exclusive). Example of java substring public class TestSubstring{](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-43-2048.jpg)
![public static void main(String args[]){ String s="Sachin Tendulkar"; System.out.println(s.substring(6));//Tendulkar System.out.println(s.substring(0,6));//Sachin } } Tendulkar Sachin 3.5 Java String class methods The java.lang.String class provides a lot of methods to work on string. By the help of these methods, we can perform operations on string such as trimming, concatenating, converting, comparing, replacing strings etc. Java String is a powerful concept because everything is treated as a string if you submit any form in window based, web based or mobile application. Let's see the important methods of String class. Java String toUpperCase() and toLowerCase() method The java string toUpperCase() method converts this string into uppercase letter and string toLowerCase() method into lowercase letter. 1. String s="Sachin"; 2. System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());//SACHIN 3. System.out.println(s.toLowerCase());//sachin 4. System.out.println(s);//Sachin(no change in original) SACHIN sachin Sachin Java String trim() method The string trim() method eliminates white spaces before and after string. 1. String s=" Sachin "; 2. System.out.println(s);// Sachin 3. System.out.println(s.trim());//Sachin Sachin Sachin](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-44-2048.jpg)
![3 boolean find(int start) finds the next expression that matches the pattern from the given start number. Pattern class It is the compiled version of a regular expression. It is used to define a pattern for the regex engine. No. Method Description 1 static Pattern compile(String regex) compiles the given regex and return the instance of pattern. 2 Matcher matcher(CharSequence input) creates a matcher that matches the given input with pattern. 3 static boolean matches(String regex, CharSequence input) It works as the combination of compile and matcher methods. It compiles the regular expression and matches the given input with the pattern. 4 String[] split(CharSequence input) splits the given input string around matches of given pattern. 5 String pattern() returns the regex pattern. Example of Java Regular Expressions There are three ways to write the regex example in java. import java.util.regex.*; public class RegexExample1{ public static void main(String args[]){ //1st way Pattern p = Pattern.compile(".s");//. represents single character Matcher m = p.matcher("as"); boolean b = m.matches(); //2nd way](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-47-2048.jpg)
![boolean b2=Pattern.compile(".s").matcher("as").matches(); //3rd way boolean b3 = Pattern.matches(".s", "as"); System.out.println(b+" "+b2+" "+b3); }} Output true true true Regex Character classes No. Character Class Description 1 [abc] a, b, or c (simple class) 2 [^abc] Any character except a, b, or c (negation) 3 [a-zA-Z] a through z or A through Z, inclusive (range) 4 [a-d[m-p]] a through d, or m through p: [a-dm-p] (union) 5 [a-z&&[def]] d, e, or f (intersection) 6 [a-z&&[^bc]] a through z, except for b and c: [ad-z] (subtraction) 7 [a-z&&[^m-p]] a through z, and not m through p: [a-lq-z](subtraction) Regular Expression Character classes Example 1. import java.util.regex.*; 2. class RegexExample3{ 3. public static void main(String args[]){ 4. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]", "abcd"));//false (not a or m or n) 5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]", "a"));//true (among a or m or n) 6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]", "ammmna"));//false (m and a comes mor e than once) 7. }} Regex Quantifiers The quantifiers specify the number of occurrences of a character.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-48-2048.jpg)
![Regex Description X? X occurs once or not at all X+ X occurs once or more times X* X occurs zero or more times X{n} X occurs n times only X{n,} X occurs n or more times X{y,z} X occurs at least y times but less than z times Regular Expression Character classes and Quantifiers Example 1. import java.util.regex.*; 2. class RegexExample4{ 3. public static void main(String args[]){ 4. System.out.println("? quantifier ...."); 5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "a"));//true (a or m or n comes one time ) 6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "aaa"));//false (a comes more than one t ime) 7. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "aammmnn"));//false (a m and n comes more than one time) 8. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "aazzta"));//false (a comes more than o ne time) 9. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "am"));//false (a or m or n must come o ne time) 10. 11. System.out.println("+ quantifier ...."); 12. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]+", "a"));//true (a or m or n once or more ti mes) 13. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]+", "aaa"));//true (a comes more than one ti me) 14. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]+", "aammmnn"));//true (a or m or n comes more than once) 15. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]+", "aazzta"));//false (z and t are not matchi ng pattern) 16. 17. System.out.println("* quantifier ...."); 18. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]*", "ammmna"));//true (a or m or n may co me zero or more times)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-49-2048.jpg)
![19. 20. }} Regex Metacharacters The regular expression metacharacters work as a short codes. Regex Description . Any character (may or may not match terminator) d Any digits, short of [0-9] D Any non-digit, short for [^0-9] s Any whitespace character, short for [tnx0Bfr] S Any non-whitespace character, short for [^s] w Any word character, short for [a-zA-Z_0-9] W Any non-word character, short for [^w] b A word boundary B A non word boundary Regular Expression Metacharacters Example import java.util.regex.*; class RegexExample5{ public static void main(String args[]){ System.out.println("metacharacters d....");d means digit System.out.println(Pattern.matches("d", "abc"));//false (non-digit) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("d", "1"));//true (digit and comes once) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("d", "4443"));//false (digit but comes more than onc e) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("d", "323abc"));//false (digit and char)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-50-2048.jpg)
![If we have null value in any variable, performing any operation by the variable occurs an NullPointerException. 1. String s=null; 2. System.out.println(s.length());//NullPointerException 3) Scenario where NumberFormatException occurs The wrong formatting of any value, may occur NumberFormatException. Suppose I have a string variable that have characters, converting this variable into digit will occur NumberFormatException. 1. String s="abc"; 2. int i=Integer.parseInt(s);//NumberFormatException 4) Scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs If you are inserting any value in the wrong index, it would result ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException as shown below: 1. int a[]=new int[5]; 2. a[10]=50; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Java Exception Handling Keywords There are 5 keywords used in java exception handling. 1. try 2. catch 3. finally 4. throw 5. throws 5.2 Java try-catch Java try block Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within the method. Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block. Syntax of java try-catch 1. try{ 2. //code that may throw exception 3. }catch(Exception_class_Name ref){}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-53-2048.jpg)
![Syntax of try-finally block 1. try{ 2. //code that may throw exception 3. }finally{} Java catch block Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only. You can use multiple catch block with a single try. Problem without exception handling Let's try to understand the problem if we don't use try-catch block. public class Testtrycatch1{ public static void main(String args[]){ int data=50/0;//may throw exception System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } } Output: Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of the code... statement is not printed). There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not be executed. Solution by exception handling Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block. public class Testtrycatch2{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-54-2048.jpg)
![int data=50/0; }catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);} System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } } Output: Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero rest of the code... Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the code... statement is printed. The JVM firstly checks whether the exception is handled or not. If exception is not handled, JVM provides a default exception handler that performs the following tasks: Prints out exception description. Prints the stack trace (Hierarchy of methods where the exception occurred). Causes the program to terminate. But if exception is handled by the application programmer, normal flow of the application is maintained i.e. rest of the code is executed. Java catch multiple exceptions Java Multi catch block If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java multi catch block. Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block. public class TestMultipleCatchBlock{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ int a[]=new int[5]; a[5]=30/0;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-55-2048.jpg)
![{ Statement 1; Statement 2; } catch(Exception e) { } } catch(Exception e) { } .... Java nested try example Let's see a simple example of java nested try block. class Excep6{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ try{ System.out.println("going to divide"); int b =39/0; }catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);} try{](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-57-2048.jpg)
![int a[]=new int[5]; a[5]=4; }catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println(e);} System.out.println("other statement); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("handeled");} System.out.println("normal flow.."); } } 5.4 Java finally block Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing connection, stream etc. Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or not. Java finally block must be followed by try or catch block. Note: If you don't handle exception, before terminating the program, JVM executes finally block(if any). Why use java finally: Finally block in java can be used to put "cleanup" code such as closing a file, closing connection etc. Usage of Java finally Case 1: Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and not handled. class TestFinallyBlock1{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ int data=25/0;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-58-2048.jpg)
![System.out.println(data); } catch(NullPointerException e){System.out.println(e);} finally{System.out.println("finally block is always executed");} System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } } Output:finally block is always executed Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero Case 2: Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and handled. public class TestFinallyBlock2{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ int data=25/0; System.out.println(data); } catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);} finally{System.out.println("finally block is always executed");} System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } } Output:Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero finally block is always executed](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-59-2048.jpg)
![rest of the code... 5.5 Java throw exception The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later. The syntax of java throw keyword is given below. 1. throw exception; Let's see the example of throw IOException. 1. throw new IOException("sorry device error); java throw keyword example In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter. If the age is less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message welcome to vote. public class TestThrow1{ static void validate(int age){ if(age<18) throw new ArithmeticException("not valid"); else System.out.println("welcome to vote"); } public static void main(String args[]){ validate(13); System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } }](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-60-2048.jpg)
![// A simple Swing application. import javax.swing.*; class SwingDemo { SwingDemo() { // Create a new JFrame container. JFrame jfrm = new JFrame("A Simple Swing Application"); // Give the frame an initial size. jfrm.setSize(275, 100); // Terminate the program when the user closes the application. jfrm.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); // Create a text-based label JLabel jlab = new JLabel(" Swing means powerful GUIs."); // Add the label to the content pane. jfrm.add(jlab); // Display the frame. jfrm.setVisible(true); } public static void main(String args[]) { // Create the frame on the event dispatching thread. SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { public void run() { new SwingDemo(); } }); } } Output:-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-76-2048.jpg)
![b3.addActionListener(this); add(b3); // Define a button group. ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup(); bg.add(b1); bg.add(b2); bg.add(b3); // Create a label and add it to the content pane. jlab = new JLabel("Select One"); add(jlab); } // Handle button selection. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) { jlab.setText("You selected " + ae.getActionCommand()); } } Output from the radio button example is shown here: 7.12 JTabbedPane: JTabbedPane encapsulates a tabbed pane. It manages a set of components by linking them with tabs. Selecting a tab causes the component associated with that tab to come to the forefront. Tabbed panes are very common in the modern GUI, and you have no doubt used them many times. Given the complex nature of a tabbed pane, they are surprisingly easy to create and use. JTabbedPane defines three constructors. We will use its default constructor, which creates an empty control with the tabs positioned across the top of the pane. The other two constructors let you specify the location of the tabs, which can be along any of the four sides. Tabs are added by calling addTab( ). Here is one of its forms: void addTab(String name, Component comp) Here, name is the name for the tab, and comp is the component that should be added to the tab. 7.13 JTable: JTable is a component that displays rows and columns of data. You can drag the cursor on column boundaries to resize columns. You can also drag a column to a new position. Depending on its configuration, it is also possible to select a row, column, or cell within the table, and to change the data within a cell. JTable supplies several constructors. The one used here is JTable(Object data[ ][ ], Object colHeads[ ]) Here, data is a two-dimensional array of the information to be presented, and colHeads is a one-dimensional array with the column headings. Here are the steps required to set up a simple JTable that can be used to display data:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-84-2048.jpg)
![1. Create an instance of JTable. 2. Create a JScrollPane object, specifying the table as the object to scroll. 3. Add the table to the scroll pane. 4. Add the scroll pane to the content pane. // Demonstrate JTable. import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; /* <applet code="JTableDemo" width=400 height=200> </applet> */ public class JTableDemo extends JApplet { public void init() { try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait( new Runnable() { public void run() { makeGUI(); } } ); } catch (Exception exc) { System.out.println("Can't create because of " + exc); } } private void makeGUI() { // Initialize column headings. String[] colHeads = { "Name", "Extension", "ID#" }; // Initialize data. Object[][] data = { { "Gail", "4567", "865" }, { "Ken", "7566", "555" }, { "Viviane", "5634", "587" }, { "Melanie", "7345", "922" }, { "Anne", "1237", "333" }, { "John", "5656", "314" }, { "Matt", "5672", "217" }, { "Claire", "6741", "444" }, { "Erwin", "9023", "519" }, { "Ellen", "1134", "532" }, { "Jennifer", "5689", "112" }, { "Ed", "9030", "133" }, { "Helen", "6751", "145" } }; // Create the table. JTable table = new JTable(data, colHeads); // Add the table to a scroll pane. JScrollPane jsp = new JScrollPane(table); // Add the scroll pane to the content pane. add(jsp);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-85-2048.jpg)
![be executed by a thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run(). 1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread. Starting a thread: start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs following tasks: A new thread starts(with new callstack). The thread moves from New state to the Runnable state. When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run. 1)By extending Thread class: 1. class Multi extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("thread is running..."); 4. } 5. public static void main(String args[]){ 6. Multi t1=new Multi(); 7. t1.start(); 8. } 9. } Output:thread is running... Who makes your class object as thread object? Thread class constructor allocates a new thread object.When you create object of Multi class,your class constructor is invoked(provided by Compiler) fromwhere Thread class constructor is invoked(by super() as first statement).So your Multi class object is thread object now. 2)By implementing the Runnable interface: 1. class Multi3 implements Runnable{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("thread is running..."); 4. } 5. 6. public static void main(String args[]){](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-90-2048.jpg)
![5. System.out.println(i); 6. } 7. } 8. public static void main(String args[]){ 9. TestSleepMethod1 t1=new TestSleepMethod1(); 10. TestSleepMethod1 t2=new TestSleepMethod1(); 11. 12. t1.start(); 13. t2.start(); 14. } 15. } Output: 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 As you know well that at a time only one thread is executed. If you sleep a thread for the specified time,the thread shedular picks up another thread and so on. 8.5 The join() method: The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently running threads to stop executing until the thread it joins with completes its task. Syntax: public void join()throws InterruptedException public void join(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException Example of join() method 1. class TestJoinMethod1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ 4. try{ 5. Thread.sleep(500); 6. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} 7. System.out.println(i); 8. } 9. } 10. public static void main(String args[]){ 11. TestJoinMethod1 t1=new TestJoinMethod1(); 12. TestJoinMethod1 t2=new TestJoinMethod1(); 13. TestJoinMethod1 t3=new TestJoinMethod1();](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-92-2048.jpg)
![14. t1.start(); 15. try{ 16. t1.join(); 17. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} 18. 19. t2.start(); 20. t3.start(); 21. } 22. } Output:1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 As you can see in the above example,when t1 completes its task then t2 and t3 starts executing. The currentThread() method: The currentThread() method returns a reference to the currently executing thread object. Syntax: public static Thread currentThread() Example of currentThread() method 1. class TestJoinMethod4 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); 4. } 5. } 6. public static void main(String args[]){ 7. TestJoinMethod4 t1=new TestJoinMethod4(); 8. TestJoinMethod4 t2=new TestJoinMethod4(); 9. 10. t1.start(); 11. t2.start(); 12. }](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-93-2048.jpg)
![13. } Output:Thread-0 Thread-1 8.6 Naming a thread: The Thread class provides methods to change and get the name of a thread. 1. public String getName(): is used to return the name of a thread. 2. public void setName(String name): is used to change the name of a thread. Example of naming a thread: 1. class TestMultiNaming1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("running..."); 4. } 5. public static void main(String args[]){ 6. TestMultiNaming1 t1=new TestMultiNaming1(); 7. TestMultiNaming1 t2=new TestMultiNaming1(); 8. System.out.println("Name of t1:"+t1.getName()); 9. System.out.println("Name of t2:"+t2.getName()); 10. 11. t1.start(); 12. t2.start(); 13. 14. t1.setName("Sonoo Jaiswal"); 15. System.out.println("After changing name of t1:"+t1.getName()); 16. } 17. } Output:Name of t1:Thread-0 Name of t2:Thread-1 id of t1:8 running... After changeling name of t1:Sonoo Jaiswal running... The currentThread() method: The currentThread() method returns a reference to the currently executing thread object. Syntax of currentThread() method:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-94-2048.jpg)
![ public static Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently running thread. Example of currentThread() method: 1. class TestMultiNaming2 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); 4. } 5. } 6. public static void main(String args[]){ 7. TestMultiNaming2 t1=new TestMultiNaming2(); 8. TestMultiNaming2 t2=new TestMultiNaming2(); 9. 10. t1.start(); 11. t2.start(); 12. } 13. } Output:Thread-0 Thread-1 8.7 Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority): Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In most cases, thread schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as preemptive scheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that which scheduling it chooses. 3 constants defiend in Thread class: 1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY 2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY 3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and the value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10. Example of priority of a Thread: 1. class TestMultiPriority1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("running thread name is:"+Thread.currentThread().getName()); 4. System.out.println("running thread priority is:"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority( )); 5. 6. }](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-95-2048.jpg)
![7. public static void main(String args[]){ 8. TestMultiPriority1 m1=new TestMultiPriority1(); 9. TestMultiPriority1 m2=new TestMultiPriority1(); 10. m1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); 11. m2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); 12. m1.start(); 13. m2.start(); 14. 15. } 16. } Output:running thread name is:Thread-0 running thread priority is:10 running thread name is:Thread-1 running thread priority is:1 How to perform single task by multiple threads? If you have to perform single task by many threads, have only one run() method.For example: Program of performing single task by multiple threads 1. class TestMultitasking1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("task one"); 4. } 5. public static void main(String args[]){ 6. TestMultitasking1 t1=new TestMultitasking1(); 7. TestMultitasking1 t2=new TestMultitasking1(); 8. TestMultitasking1 t3=new TestMultitasking1(); 9. 10. t1.start(); 11. t2.start(); 12. t3.start(); 13. } 14. } Output:task one task one task one Program of performing single task by multiple threads 1. class TestMultitasking2 implements Runnable{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("task one"); 4. } 5. 6. public static void main(String args[]){ 7. Thread t1 =new Thread(new TestMultitasking2());//passing annonymous object of Te stMultitasking2 class](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-96-2048.jpg)
![8. Thread t2 =new Thread(new TestMultitasking2()); 9. 10. t1.start(); 11. t2.start(); 12. 13. } 14. } Output:task one task one Note: Each thread run in a separate callstack. How to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads (multitasking in multithreading)? If you have to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads,have multiple run() methods.For example: Program of performing two tasks by two threads 1. class Simple1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("task one"); 4. } 5. } 6. 7. class Simple2 extends Thread{ 8. public void run(){ 9. System.out.println("task two"); 10. } 11. } 12. 13. class TestMultitasking3{ 14. public static void main(String args[]){ 15. Simple1 t1=new Simple1(); 16. Simple2 t2=new Simple2(); 17. 18. t1.start(); 19. t2.start(); 20. } 21. } Output:task one task two Same example as above by annonymous class that extends Thread class:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-97-2048.jpg)
![Program of performing two tasks by two threads 1. class TestMultitasking4{ 2. public static void main(String args[]){ 3. Thread t1=new Thread(){ 4. public void run(){ 5. System.out.println("task one"); 6. } 7. }; 8. Thread t2=new Thread(){ 9. public void run(){ 10. System.out.println("task two"); 11. } 12. }; 13. 14. 15. t1.start(); 16. t2.start(); 17. } 18. } Output:task one task two Same example as above by annonymous class that implements Runnable interface: Program of performing two tasks by two threads 1. class TestMultitasking5{ 2. public static void main(String args[]){ 3. Runnable r1=new Runnable(){ 4. public void run(){ 5. System.out.println("task one"); 6. } 7. }; 8. 9. Runnable r2=new Runnable(){ 10. public void run(){ 11. System.out.println("task two"); 12. } 13. }; 14. 15. Thread t1=new Thread(r1); 16. Thread t2=new Thread(r2); 17. 18. t1.start(); 19. t2.start(); 20. } } Output:task one task two](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javaprogrammingmaterialbynithinvvcemysuru-200617042435/75/Java-programming-material-for-beginners-by-Nithin-VVCE-Mysuru-98-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byNithin Kumar,VVCE, Mysuru
Java programming material for beginners by Nithin, VVCE, Mysuru
Java is an object-oriented programming language that is derived from C and C++. It can be used to create a variety of applications including standalone applications, web applications, enterprise applications, and mobile applications. Java programs are compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine, making Java platform independent. Key features of Java include being simple, object-oriented, platform independent, secure, robust, and multi-threaded. The basic structure of a Java program includes classes that contain methods. Methods can be overloaded by changing their parameters.
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Overview of Java's relationship to C/C++, its origin, and the four types of Java applications.
Discusses Java's key features like simplicity, object-oriented nature, platform independence, and security.Defines how to write a simple Java program and the necessary components such as main method.
Differences between JDK, JRE, and JVM explaining their roles in Java execution.
Explains variable types in Java (local, instance, static) and various data types with their sizes.
Different types of Java operators, including arithmetic, relational, and logical operators.Introduces OOP principles such as objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation.
Demonstrates how to create classes, objects, and define methods for functionality.
Showcases Java's method overloading concept along with examples and explanations of type promotion.
Definition and types of constructors in Java, including default and parameterized constructors.
Explains the static keyword usage for variables and methods, and its memory management benefits.
Utilization of the 'this' keyword to resolve ambiguities within class instances.
Introduces the concept of inheritance, its types, and the benefits of code reusability.
Explains method overriding principles, advantages, and real-world examples.
'super' usage for invoking parent class methods, constructors and distinguishing parent variables.
Introduces the String class, its immutability, creation methods, and some key methods for string manipulation.
Details the Java Regex API and its components for searching and manipulating strings.
An overview of exception handling mechanisms in Java and its keywords for maintaining application flow.Discussion of Java Applets lifecycle, creation and usage of graphics, and running applets in browsers.
An introduction to Swing components, their features, and a simple Swing application example.
Concept of multithreading, thread creation methods, life cycle, and methods for controlling thread behavior.
Java programming material for beginners by Nithin, VVCE, Mysuru
- 1. INTRODUCTION ON JAVA Javais related to C++, which is a direct derivative of C. much of the properties of java is inherited from these two languages. From C, java derives its syntax. From C++, java derives object-oriented features. Java programming language was introduced by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth and Ed Frank at Sun Microsystems in 1991. It took eighteen months to develop the working version. This language was initially called „OAK‟ but was renamed as „Java‟ in 1995. Java is a „programming language‟ and a „platform‟. It is a high level, robust, secured and object-oriented programming language. Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs is known as a „Platform‟. Since java has its own Runtime environment (JDE) and Application programming interface (API), it can be called as a platform. 1.1 Types of Java applications. There are mainly four types of applications that can be created using Java programming. 1. Standalone applications: It is also known as „Desktop applications‟ or „Window based applications‟. We need to install these applications on every machine and use them. Some of these applications are Media player, Antivirus etc. „AWT and Swing‟ are used in java for creating standalone applications. 2. Web applications: An application that runs on the server side and creates a dynamic page is called web application. Currently servlets, JSP, struts are used for creating web applications in java. 3. Enterprise applications: An application that is distributed in nature such as banking application is called enterprise applications. It has the advantage of high level security, load balancing and clustering. In java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications. 4. Mobile applications: An application that is created for mobile devices are called as mobile applications. Currently android and java mobile applications are used for creating mobile applications. 1.2 Features of Java There are many important fatures of java, they are also known as „Java buzzwords‟. 1. Simple : According to Sun Microsystems, Java language is simple because syntax is based on C++ (easier to learn after C++) and removed many confusing features such
- 2. as explicit pointers,operator overloading etc and no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is automatic garbage collection in java. 2. Object-oriented : Object-oriented programming (OOPS) is a methodology that simplify software development and maintaince by providing some basic rules of OOPS such as Objects Class Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction Encapsulation 3. Platform independent: A platform is the hardware and software environment in which a program runs. There are two types of platforms : „Software-based‟ and „Hardware based‟. Java provides software-based platform. The java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it‟s a software- based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms and it has two components. Runtime environment Application programming interface (API) Java code can be run on multiple platforms such as Windows, Solaris, Linux, Mac/OS etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into „byte code‟. The byte code is a platform independent code because it can be run on multiple platform i.e „Write once and run anywhere (WORA)‟. 4. Secured: Java is secured because „No explicit pointer‟ and „Program run inside virtual machine sandbox‟. It is composed of the following: Class loader: Adds security by separating the package for classes of local file system from those that are imported from network sources. Byte verifier: Checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access rights to objects. Security manager: Determines what resources a class can access such as reading and writing to local disk. These securities are provided by java language. Some security can also be provided by application developer through SSL, JAAS, Cryptography etc. 5. Robust: Robust simply means its strong. Java uses strong memory management. There are „lack of pointers‟ that avoids security problem. There is „Automatic garbage collection‟ in Java. There is „Exception handling‟ and „Type checking‟ mechanisms in java. All these points make java robust. 6. Architectural neutral: There is no implementation dependent features.
- 3. 7. Portable: Wemay carry the java byte code to any platforms. 8. High performance: Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is close to native code. 9. Distributed: We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. We may access files by calling the methods from any machine on internet. 10. Multi-threaded: A thread is like a separate program executing concurrently. We can write java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are important for multimedia, web applications etc. 1.3 Simple java program To create a java program, we need to create a class that contains main method. For executing any java program, we need to install JDK. Let‟s see this with an example Class Simple { Public static void main (string args [] ) { System.out.println (“ Hello Java “); } } Save this file as “Simple.java” To compile use “javac Simple.java” To execute use “java Simple” The meaning of the keywords used in the above example is as follows: Class: It is a keyword used to declare a class in java. Public: It is a keyword used as an access modifier which represents visibility. If its public then it means its visible to all. Static: It is a keyword which if declared static means that there is no need of creating objects to invoke the method. In this way it saves memory. Void: It is the return type of the method. It means that it does not return any value. Main: It represents the start of a program. String [] args: It is used for command line argument. System.out.println: It is used as a print statement.
- 4. In how manyways can we write a java program? There are many ways to write a java program. By changing the sequence of the modifier. Static public void main (string agrs []) Subscript notation in java array can be used after type, before variable or after variable. Public static void main (string[] args) Public static void main (string [] args) Public static void main (string args[]) We can provide var-args support to main method by passing three ellipses (dots) Public static void main (string … args) Having semicolon at the end of class in java is optional. Class A { Static public void main (string … args) { System.out.println (“hello java”); } }; What happens at compile time? At compile time, java file is compiled by java compiler and converts the java code into byte code. 1.4 Java Environment Understanding the difference between JDK, JRE and JVM is important in java. Compiler Class simple { } Byte code
- 5. JVM: Java virtualmachine is an abstract machine; it is a specification that provides runtime environment in which java byte code can be executed. JVM are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE and JDK are platform dependent because configuration of each OS differs. But java is platform independent. The JVM performs following main tasks Loads code Verifies code Executes code Provides runtime environment JRE: Java runtime environment is used to provide runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It contains set of libraries and other files that JVM uses at runtime. JDK: JDK is the acronym for java development kit. It contains JRE and other development tools. 1.5 Variable and Data types in Java Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables: local, instance and static. There are two types of data types in java, primitive and non-primitive. JVM Set of libraries Other files JVM Set of libraries Other files Development tools Ex: java, Javac etc
- 6. Variable Variable is nameof reserved area allocated in memory. int data=10; //Here data is variable Types of Variable There are three types of variables in java Local Variable: A variable that is declared inside the method is called local variable Instance Variable: A variable that is declared inside the class but outside the method is called instance variable. It is not declared as static. Static variable: A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local. Data Types in Java
- 7. Data Type DefaultValue Default size Boolean false 1 bit char 'u0000' 2 byte byte 0 1 byte short 0 2 byte int 0 4 byte long 0L 8 byte float 0.0f 4 byte double 0.0d 8byte 1.6 Operators in java Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. There are many types of operators in java such as unary operator, arithmetic operator, relational operator, shift operator, bitwise operator, ternary operator and assignment operator. Operators Precedence Postfix expr++ expr-- unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ ! multiplicative * / % additive + - shift << >> >>> relational < > <= >= instanceof equality == != bitwise AND & bitwise exclusive OR ^ bitwise inclusive OR |
- 8. logical AND && logicalOR || ternary ? : assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>= Chapter 2: Java OOPs Concepts Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc. Simula is considered as the first object-oriented programming language. The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object, is known as truly object-oriented programming language. Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented programming language. 2.1 OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System) Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing some concepts: Object Class Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction
- 9. Encapsulation Object: Anyentity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical. Class: Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity. Inheritance: When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism. Polymorphism: When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example: to convenes the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc. In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism. Abstraction: Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example: phone call, we don't know the internal processing. Encapsulation: Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines. 2.2 Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language 1)OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-oriented programming language it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size grows. 2)OOPs provides data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented prgramming language a global data can be accessed from anywhere. 3)OOPs provides ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide the solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language. 2.3 Java Naming conventions Java naming convention is a rule to follow as you decide what to name your identifiers such as class, package, variable, constant, method etc. But, it is not forced to follow. So, it is known as convention not rule All the classes, interfaces, packages, methods and fields of java programming language are given according to java naming convention. Advantage of naming conventions in java By using standard Java naming conventions, you make your code easier to read for yourself and for other programmers. Readability of Java program is very important. It indicates that less time is spent to figure out what the code does.
- 10. Name Convention class name shouldstart with uppercase letter and be a noun e.g. String, Color, Button, System, Thread etc. interface name should start with uppercase letter and be an adjective e.g. Runnable, Remote, ActionListener etc. method name should start with lowercase letter and be a verb e.g. actionPerformed(), main(), print(), println() etc. variable name should start with lowercase letter e.g. firstName, orderNumber etc. package name should be in lowercase letter e.g. java, lang, sql, util etc. constants name should be in uppercase letter. e.g. RED, YELLOW, MAX_PRIORITY etc. CamelCase in java naming conventions Java follows camelcase syntax for naming the class, interface, method and variable.If name is combined with two words, second word will start with uppercase letter always e.g. actionPerformed(), firstName, ActionEvent, ActionListener etc. Class in Java A class is a group of objects that has common properties. It is a template or blueprint from which objects are created. A class in java can contain: data member method constructor block class and interface Syntax to declare a class: class <class_name>{ data member; method; }
- 11. Simple Example ofObject and Class In this example, we have created a Student class that have two data members id and name. We are creating the object of the Student class by new keyword and printing the objects value. class Student1{ int id;//data member (also instance variable) String name;//data member(also instance variable) public static void main(String args[]){ Student1 s1=new Student1();//creating an object of Student System.out.println(s1.id); System.out.println(s1.name); } } Output: 0 null 2.4 Method in Java In java, a method is like function i.e. used to expose behavior of an object. Advantage of Method Code Reusability Code Optimization Example of Object and class that maintains the records of students In this example, we are creating the two objects of Student class and initializing the value to these objects by invoking the insertRecord method on it. Here, we are displaying the state (data) of the objects by invoking the displayInformation method. class Student2{
- 12. int rollno; String name; voidinsertRecord(int r, String n){ //method rollno=r; name=n; } void displayInformation(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name);}//method public static void main(String args[]){ Student2 s1=new Student2(); Student2 s2=new Student2(); s1.insertRecord(111,"Karan"); s2.insertRecord(222,"Aryan"); s1.displayInformation(); s2.displayInformation(); } } Output: 111 Karan 222 Aryan 2.5 Method Overloading in Java If a class have multiple methods by same name but different parameters, it is known as Method Overloading. If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the readability of the program. Suppose you have to perform addition of the given numbers but there can be any number of arguments, if you write the method such as a(int,int) for two parameters, and
- 13. b(int,int,int) for threeparameters then it may be difficult for you as well as other programmers to understand the behavior of the method because its name differs. So, we perform method overloading to figure out the program quickly. Advantage of method overloading? Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Different ways to overload the method There are two ways to overload the method in java 1. By changing number of arguments 2. By changing the data type In java, Method Overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the method. 1)Example of Method Overloading by changing the no. of arguments In this example, we have created two overloaded methods, first sum method performs addition of two numbers and second sum method performs addition of three numbers. class Calculation{ void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b); } void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);} public static void main(String args[]){ Calculation obj=new Calculation(); obj.sum(10,10,10); obj.sum(20,20); } } Output:30 40
- 14. 2)Example of MethodOverloading by changing data type of argument In this example, we have created two overloaded methods that differs in data type. The first sum method receives two integer arguments and second sum method receives two double arguments. class Calculation2{ void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);} void sum(double a,double b){System.out.println(a+b);} public static void main(String args[]){ Calculation2 obj=new Calculation2(); obj.sum(10.5,10.5); obj.sum(20,20); } } Output: 21.0 40 Method Overloading and TypePromotion One type is promoted to another implicitly if no matching datatype is found. Let's understand the concept by the figure given below:
- 15. As displayed inthe above diagram, byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double. The short datatype can be promoted to int,long,float or double. The char datatype can be promoted to int,long,float or double and so on. Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion if matching found If there are matching type arguments in the method, type promotion is not performed. class OverloadingCalculation2{ void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println("int arg method invoked");} void sum(long a,long b){System.out.println("long arg method invoked");} public static void main(String args[]){ OverloadingCalculation2 obj=new OverloadingCalculation2(); obj.sum(20,20);//now int arg sum() method gets invoked } } Output: int arg method invoked 2.6 Constructor in java It is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object. Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides data for the object that is why it is known as constructor. Rules for creating java constructor: There are basically two rules defined for the constructor. 1. Constructor name must be same as its class name 2. Constructor must have no explicit return type Types of java constructors: There are two types of constructors: 1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor) 2. Parameterized constructor Java Default Constructor A constructor that have no parameter is known as default constructor.
- 16. Syntax of defaultconstructor: 1. <class_name>(){} Example of default constructor In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked at the time of object creation. class Bike1{ Bike1(){System.out.println("Bike is created");} public static void main(String args[]){ Bike1 b=new Bike1(); } } Output: Bike is created Rule: If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates a default constructor. Java parameterized constructor A constructor that have parameters is known as parameterized constructor. Why use parameterized constructor? Parameterized constructor is used to provide different values to the distinct objects. Example of parameterized constructor In this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters. We can have any number of parameters in the constructor. class Student4{
- 17. int id; String name; Student4(inti,String n){ id = i; name = n; } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student4 s1 = new Student4(111,"Karan"); Student4 s2 = new Student4(222,"Aryan"); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output: 111 Karan 222 Aryan Constructor Overloading in Java Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of constructors that differ in parameter lists. The compiler differentiates these constructors by taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type. Example of Constructor Overloading class Student5{ int id;
- 18. String name; int age; Student5(inti,String n){ id = i; name = n; } Student5(int i,String n,int a){ id = i; name = n; age=a; } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan"); Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output: 111 Karan 0 222 Aryan 25
- 19. 2.7 Java statickeyword The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the class than instance of the class. The static can be: 1. variable (also known as class variable) 2. method (also known as class method) 3. block 4. nested class 1) Java static variable If you declare any variable as static, it is known static variable. The static variable can be used to refer the common property of all objects (that is not unique for each object) e.g. company name of employees,college name of students etc. The static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of class loading. Advantage of static variable It makes your program memory efficient (i.e it saves memory). Understanding problem without static variable class Student{ int rollno; String name; String college="ITS"; } Suppose there are 500 students in my college, now all instance data members will get memory each time when object is created. All student have its unique rollno and name so instance data member is good. Here, college refers to the common property of all objects. If we make it static, this field will get memory only once. Java static property is shared to all objects. Example of static variable
- 20. //Program of staticvariable class Student8{ int rollno; String name; static String college ="ITS"; Student8(int r,String n){ rollno = r; name = n; } void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan"); Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan"); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output:111 Karan ITS 222 Aryan ITS 2) Java static method If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method. A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a class. A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class. static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.
- 21. Example of staticmethod //Program of changing the common property of all objects(static field). class Student9{ int rollno; String name; static String college = "ITS"; static void change(){ college = "BBDIT"; } Student9(int r, String n){ rollno = r; name = n; } void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student9.change(); Student9 s1 = new Student9 (111,"Karan"); Student9 s2 = new Student9 (222,"Aryan"); Student9 s3 = new Student9 (333,"Sonoo"); s1.display(); s2.display(); s3.display();
- 22. } } Output: 111 KaranBBDIT 222 Aryan BBDIT 333 Sonoo BBDIT 2.8 ‘this’ keyword in java There can be a lot of usage of java this keyword. In java, this is a reference variable that refers to the current object. Usage of java this keyword Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword. 1. this keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable. 2. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor. 3. this keyword can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly) 4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call. 5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call. 6. this keyword can also be used to return the current class instance. The this keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable. If there is ambiguity between the instance variable and parameter, „this‟ keyword resolves the problem of ambiguity. Understanding the problem without this keyword Let's understand the problem if we don't use this keyword by the example given below: class Student10{ int id; String name; Student10(int id,String name){ id = id;
- 23. name = name; } voiddisplay(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student10 s1 = new Student10(111,"Karan"); Student10 s2 = new Student10(321,"Aryan"); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output:0 null 0 null In the above example, parameter (formal arguments) and instance variables are same that is why we are using this keyword to distinguish between local variable and instance variable. Solution of the above problem by this keyword class Student11{ int id; String name; Student11(int id,String name){ this.id = id; this.name = name; } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} public static void main(String args[]){
- 24. Student11 s1 =new Student11(111,"Karan"); Student11 s2 = new Student11(222,"Aryan"); s1.display(); s2.display(); } } Output111 Karan 222 Aryan If local variables(formal arguments) and instance variables are different, there is no need to use this keyword like in the following program: Program where this keyword is not required class Student12{ int id; String name; Student12(int i,String n){ id = i; name = n;
- 25. } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} publicstatic void main(String args[]){ Student12 e1 = new Student12(111,"karan"); Student12 e2 = new Student12(222,"Aryan"); e1.display(); e2.display(); } } Output:111 Karan 222 Aryan 2.9 Inheritance in Java Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of parent object. The idea behind inheritance in java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of parent class, and you can add new methods and fields also. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-child relationship. Why use inheritance in java For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved). For Code Reusability. Syntax of Java Inheritance class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name { //methods and fields }
- 26. The extends keywordindicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing class. In the terminology of Java, a class that is inherited is called a super class. The new class is called a subclass. Understanding the simple example of inheritance As displayed in the above figure, Programmer is the subclass and Employee is the superclass. Relationship between two classes is Programmer IS-A Employee.It means that Programmer is a type of Employee. class Employee{ float salary=40000; } class Programmer extends Employee{ int bonus=10000; public static void main(String args[]){ Programmer p=new Programmer(); System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary); System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus); } } Programmer salary is:40000.0 Bonus of programmer is:10000
- 27. In the aboveexample, Programmer object can access the field of own class as well as of Employee class i.e. code reusability. 2.10 Aggregation in Java Aggregation represents HAS-A relationship. Consider a situation, Employee object contains many informations such as id, name, emailId etc. It contains one more object named address, which contains its own informations such as city, state, country, zipcode etc. as given below. class Employee{ int id; String name; Address address;//Address is a class ... } In such case, Employee has an entity reference address, so relationship is Employee HAS-A address. Why use Aggregation? For Code Reusability. Simple Example of Aggregation In this example, we have created the reference of Operation class in the Circle class. class Operation{ int square(int n){ return n*n; }
- 28. } class Circle{ Operation op;//aggregation doublepi=3.14; double area(int radius){ op=new Operation(); int rsquare=op.square(radius);//code reusability (i.e. delegates the method call). return pi*rsquare; } public static void main(String args[]){ Circle c=new Circle(); double result=c.area(5); System.out.println(result); } } Output: 78.5 When use Aggregation? Code reuse is also best achieved by aggregation when there is no is-a relationship. Inheritance should be used only if the relationship is-a is maintained throughout the lifetime of the objects involved; otherwise, aggregation is the best choice. 2.11 Method Overriding in Java If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as method overriding in java. In other words, If subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that has been provided by one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding. Usage of Java Method Overriding Method overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its super class.
- 29. Method overridingis used for runtime polymorphism Rules for Java Method Overriding 1. method must have same name as in the parent class 2. method must have same parameter as in the parent class. 3. must be IS-A relationship (inheritance). Understanding the problem without method overriding Let's understand the problem that we may face in the program if we don't use method overriding. class Vehicle{ void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");} } class Bike extends Vehicle{ public static void main(String args[]){ Bike obj = new Bike(); obj.run(); } } Output: Vehicle is running Problem is that I have to provide a specific implementation of run() method in subclass that is why we use method overriding. Real example of Java Method Overriding Consider a scenario, Bank is a class that provides functionality to get rate of interest. But, rate of interest varies according to banks. For example, SBI, ICICI and AXIS banks could provide 8%, 7% and 9% rate of interest.
- 30. class Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return0;} } class SBI extends Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;} } class ICICI extends Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;} } class AXIS extends Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 9;} } class Test2{ public static void main(String args[]){ SBI s=new SBI(); ICICI i=new ICICI(); AXIS a=new AXIS(); System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: "+s.getRateOfInterest());
- 31. System.out.println("ICICI Rate ofInterest: "+i.getRateOfInterest()); System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interest: "+a.getRateOfInterest()); } } Output: SBI Rate of Interest: 8 ICICI Rate of Interest: 7 AXIS Rate of Interest: 9 2.12 ‘super’ keyword in java The super keyword in java is a reference variable that is used to refer immediate parent class object. Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is created implicitly i.e. referred by super reference variable. Usage of java super Keyword 1. super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable. 2. super() is used to invoke immediate parent class constructor. 3. super is used to invoke immediate parent class method. 1) super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable. Problem without super keyword class Vehicle{ int speed=50; } class Bike3 extends Vehicle{ int speed=100; void display(){ System.out.println(speed);//will print speed of Bike
- 32. } public static voidmain(String args[]){ Bike3 b=new Bike3(); b.display(); } } Output: 100 In the above example Vehicle and Bike both class have a common property speed. Instance variable of current class is refered by instance bydefault, but I have to refer parent class instance variable that is why we use super keyword to distinguish between parent class instance variable and current class instance variable. Solution by super keyword //example of super keyword class Vehicle{ int speed=50; } class Bike4 extends Vehicle{ int speed=100; void display(){ System.out.println(super.speed);//will print speed of Vehicle now } public static void main(String args[]){ Bike4 b=new Bike4(); b.display();
- 33. } } Output: 50 2)super is used to invoke parent class constructor. The super keyword can also be used to invoke the parent class constructor as given below: class Vehicle{ Vehicle(){System.out.println("Vehicle is created");} } class Bike5 extends Vehicle{ Bike5(){ super();//will invoke parent class constructor System.out.println("Bike is created"); } public static void main(String args[]){ Bike5 b=new Bike5(); } } Output: Vehicle is created Bike is created 3) super can be used to invoke parent class method The super keyword can also be used to invoke parent class method. It should be used in case subclass contains the same method as parent class as in the example given below: class Person{ void message(){System.out.println("welcome");}
- 34. } class Student16 extendsPerson{ void message(){System.out.println("welcome to java");} void display(){ message();//will invoke current class message() method super.message();//will invoke parent class message() method } public static void main(String args[]){ Student16 s=new Student16(); s.display(); } } Output: welcome to java Welcome Chapter 3: Java String Java String provides a lot of concepts that can be performed on a string such as compare, concat, equals, split, length, replace, compareTo, intern, substring etc. In java, string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters works same as java string. For example: 1. char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'}; 2. String s=new String(ch); is same as: 1. String s="javatpoint";
- 35. The java.lang.String classimplements Serializable, Comparable and CharSequence interfaces. The java String is immutable i.e. it cannot be changed but a new instance is created. For mutable class, you can use StringBuffer and StringBuilder class. We will discuss about immutable string later. Let's first understand what is string in java and how to create the string object. What is String in java Generally, string is a sequence of characters. But in java, string is an object that represents a sequence of characters. String class is used to create string object. How to create String object? There are two ways to create String object: 1. By string literal 2. By new keyword 1) String Literal Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example: 1. String s="welcome"; Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the string constant pool first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. For example: 1. String s1="Welcome"; 2. String s2="Welcome";//will not create new instance In the above example only one object will be created. Firstly JVM will not find any string object with the value "Welcome" in string constant pool, so it will create a new object. After
- 36. that it willfind the string with the value "Welcome" in the pool, it will not create new object but will return the reference to the same instance. Note: String objects are stored in a special memory area known as string constant pool. Why java uses concept of string literal? To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in string constant pool). 2) By new keyword 1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal(non pool) heap memory and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object in heap(non pool). Java String Example public class StringExample{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="java";//creating string by java string literal char ch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'}; String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new keyword System.out.println(s1); System.out.println(s2); System.out.println(s3); }} java strings example Java String class methods The java.lang.String class provides many useful methods to perform operations on sequence of char values. No. Method Description
- 37. 1 char charAt(intindex) returns char value for the particular index 2 int length() returns string length 3 static String format(String format, Object... args) returns formatted string 4 static String format(Locale l, String format, Object... args) returns formatted string with given locale 5 String substring(int beginIndex) returns substring for given begin index 6 String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) returns substring for given begin index and end index 7 boolean contains(CharSequence s) returns true or false after matching the sequence of char value 8 static String join(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence... elements) returns a joined string 9 static String join(CharSequence delimiter, Iterable<? extends CharSequence> elements) returns a joined string 10 boolean equals(Object another) checks the equality of string with object 11 boolean isEmpty() checks if string is empty 12 String concat(String str) concatinates specified string 13 String replace(char old, char new) replaces all occurrences of specified char value 14 String replace(CharSequence old, CharSequence new) replaces all occurrences of specified CharSequence 15 String trim() returns trimmed string omitting leading and trailing spaces 16 String split(String regex) returns splitted string matching regex 17 String split(String regex, int limit) returns splitted string matching regex and limit 18 String intern() returns interned string 19 int indexOf(int ch) returns specified char value index 20 int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) returns specified char value index starting with given index 21 int indexOf(String substring) returns specified substring index 22 int indexOf(String substring, int fromIndex) returns specified substring index starting with given index 23 String toLowerCase() returns string in lowercase. 24 String toLowerCase(Locale l) returns string in lowercase using specified locale. 25 String toUpperCase() returns string in uppercase. 26 String toUpperCase(Locale l) returns string in uppercase using specified locale.
- 38. 3.1 Immutable Stringin Java In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable. Once string object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new string object is created. Let's try to understand the immutability concept by the example given below: class Testimmutablestring{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s="Sachin"; s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects } } Output:Sachin Now it can be understood by the diagram given below. Here Sachin is not changed but a new object is created with sachintendulkar. That is why string is known as immutable. As you can see in the above figure that two objects are created but s reference variable still refers to "Sachin" not to "Sachin Tendulkar". But if we explicitely assign it to the reference variable, it will refer to "Sachin Tendulkar" object.For example: 1. class Testimmutablestring1{ 2. public static void main(String args[]){ 3. String s="Sachin";
- 39. 4. s=s.concat(" Tendulkar"); 5.System.out.println(s); 6. } 7. } output:Sachin Tendulkar In such case, s points to the "Sachin Tendulkar". Please notice that still sachin object is not modified. Why string objects are immutable in java? Because java uses the concept of string literal.Suppose there are 5 reference variables,all referes to one object "sachin".If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be affected to all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java. 3.2 Java String compare We can compare string in java on the basis of content and reference. It is used in authentication (by equals() method), sorting (by compareTo() method), reference matching (by == operator) etc. There are three ways to compare string in java: 1. By equals() method 2. By = = operator 3. By compareTo() method 1) String compare by equals() method The String equals() method compares the original content of the string. It compares values of string for equality. String class provides two methods: public boolean equals(Object another) compares this string to the specified object. public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String another) compares this String to another string, ignoring case. class Teststringcomparison1{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin"; String s2="Sachin"; String s3=new String("Sachin"); String s4="Saurav";
- 40. System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//true System.out.println(s1.equals(s3));//true System.out.println(s1.equals(s4));//false } } Output:true true false class Teststringcomparison2{ public staticvoid main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin"; String s2="SACHIN"; System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//false System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s3));//true } } Output:false true 2) String compare by == operator The = = operator compares references not values. class Teststringcomparison3{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin"; String s2="Sachin"; String s3=new String("Sachin"); System.out.println(s1==s2);//true (because both refer to same instance)
- 41. System.out.println(s1==s3);//false(because s3 refersto instance created in nonpool) } } Output:true false 3) String compare by compareTo() method The String compareTo() method compares values lexicographically and returns an integer value that describes if first string is less than, equal to or greater than second string. Suppose s1 and s2 are two string variables. If: s1 == s2 :0 s1 > s2 :positive value s1 < s2 :negative value class Teststringcomparison4{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin"; String s2="Sachin"; String s3="Ratan"; System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s2));//0 System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s3));//1(because s1>s3) System.out.println(s3.compareTo(s1));//-1(because s3 < s1 ) } } Output:0 3.3 String Concatenation in Java In java, string concatenation forms a new string that is the combination of multiple strings. There are two ways to concat string in java: 1. By + (string concatenation) operator 2. By concat() method
- 42. 1) String Concatenationby + (string concatenation) operator Java string concatenation operator (+) is used to add strings. For Example: class TestStringConcatenation1{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s="Sachin"+" Tendulkar"; System.out.println(s);//Sachin Tendulkar } } Output:Sachin Tendulkar The Java compiler transforms above code to this: 1. String s=(new StringBuilder()).append("Sachin").append(" Tendulkar).toString(); In java, String concatenation is implemented through the StringBuilder (or StringBuffer) class and its append method. String concatenation operator produces a new string by appending the second operand onto the end of the first operand. The string concatenation operator can concat not only string but primitive values also. For Example: class TestStringConcatenation2{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s=50+30+"Sachin"+40+40; System.out.println(s);//80Sachin4040 } } 80Sachin4040 Note: After a string literal, all the + will be treated as string concatenation operator. 2) String Concatenation by concat() method The String concat() method concatenates the specified string to the end of current string. Syntax: 1. public String concat(String another)
- 43. Let's see theexample of String concat() method. class TestStringConcatenation3{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="Sachin "; String s2="Tendulkar"; String s3=s1.concat(s2); System.out.println(s3);//Sachin Tendulkar } } Sachin Tendulkar 3.4 Substring in Java A part of string is called substring. In other words, substring is a subset of another string. In case of substring startIndex is inclusive and endIndex is exclusive. Note: Index starts from 0. You can get substring from the given string object by one of the two methods: 1. public String substring(int startIndex): This method returns new String object containing the substring of the given string from specified startIndex (inclusive). 2. public String substring(int startIndex, int endIndex): This method returns new String object containing the substring of the given string from specified startIndex to endIndex. In case of string: startIndex: inclusive endIndex: exclusive Let's understand the startIndex and endIndex by the code given below. 1. String s="hello"; 2. System.out.println(s.substring(0,2));//he In the above substring, 0 points to h but 2 points to e (because end index is exclusive). Example of java substring public class TestSubstring{
- 44. public static voidmain(String args[]){ String s="Sachin Tendulkar"; System.out.println(s.substring(6));//Tendulkar System.out.println(s.substring(0,6));//Sachin } } Tendulkar Sachin 3.5 Java String class methods The java.lang.String class provides a lot of methods to work on string. By the help of these methods, we can perform operations on string such as trimming, concatenating, converting, comparing, replacing strings etc. Java String is a powerful concept because everything is treated as a string if you submit any form in window based, web based or mobile application. Let's see the important methods of String class. Java String toUpperCase() and toLowerCase() method The java string toUpperCase() method converts this string into uppercase letter and string toLowerCase() method into lowercase letter. 1. String s="Sachin"; 2. System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());//SACHIN 3. System.out.println(s.toLowerCase());//sachin 4. System.out.println(s);//Sachin(no change in original) SACHIN sachin Sachin Java String trim() method The string trim() method eliminates white spaces before and after string. 1. String s=" Sachin "; 2. System.out.println(s);// Sachin 3. System.out.println(s.trim());//Sachin Sachin Sachin
- 45. Java String startsWith()and endsWith() method 1. String s="Sachin"; 2. System.out.println(s.startsWith("Sa"));//true 3. System.out.println(s.endsWith("n"));//true true true Java String charAt() method The string charAt() method returns a character at specified index. 1. String s="Sachin"; 2. System.out.println(s.charAt(0));//S 3. System.out.println(s.charAt(3));//h S h Java String length() method The string length() method returns length of the string. 1. String s="Sachin"; 2. System.out.println(s.length());//6 6 Java String intern() method A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the class String. When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a string equal to this String object as determined by the equals(Object) method, then the string from the pool is returned. Otherwise, this String object is added to the pool and a reference to this String object is returned. 1. String s=new String("Sachin"); 2. String s2=s.intern(); 3. System.out.println(s2);//Sachin Sachin Java String replace() method The string replace() method replaces all occurrence of first sequence of character with second sequence of character. 1. String s1="Java is a programming language. Java is a platform. Java is an Island.";
- 46. 2. String replaceString=s1.replace("Java","Kava");//replacesall occurrences of "Java" to "Kava" 3. System.out.println(replaceString); Output: Kava is a programming language. Kava is a platform. Kava is an Island. Chapter 4: Java Regex The Java Regex or Regular Expression is an API to define pattern for searching or manipulating strings. It is widely used to define constraint on strings such as password and email validation. After learning java regex tutorial, you will be able to test your own regular expressions by the Java Regex Tester Tool. Java Regex API provides 1 interface and 3 classes in java.util.regex package. java.util.regex package It provides following classes and interface for regular expressions. The Matcher and Pattern classes are widely used in java regular expression. 1. MatchResult interface 2. Matcher class 3. Pattern class 4. PatternSyntaxException class Matcher class It implements MatchResult interface. It is a regex engine i.e. used to perform match operations on a character sequence. No. Method Description 1 boolean matches() test whether the regular expression matches the pattern. 2 boolean find() finds the next expression that matches the pattern.
- 47. 3 boolean find(int start) finds thenext expression that matches the pattern from the given start number. Pattern class It is the compiled version of a regular expression. It is used to define a pattern for the regex engine. No. Method Description 1 static Pattern compile(String regex) compiles the given regex and return the instance of pattern. 2 Matcher matcher(CharSequence input) creates a matcher that matches the given input with pattern. 3 static boolean matches(String regex, CharSequence input) It works as the combination of compile and matcher methods. It compiles the regular expression and matches the given input with the pattern. 4 String[] split(CharSequence input) splits the given input string around matches of given pattern. 5 String pattern() returns the regex pattern. Example of Java Regular Expressions There are three ways to write the regex example in java. import java.util.regex.*; public class RegexExample1{ public static void main(String args[]){ //1st way Pattern p = Pattern.compile(".s");//. represents single character Matcher m = p.matcher("as"); boolean b = m.matches(); //2nd way
- 48. boolean b2=Pattern.compile(".s").matcher("as").matches(); //3rd way booleanb3 = Pattern.matches(".s", "as"); System.out.println(b+" "+b2+" "+b3); }} Output true true true Regex Character classes No. Character Class Description 1 [abc] a, b, or c (simple class) 2 [^abc] Any character except a, b, or c (negation) 3 [a-zA-Z] a through z or A through Z, inclusive (range) 4 [a-d[m-p]] a through d, or m through p: [a-dm-p] (union) 5 [a-z&&[def]] d, e, or f (intersection) 6 [a-z&&[^bc]] a through z, except for b and c: [ad-z] (subtraction) 7 [a-z&&[^m-p]] a through z, and not m through p: [a-lq-z](subtraction) Regular Expression Character classes Example 1. import java.util.regex.*; 2. class RegexExample3{ 3. public static void main(String args[]){ 4. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]", "abcd"));//false (not a or m or n) 5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]", "a"));//true (among a or m or n) 6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]", "ammmna"));//false (m and a comes mor e than once) 7. }} Regex Quantifiers The quantifiers specify the number of occurrences of a character.
- 49. Regex Description X? Xoccurs once or not at all X+ X occurs once or more times X* X occurs zero or more times X{n} X occurs n times only X{n,} X occurs n or more times X{y,z} X occurs at least y times but less than z times Regular Expression Character classes and Quantifiers Example 1. import java.util.regex.*; 2. class RegexExample4{ 3. public static void main(String args[]){ 4. System.out.println("? quantifier ...."); 5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "a"));//true (a or m or n comes one time ) 6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "aaa"));//false (a comes more than one t ime) 7. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "aammmnn"));//false (a m and n comes more than one time) 8. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "aazzta"));//false (a comes more than o ne time) 9. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]?", "am"));//false (a or m or n must come o ne time) 10. 11. System.out.println("+ quantifier ...."); 12. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]+", "a"));//true (a or m or n once or more ti mes) 13. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]+", "aaa"));//true (a comes more than one ti me) 14. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]+", "aammmnn"));//true (a or m or n comes more than once) 15. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]+", "aazzta"));//false (z and t are not matchi ng pattern) 16. 17. System.out.println("* quantifier ...."); 18. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[amn]*", "ammmna"));//true (a or m or n may co me zero or more times)
- 50. 19. 20. }} Regex Metacharacters Theregular expression metacharacters work as a short codes. Regex Description . Any character (may or may not match terminator) d Any digits, short of [0-9] D Any non-digit, short for [^0-9] s Any whitespace character, short for [tnx0Bfr] S Any non-whitespace character, short for [^s] w Any word character, short for [a-zA-Z_0-9] W Any non-word character, short for [^w] b A word boundary B A non word boundary Regular Expression Metacharacters Example import java.util.regex.*; class RegexExample5{ public static void main(String args[]){ System.out.println("metacharacters d....");d means digit System.out.println(Pattern.matches("d", "abc"));//false (non-digit) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("d", "1"));//true (digit and comes once) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("d", "4443"));//false (digit but comes more than onc e) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("d", "323abc"));//false (digit and char)
- 51. System.out.println("metacharacters D....");D meansnon-digit System.out.println(Pattern.matches("D", "abc"));//false (non- digit but comes more than once) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("D", "1"));//false (digit) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("D", "4443"));//false (digit) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("D", "323abc"));//false (digit and char) System.out.println(Pattern.matches("D", "m"));//true (non-digit and comes once) System.out.println("metacharacters D with quantifier...."); System.out.println(Pattern.matches("D*", "mak"));//true (non- digit and may come 0 or more times) }} Chapter 5: Exception Handling in Java The exception handling in java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that normal flow of the application can be maintained. 5.1 What is exception? Dictionary Meaning: Exception is an abnormal condition. In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which is thrown at runtime. What is exception handling? Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as ClassNotFound, IO, SQL, Remote etc. Advantage of Exception Handling The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application. Exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why we use exception handling. Let's take a scenario: 1. statement 1; 2. statement 2;
- 52. 3. statement 3;//exceptionoccurs 4. statement 4; 5. statement 5; Suppose there is 5 statements in your program and there occurs an exception at statement 3, rest of the code will not be executed i.e. statement 4 to 5 will not run. If we perform exception handling, rest of the statement will be executed. That is why we use exception handling in java. Types of Exception There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked where error is considered as unchecked exception. The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions: 1. Checked Exception 2. Unchecked Exception 3. Error Difference between checked and unchecked exceptions 1) Checked Exception: The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions e.g.IOException, SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time. 2) Unchecked Exception: The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile- time rather they are checked at runtime. 3) Error: Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc. Common scenarios where exceptions may occur There are given some scenarios where unchecked exceptions can occur. They are as follows: 1) Scenario where ArithmeticException occurs If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an ArithmeticException. 1. int a=50/0;//ArithmeticException 2) Scenario where NullPointerException occurs
- 53. If we havenull value in any variable, performing any operation by the variable occurs an NullPointerException. 1. String s=null; 2. System.out.println(s.length());//NullPointerException 3) Scenario where NumberFormatException occurs The wrong formatting of any value, may occur NumberFormatException. Suppose I have a string variable that have characters, converting this variable into digit will occur NumberFormatException. 1. String s="abc"; 2. int i=Integer.parseInt(s);//NumberFormatException 4) Scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs If you are inserting any value in the wrong index, it would result ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException as shown below: 1. int a[]=new int[5]; 2. a[10]=50; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Java Exception Handling Keywords There are 5 keywords used in java exception handling. 1. try 2. catch 3. finally 4. throw 5. throws 5.2 Java try-catch Java try block Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within the method. Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block. Syntax of java try-catch 1. try{ 2. //code that may throw exception 3. }catch(Exception_class_Name ref){}
- 54. Syntax of try-finallyblock 1. try{ 2. //code that may throw exception 3. }finally{} Java catch block Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only. You can use multiple catch block with a single try. Problem without exception handling Let's try to understand the problem if we don't use try-catch block. public class Testtrycatch1{ public static void main(String args[]){ int data=50/0;//may throw exception System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } } Output: Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of the code... statement is not printed). There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not be executed. Solution by exception handling Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block. public class Testtrycatch2{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{
- 55. int data=50/0; }catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);} System.out.println("restof the code..."); } } Output: Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero rest of the code... Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the code... statement is printed. The JVM firstly checks whether the exception is handled or not. If exception is not handled, JVM provides a default exception handler that performs the following tasks: Prints out exception description. Prints the stack trace (Hierarchy of methods where the exception occurred). Causes the program to terminate. But if exception is handled by the application programmer, normal flow of the application is maintained i.e. rest of the code is executed. Java catch multiple exceptions Java Multi catch block If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java multi catch block. Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block. public class TestMultipleCatchBlock{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ int a[]=new int[5]; a[5]=30/0;
- 56. } catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println("task1 iscompleted");} catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println("task 2 completed");} catch(Exception e){System.out.println("common task completed");} System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } } Output:task1 completed rest of the code... Rule: At a time only one Exception is occured and at a time only one catch block is executed. Rule: All catch blocks must be ordered from most specific to most general i.e. catch for ArithmeticException must come before catch for Exception . 5.3 Java Nested try block The try block within a try block is known as nested try block in java. Why use nested try block Sometimes a situation may arise where a part of a block may cause one error and the entire block itself may cause another error. In such cases, exception handlers have to be nested. Syntax: ... try { Statement 1; Statement 2; try
- 57. { Statement 1; Statement 2; } catch(Exceptione) { } } catch(Exception e) { } .... Java nested try example Let's see a simple example of java nested try block. class Excep6{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ try{ System.out.println("going to divide"); int b =39/0; }catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);} try{
- 58. int a[]=new int[5]; a[5]=4; }catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExceptione){System.out.println(e);} System.out.println("other statement); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("handeled");} System.out.println("normal flow.."); } } 5.4 Java finally block Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing connection, stream etc. Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or not. Java finally block must be followed by try or catch block. Note: If you don't handle exception, before terminating the program, JVM executes finally block(if any). Why use java finally: Finally block in java can be used to put "cleanup" code such as closing a file, closing connection etc. Usage of Java finally Case 1: Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and not handled. class TestFinallyBlock1{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ int data=25/0;
- 59. System.out.println(data); } catch(NullPointerException e){System.out.println(e);} finally{System.out.println("finally blockis always executed");} System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } } Output:finally block is always executed Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero Case 2: Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and handled. public class TestFinallyBlock2{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ int data=25/0; System.out.println(data); } catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);} finally{System.out.println("finally block is always executed");} System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } } Output:Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero finally block is always executed
- 60. rest of thecode... 5.5 Java throw exception The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later. The syntax of java throw keyword is given below. 1. throw exception; Let's see the example of throw IOException. 1. throw new IOException("sorry device error); java throw keyword example In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter. If the age is less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message welcome to vote. public class TestThrow1{ static void validate(int age){ if(age<18) throw new ArithmeticException("not valid"); else System.out.println("welcome to vote"); } public static void main(String args[]){ validate(13); System.out.println("rest of the code..."); } }
- 61. Output: Exception in threadmain java.lang.ArithmeticException:not valid Chapter 6: Java Applet Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the dynamic content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side. Advantage of Applet There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows: It works at client side so less response time. Secured It can be executed by browsers running under many platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os etc. Drawback of Applet Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet. Hierarchy of Applet Applet class extends Panel. Panel class extends Container which is the subclass of Component. 6.1 Lifecycle of Java Applet 1. Applet is initialized. 2. Applet is started. 3. Applet is painted. 4. Applet is stopped. 5. Applet is destroyed. java.applet.Applet class For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle methods of applet. 1. public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once. 2. public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is maximized. It is used to start the Applet. 3. public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is stop or browser is minimized. 4. public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.
- 62. java.awt.Component class The Componentclass provides 1 life cycle method of applet. 1. public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides Graphics class object that can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc. Who is responsible to manage the life cycle of an applet? Java Plug-in software. How to run an Applet? There are two ways to run an applet 1. By html file. 2. By appletViewer tool (for testing purpose). Simple example of Applet by html file: To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create an html file and place the applet code in html file. Now click the html file. //First.java import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.Graphics; public class First extends Applet{ public void paint(Graphics g){ g.drawString("welcome",150,150); } } Note: class must be public because its object is created by Java Plugin software that resides on the browser. myapplet.html <html> <body>
- 63. <applet code="First.class" width="300"height="300"> </applet> </body> </html> Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool: To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet tag in comment and compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer First.java. Now Html file is not required but it is for testing purpose only. //First.java import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.Graphics; public class First extends Applet{ public void paint(Graphics g){ g.drawString("welcome to applet",150,150); } } /* <applet code="First.class" width="300" height="300"> </applet> */ To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt: c:>javac First.java c:>appletviewer First.jav 6.2 Displaying Graphics in Applet java.awt.Graphics class provides many methods for graphics programming. Commonly used methods of Graphics class:
- 64. 1. public abstractvoid drawString(String str, int x, int y): is used to draw the specified string. 2. public void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): draws a rectangle with the specified width and height. 3. public abstract void fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to fill rectangle with the default color and specified width and height. 4. public abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to draw oval with the specified width and height. 5. public abstract void fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to fill oval with the default color and specified width and height. 6. public abstract void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): is used to draw line between the points(x1, y1) and (x2, y2). 7. public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y, ImageObserver observer): is used draw the specified image. 8. public abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle): is used draw a circular or elliptical arc. 9. public abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle): is used to fill a circular or elliptical arc. 10. public abstract void setColor(Color c): is used to set the graphics current color to the specified color. 11. public abstract void setFont(Font font): is used to set the graphics current font to the specified font. Example of Graphics in applet: import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; public class GraphicsDemo extends Applet{ public void paint(Graphics g){ g.setColor(Color.red); g.drawString("Welcome",50, 50); g.drawLine(20,30,20,300); g.drawRect(70,100,30,30); g.fillRect(170,100,30,30); g.drawOval(70,200,30,30); g.setColor(Color.pink); g.fillOval(170,200,30,30); g.drawArc(90,150,30,30,30,270);
- 65. g.fillArc(270,150,30,30,0,180); } } myapplet.html <html> <body> <applet code="GraphicsDemo.class" width="300"height="300"> </applet> </body> </html> 6.3 Displaying Image in Applet Applet is mostly used in games and animation. For this purpose image is required to be displayed. The java.awt.Graphics class provide a method drawImage() to display the image. Syntax of drawImage() method: 1. public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y, ImageObserver observer): is used draw the specified image. How to get the object of Image: The java.applet.Applet class provides getImage() method that returns the object of Image. Syntax: 1. public Image getImage(URL u, String image){} Other required methods of Applet class to display image: 1. public URL getDocumentBase(): is used to return the URL of the document in which applet is embedded. 2. public URL getCodeBase(): is used to return the base URL. Example of displaying image in applet:
- 66. import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*; publicclass DisplayImage extends Applet { Image picture; public void init() { picture = getImage(getDocumentBase(),"sonoo.jpg"); } public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawImage(picture, 30,30, this); } } In the above example, drawImage() method of Graphics class is used to display the image. The 4th argument of drawImage() method of is ImageObserver object. The Component class implements ImageObserver interface. So current class object would also be treated as ImageObserver because Applet class indirectly extends the Component class. myapplet.html <html> <body> <applet code="DisplayImage.class" width="300" height="300"> </applet> </body> </html> 6.4 Animation in Applet Applet is mostly used in games and animation. For this purpose image is required to be moved. Example of animation in applet: import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*;
- 67. public class AnimationExampleextends Applet { Image picture; public void init() { picture =getImage(getDocumentBase(),"bike_1.gif"); } public void paint(Graphics g) { for(int i=0;i<500;i++){ g.drawImage(picture, i,30, this); try{Thread.sleep(100);}catch(Exception e){} } } } In the above example, drawImage() method of Graphics class is used to display the image. The 4th argument of drawImage() method of is ImageObserver object. The Component class implements ImageObserver interface. So current class object would also be treated as ImageObserver because Applet class indirectly extends the Component class. myapplet.html <html> <body> <applet code="DisplayImage.class" width="300" height="300"> </applet> </body> </html> 6.5 EventHandling in Applet As we perform event handling in AWT or Swing, we can perform it in applet also. Let's see the simple example of event handling in applet that prints a message by click on the button. Example of EventHandling in applet:
- 68. import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; importjava.awt.event.*; public class EventApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener{ Button b; TextField tf; public void init(){ tf=new TextField(); tf.setBounds(30,40,150,20); b=new Button("Click"); b.setBounds(80,150,60,50); add(b);add(tf); b.addActionListener(this); setLayout(null); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){ tf.setText("Welcome"); } } In the above example, we have created all the controls in init() method because it is invoked only once. myapplet.html <html> <body> <applet code="EventApplet.class" width="300" height="300">
- 69. </applet> </body> </html> 6.6 JApplet classin Applet As we prefer Swing to AWT. Now we can use JApplet that can have all the controls of swing. The JApplet class extends the Applet class. Example of EventHandling in JApplet: import java.applet.*; import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class EventJApplet extends JApplet implements ActionListener{ JButton b; JTextField tf; public void init(){ tf=new JTextField(); tf.setBounds(30,40,150,20); b=new JButton("Click"); b.setBounds(80,150,70,40); add(b);add(tf); b.addActionListener(this); setLayout(null); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){ tf.setText("Welcome"); }
- 70. } In the aboveexample, we have created all the controls in init() method because it is invoked only once. myapplet.html <html> <body> <applet code="EventJApplet.class" width="300" height="300"> </applet> </body> 6.7 Painting in Applet We can perform painting operation in applet by the mouseDragged() method of MouseMotionListener. Example of Painting in Applet: import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.applet.*; public class MouseDrag extends Applet implements MouseMotionListener{ public void init(){ addMouseMotionListener(this); setBackground(Color.red); } public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me){ Graphics g=getGraphics(); g.setColor(Color.white);
- 71. g.fillOval(me.getX(),me.getY(),5,5); } public void mouseMoved(MouseEventme){} } In the above example, getX() and getY() method of MouseEvent is used to get the current x- axis and y-axis. The getGraphics() method of Component class returns the object of Graphics. myapplet.html <html> <body> <applet code="MouseDrag.class" width="300" height="300"> </applet> </body> </html> Digital clock in Applet Digital clock can be created by using the Calendar and SimpleDateFormat class. Let's see the simple example: Example of Digital clock in Applet: 1. import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; import java.util.*; import java.text.*; public class DigitalClock extends Applet implements Runnable { Thread t = null; int hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0;
- 72. String timeString =""; public void init() { setBackground( Color.green); } public void start() { t = new Thread( this ); t.start(); } public void run() { try { while (true) { Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance(); hours = cal.get( Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY ); if ( hours > 12 ) hours -= 12; minutes = cal.get( Calendar.MINUTE ); seconds = cal.get( Calendar.SECOND ); SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("hh:mm:ss"); Date date = cal.getTime(); timeString = formatter.format( date ); repaint(); t.sleep( 1000 ); // interval given in milliseconds } } catch (Exception e) { } }
- 73. public void paint(Graphics g ) { g.setColor( Color.blue ); g.drawString( timeString, 50, 50 ); } } In the above example, getX() and getY() method of MouseEvent is used to get the current x- axis and y-axis. The getGraphics() method of Component class returns the object of Graphics. myapplet.html <html> <body> <applet code="DigitalClock.class" width="300" height="300"> </applet> </body> </html> 6.8 Parameter in Applet We can get any information from the HTML file as a parameter. For this purpose, Applet class provides a method named getParameter(). Syntax: 1. public String getParameter(String parameterName) Example of using parameter in Applet: import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.Graphics; public class UseParam extends Applet{ public void paint(Graphics g){ String str=getParameter("msg"); g.drawString(str,50, 50);
- 74. } } myapplet.html <html> <body> <applet code="UseParam.class" width="300"height="300"> <param name="msg" value="Welcome to applet"> </applet> </body> </html> Chapter 7: Java Swings 7.1 The Origins of Swing Swing did not exist in the early days of Java. Rather, it was a response to deficiencies present in Java‟s original GUI subsystem: the Abstract Window Toolkit. The AWT defines a basic set of controls, windows, and dialog boxes that support a usable, but limited graphical interface. One reason for the limited nature of the AWT is that it translates its various visual components into their corresponding, platform-specific equivalents, or peers. This means that the look and feel of a component is defined by the platform, not by Java. Because the AWT components use native code resources, they are referred to as heavyweight. Swing Is Built on the AWT Before moving on, it is necessary to make one important point: although Swing eliminates a number of the limitations inherent in the AWT, Swing does not replace it. Instead, Swing is built on the foundation of the AWT. This is why the AWT is still a crucial part of Java. 7.2 Two Key Swing Features As just explained, Swing was created to address the limitations present in the AWT. It does this through two key features: Swing Components Are Lightweight: With very few exceptions, Swing components are lightweight. This means that they are written entirely in Java and do not map directly to platform-specific peers. Because lightweight components are rendered using graphics primitives, they can be transparent, which enables nonrectangular shapes. Thus, lightweight components are more efficient and more flexible.
- 75. Swing Supports aPluggable Look and Feel: Swing supports a pluggable look and feel (PLAF). Because each Swing component is rendered by Java code rather than by native peers, the look and feel of a component is under the control of Swing. This fact means that it is possible to separate the look and feel of a component from the logic of the component, and this is what Swing does. 7.3 Components and Containers A Swing GUI consists of two key items: components and containers. However, this distinction is mostly conceptual because all containers are also components. The difference between the two is found in their intended purpose: As the term is commonly used, a component is an independent visual control, such as a push button or slider. A container holds a group of components. Thus, a container is a special type of component that is designed to hold other components. Furthermore, in order for a component to be displayed, it must be held within a container. Thus, all Swing GUIs will have at least one container. Because containers are components, a container can also hold other containers. This enables Swing to define what is called a containment hierarchy, at the top of which must be a top-level container. Swing defines two types of containers. The first are top-level containers: JFrame, JApplet, JWindow, and JDialog. These containers do not inherit JComponent. They do, however, inherit the AWT classes Component and Container. Unlike Swing‟s other components, which are lightweight, the top-level containers are heavyweight. This makes the top-level containers a special case in the Swing component library. As the name implies, a top-level container must be at the top of a containment hierarchy. A top-level container is not contained within any other container. Furthermore, every containment hierarchy must begin with a top-level container. The one most commonly used for applications is JFrame. The one used for applets is JApplet. The second type of containers supported by Swing are lightweight containers. Lightweight containers do inherit JComponent. An example of a lightweight container is JPanel, which is a general-purpose container. Lightweight containers are often used to organize and manage groups of related components because a lightweight container can be contained within another container. Thus, you can use lightweight containers such as JPanel 7.4 A Simple Swing Application The following program shows one way to write a Swing application. In the process, it demonstrates several key features of Swing. It uses two Swing components: JFrame and JLabel. JFrame is the top-level container that is commonly used for Swing applications. JLabel is the Swing component that creates a label, which is a component that displays information. The label is Swing‟s simplest component because it is passive. That is, a label does not respond to user input. It just displays output. The program uses a JFrame container to hold an instance of a JLabel. The label displays a short text message.
- 76. // A simpleSwing application. import javax.swing.*; class SwingDemo { SwingDemo() { // Create a new JFrame container. JFrame jfrm = new JFrame("A Simple Swing Application"); // Give the frame an initial size. jfrm.setSize(275, 100); // Terminate the program when the user closes the application. jfrm.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); // Create a text-based label JLabel jlab = new JLabel(" Swing means powerful GUIs."); // Add the label to the content pane. jfrm.add(jlab); // Display the frame. jfrm.setVisible(true); } public static void main(String args[]) { // Create the frame on the event dispatching thread. SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { public void run() { new SwingDemo(); } }); } } Output:-
- 77. Swing programs arecompiled and run in the same way as other Java applications. 7.5 Create a Swing Applet The second type of program that commonly uses Swing is the applet. Swing-based applets are similar to AWT-based applets, but with an important difference: A Swing applet extends JApplet rather than Applet. JApplet is derived from Applet. Thus, JApplet includes all of the functionality found in Applet and adds support for Swing. JApplet is a top-level Swing container, which means that it is not derived from JComponent. import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; /* This HTML can be used to launch the applet: <object code="MySwingApplet" width=220 height=90> </object> */ public class MySwingApplet extends JApplet { JButton jbtnAlpha; JButton jbtnBeta; JLabel jlab; // Initialize the applet. public void init() { try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(new Runnable () { public void run() { makeGUI(); // initialize the GUI } }); } catch(Exception exc) { System.out.println("Can't create because of "+ exc); } } // Set up and initialize the GUI. private void makeGUI() { // Set the applet to use flow layout. setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Make two buttons. jbtnAlpha = new JButton("Alpha"); jbtnBeta = new JButton("Beta"); // Add action listener for Alpha. jbtnAlpha.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent le) { jlab.setText("Alpha was pressed."); }
- 78. }); // Add actionlistener for Beta. jbtnBeta.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent le) { jlab.setText("Beta was pressed."); } }); // Add the buttons to the content pane. add(jbtnAlpha); add(jbtnBeta); // Create a text-based label. jlab = new JLabel("Press a button."); // Add the label to the content pane. add(jlab); } } Output:- 7.6 JLabel and ImageIcon: JLabel is Swing‟s easiest-to-use component. JLabel can be used to display text and/or an icon. It is a passive component in that it does not respond to user input. JLabel defines several constructors. Here are three of them: JLabel(Icon icon) JLabel(String str) JLabel(String str, Icon icon, int align) Here, str and icon are the text and icon used for the label. The align argument specifies the horizontal alignment of the text and/or icon within the dimensions of the label. It must be one of the following values: LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER, LEADING, or TRAILING. // Demonstrate JLabel and ImageIcon. import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; /* <applet code="JLabelDemo" width=250 height=150> </applet> */ public class JLabelDemo extends JApplet { public void init() { try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait( new Runnable() { public void run() {
- 79. makeGUI(); } } ); } catch (Exceptionexc) { System.out.println("Can't create because of " + exc); } } private void makeGUI() { // Create an icon. ImageIcon ii = new ImageIcon("france.gif"); // Create a label. JLabel jl = new JLabel("France", ii, JLabel.CENTER); // Add the label to the content pane. add(jl); } } 7.7 JTextField: JTextField is the simplest Swing text component. It is also probably its most widely used text component. JTextField allows you to edit one line of text. It is derived from JTextComponent, which provides the basic functionality common to Swing text components. JTextField uses the Document interface for its model. Three of JTextField‟s constructors is as shown here: JTextField(int cols) Here cols is the number of columns in the textfield. The text field is initially empty. // Demonstrate JTextField. import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; /* <applet code="JTextFieldDemo" width=300 height=50> </applet> */ public class JTextFieldDemo extends JApplet { JTextField jtf; public void init() { try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait( new Runnable() { public void run() { makeGUI(); } } ); } catch (Exception exc) { System.out.println("Can't create because of " + exc); } }
- 80. private void makeGUI(){ // Change to flow layout. setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Add text field to content pane. jtf = new JTextField(15); add(jtf); jtf.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) { // Show text when user presses ENTER. showStatus(jtf.getText()); } }); } }. 7.8 JButton: the JButton class provides the functionality of a push button. You have already seen a simple form of it in the preceding chapter. JButton allows an icon, a string, or both to be associated with the push button. Three of its constructors are shown here: JButton(Icon icon) JButton(String str) JButton(String str, Icon icon) Here, str and icon are the string and icon used for the button. When the button is pressed, an ActionEvent is generated. Using the ActionEvent object passed to the actionPerformed( ) method of the registered ActionListener, you can obtain the action command string associated with the button. 7.9 JToggleButton: A useful variation on the push button is called a toggle button. A toggle button looks just like a push button, but it acts differently because it has two states: pushed and released. That is, when you press a toggle button, it stays pressed rather than popping back up as a regular push button does. When you press the toggle button a second time, it releases (pops up). Therefore, each time a toggle button is pushed, it toggles between its two states. JToggleButton defines several constructors one among them is JToggleButton(String str) // Demonstrate JToggleButton. import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; /* <applet code="JToggleButtonDemo" width=200 height=80> </applet> */ public class JToggleButtonDemo extends JApplet { JLabel jlab; JToggleButton jtbn; public void init() { try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(
- 81. new Runnable() { publicvoid run() { makeGUI(); } } ); } catch (Exception exc) { System.out.println("Can't create because of " + exc); } } private void makeGUI() { // Change to flow layout. setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Create a label. jlab = new JLabel("Button is off."); // Make a toggle button. jtbn = new JToggleButton("On/Off"); // Add an item listener for the toggle button. jtbn.addItemListener(new ItemListener() { public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) { if(jtbn.isSelected()) jlab.setText("Button is on."); else jlab.setText("Button is off."); } }); // Add the toggle button and label to the content pane. add(jtbn); add(jlab); } } The output from the toggle button example is shown here: 7.10 JCheck Boxes: The JCheckBox class provides the functionality of a check box. Its immediate superclass is JToggleButton, which provides support for two-state buttons, as just described. JCheckBox defines several constructors. The one used here is JCheckBox(String str) It creates a check box that has the text specified by str as a label. // Demonstrate JCheckbox. import java.awt.*;
- 82. import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; /* <appletcode="JCheckBoxDemo" width=270 height=50> </applet> */ public class JCheckBoxDemo extends JApplet implements ItemListener { JLabel jlab; public void init() { try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait( new Runnable() { public void run() { makeGUI(); } } ); } catch (Exception exc) { System.out.println("Can't create because of " + exc); } } private void makeGUI() { // Change to flow layout. setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Add check boxes to the content pane. JCheckBox cb = new JCheckBox("C"); cb.addItemListener(this); add(cb); cb = new JCheckBox("C++"); cb.addItemListener(this); add(cb); cb = new JCheckBox("Java"); cb.addItemListener(this); add(cb); cb = new JCheckBox("Perl"); cb.addItemListener(this); add(cb); // Create the label and add it to the content pane. jlab = new JLabel("Select languages"); add(jlab); } // Handle item events for the check boxes. public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) { JCheckBox cb = (JCheckBox)ie.getItem(); if(cb.isSelected()) jlab.setText(cb.getText() + " is selected"); else jlab.setText(cb.getText() + " is cleared"); }
- 83. } Output from thisexample is shown here: 7.11 JRadio Buttons: Radio buttons are a group of mutually exclusive buttons, in which only one button can be selected at any one time. They are supported by the JRadioButton class, which extends JToggleButton. JRadioButton provides several constructors. The one used is shown here: JRadioButton(String str) Here, str is the label for the button. // Demonstrate JRadioButton import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; /* <applet code="JRadioButtonDemo" width=300 height=50> </applet> */ public class JRadioButtonDemo extends JApplet implements ActionListener { JLabel jlab; public void init() { try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait( new Runnable() { public void run() { makeGUI(); } } ); } catch (Exception exc) { System.out.println("Can't create because of " + exc); } } private void makeGUI() { // Change to flow layout. setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Create radio buttons and add them to content pane. JRadioButton b1 = new JRadioButton("A"); b1.addActionListener(this); add(b1); JRadioButton b2 = new JRadioButton("B"); b2.addActionListener(this); add(b2); JRadioButton b3 = new JRadioButton("C");
- 84. b3.addActionListener(this); add(b3); // Define abutton group. ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup(); bg.add(b1); bg.add(b2); bg.add(b3); // Create a label and add it to the content pane. jlab = new JLabel("Select One"); add(jlab); } // Handle button selection. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) { jlab.setText("You selected " + ae.getActionCommand()); } } Output from the radio button example is shown here: 7.12 JTabbedPane: JTabbedPane encapsulates a tabbed pane. It manages a set of components by linking them with tabs. Selecting a tab causes the component associated with that tab to come to the forefront. Tabbed panes are very common in the modern GUI, and you have no doubt used them many times. Given the complex nature of a tabbed pane, they are surprisingly easy to create and use. JTabbedPane defines three constructors. We will use its default constructor, which creates an empty control with the tabs positioned across the top of the pane. The other two constructors let you specify the location of the tabs, which can be along any of the four sides. Tabs are added by calling addTab( ). Here is one of its forms: void addTab(String name, Component comp) Here, name is the name for the tab, and comp is the component that should be added to the tab. 7.13 JTable: JTable is a component that displays rows and columns of data. You can drag the cursor on column boundaries to resize columns. You can also drag a column to a new position. Depending on its configuration, it is also possible to select a row, column, or cell within the table, and to change the data within a cell. JTable supplies several constructors. The one used here is JTable(Object data[ ][ ], Object colHeads[ ]) Here, data is a two-dimensional array of the information to be presented, and colHeads is a one-dimensional array with the column headings. Here are the steps required to set up a simple JTable that can be used to display data:
- 85. 1. Create aninstance of JTable. 2. Create a JScrollPane object, specifying the table as the object to scroll. 3. Add the table to the scroll pane. 4. Add the scroll pane to the content pane. // Demonstrate JTable. import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; /* <applet code="JTableDemo" width=400 height=200> </applet> */ public class JTableDemo extends JApplet { public void init() { try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait( new Runnable() { public void run() { makeGUI(); } } ); } catch (Exception exc) { System.out.println("Can't create because of " + exc); } } private void makeGUI() { // Initialize column headings. String[] colHeads = { "Name", "Extension", "ID#" }; // Initialize data. Object[][] data = { { "Gail", "4567", "865" }, { "Ken", "7566", "555" }, { "Viviane", "5634", "587" }, { "Melanie", "7345", "922" }, { "Anne", "1237", "333" }, { "John", "5656", "314" }, { "Matt", "5672", "217" }, { "Claire", "6741", "444" }, { "Erwin", "9023", "519" }, { "Ellen", "1134", "532" }, { "Jennifer", "5689", "112" }, { "Ed", "9030", "133" }, { "Helen", "6751", "145" } }; // Create the table. JTable table = new JTable(data, colHeads); // Add the table to a scroll pane. JScrollPane jsp = new JScrollPane(table); // Add the scroll pane to the content pane. add(jsp);
- 86. } } Output from thisexample is shown here: Chapter 8 Multithreading in Java Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously. Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking. But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a common memory area. They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-switching between the threads takes less time than process. Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc. Advantage of Java Multithreading 1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can perform multiple operations at same time. 2) You can perform many operations together so it saves time. 3) Threads are independent so it doesn't affect other threads if exception occur in a single thread. Multitasking Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking to utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved by two ways: Process-based Multitasking(Multiprocessing)
- 87. Thread-based Multitasking(Multithreading) 1)Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing) Each process have its own address in memory i.e. each process allocates separate memory area. Process is heavyweight. Cost of communication between the process is high. Switching from one process to another require some time for saving and loading registers, memory maps, updating lists etc. 2) Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading) Threads share the same address space. Thread is lightweight. Cost of communication between the thread is low. Note: At least one process is required for each thread. What is Thread in java A thread is a lightweight sub process, a smallest unit of processing. It is a separate path of execution. Threads are independent, if there occurs exception in one thread, it doesn't affect other threads. It shares a common memory area. As shown in the above figure, thread is executed inside the process. There is context- switching between the threads. There can be multiple processes inside the OS and one process can have multiple threads. 8.1:Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States) A thread can be in one of the five states. According to sun, there is only 4 states in thread life cycle in java new, runnable, non-runnable and terminated. There is no running state. But for better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5 states.
- 88. The life cycleof the thread in java is controlled by JVM. The java thread states are as follows: 1. New 2. Runnable 3. Running 4. Non-Runnable (Blocked) 5. Terminated 1) New: The thread is in new state if you create an instance of Thread class but before the invocation of start() method. 2) Runnable: The thread is in runnable state after invocation of start() method, but the thread scheduler has not selected it to be the running thread. 3) Running: The thread is in running state if the thread scheduler has selected it. 4) Non-Runnable (Blocked): This is the state when the thread is still alive, but is currently not eligible to run. 5) Terminated: A thread is in terminated or dead state when its run() method exits. 8.2How to create thread There are two ways to create a thread: 1. By extending Thread class 2. By implementing Runnable interface.
- 89. Thread class: Thread classprovide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a thread.Thread class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface. Commonly used Constructors of Thread class: Thread() Thread(String name) Thread(Runnable r) Thread(Runnable r,String name) Commonly used methods of Thread class: 1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread. 2. public void start(): starts the execution of the thread.JVM calls the run() method on the thread. 3. public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds. 4. public void join(): waits for a thread to die. 5. public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified miliseconds. 6. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread. 7. public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the thread. 8. public String getName(): returns the name of the thread. 9. public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread. 10. public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently executing thread. 11. public int getId(): returns the id of the thread. 12. public Thread.State getState(): returns the state of the thread. 13. public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive. 14. public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow other threads to execute. 15. public void suspend(): is used to suspend the thread(depricated). 16. public void resume(): is used to resume the suspended thread(depricated). 17. public void stop(): is used to stop the thread(depricated). 18. public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a daemon thread. 19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or user thread. 20. public void interrupt(): interrupts the thread. 21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has been interrupted. 22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been interrupted. Runnable interface: The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to
- 90. be executed bya thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run(). 1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread. Starting a thread: start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs following tasks: A new thread starts(with new callstack). The thread moves from New state to the Runnable state. When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run. 1)By extending Thread class: 1. class Multi extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("thread is running..."); 4. } 5. public static void main(String args[]){ 6. Multi t1=new Multi(); 7. t1.start(); 8. } 9. } Output:thread is running... Who makes your class object as thread object? Thread class constructor allocates a new thread object.When you create object of Multi class,your class constructor is invoked(provided by Compiler) fromwhere Thread class constructor is invoked(by super() as first statement).So your Multi class object is thread object now. 2)By implementing the Runnable interface: 1. class Multi3 implements Runnable{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("thread is running..."); 4. } 5. 6. public static void main(String args[]){
- 91. 7. Multi3 m1=newMulti3(); 8. Thread t1 =new Thread(m1); 9. t1.start(); 10. } 11. } Output:thread is running... If you are not extending the Thread class,your class object would not be treated as a thread object.So you need to explicitely create Thread class object.We are passing the object of your class that implements Runnable so that your class run() method may execute. 8.3Thread Scheduler in Java Thread scheduler in java is the part of the JVM that decides which thread should run. There is no guarantee that which runnable thread will be chosen to run by the thread scheduler. Only one thread at a time can run in a single process. The thread scheduler mainly uses preemptive or time slicing scheduling to schedule the threads. Difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors. 8.4 Sleep method in java The sleep() method of Thread class is used to sleep a thread for the specified amount of time. Syntax of sleep() method in java The Thread class provides two methods for sleeping a thread: public static void sleep(long miliseconds)throws InterruptedException public static void sleep(long miliseconds, int nanos)throws InterruptedException Example of sleep method in java 1. class TestSleepMethod1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. for(int i=1;i<5;i++){ 4. try{Thread.sleep(500);}catch(InterruptedException e){System.out.println(e);}
- 92. 5. System.out.println(i); 6. } 7.} 8. public static void main(String args[]){ 9. TestSleepMethod1 t1=new TestSleepMethod1(); 10. TestSleepMethod1 t2=new TestSleepMethod1(); 11. 12. t1.start(); 13. t2.start(); 14. } 15. } Output: 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 As you know well that at a time only one thread is executed. If you sleep a thread for the specified time,the thread shedular picks up another thread and so on. 8.5 The join() method: The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently running threads to stop executing until the thread it joins with completes its task. Syntax: public void join()throws InterruptedException public void join(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException Example of join() method 1. class TestJoinMethod1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ 4. try{ 5. Thread.sleep(500); 6. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} 7. System.out.println(i); 8. } 9. } 10. public static void main(String args[]){ 11. TestJoinMethod1 t1=new TestJoinMethod1(); 12. TestJoinMethod1 t2=new TestJoinMethod1(); 13. TestJoinMethod1 t3=new TestJoinMethod1();
- 93. 14. t1.start(); 15. try{ 16.t1.join(); 17. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} 18. 19. t2.start(); 20. t3.start(); 21. } 22. } Output:1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 As you can see in the above example,when t1 completes its task then t2 and t3 starts executing. The currentThread() method: The currentThread() method returns a reference to the currently executing thread object. Syntax: public static Thread currentThread() Example of currentThread() method 1. class TestJoinMethod4 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); 4. } 5. } 6. public static void main(String args[]){ 7. TestJoinMethod4 t1=new TestJoinMethod4(); 8. TestJoinMethod4 t2=new TestJoinMethod4(); 9. 10. t1.start(); 11. t2.start(); 12. }
- 94. 13. } Output:Thread-0 Thread-1 8.6 Naminga thread: The Thread class provides methods to change and get the name of a thread. 1. public String getName(): is used to return the name of a thread. 2. public void setName(String name): is used to change the name of a thread. Example of naming a thread: 1. class TestMultiNaming1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("running..."); 4. } 5. public static void main(String args[]){ 6. TestMultiNaming1 t1=new TestMultiNaming1(); 7. TestMultiNaming1 t2=new TestMultiNaming1(); 8. System.out.println("Name of t1:"+t1.getName()); 9. System.out.println("Name of t2:"+t2.getName()); 10. 11. t1.start(); 12. t2.start(); 13. 14. t1.setName("Sonoo Jaiswal"); 15. System.out.println("After changing name of t1:"+t1.getName()); 16. } 17. } Output:Name of t1:Thread-0 Name of t2:Thread-1 id of t1:8 running... After changeling name of t1:Sonoo Jaiswal running... The currentThread() method: The currentThread() method returns a reference to the currently executing thread object. Syntax of currentThread() method:
- 95. public staticThread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently running thread. Example of currentThread() method: 1. class TestMultiNaming2 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); 4. } 5. } 6. public static void main(String args[]){ 7. TestMultiNaming2 t1=new TestMultiNaming2(); 8. TestMultiNaming2 t2=new TestMultiNaming2(); 9. 10. t1.start(); 11. t2.start(); 12. } 13. } Output:Thread-0 Thread-1 8.7 Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority): Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In most cases, thread schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as preemptive scheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that which scheduling it chooses. 3 constants defiend in Thread class: 1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY 2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY 3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and the value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10. Example of priority of a Thread: 1. class TestMultiPriority1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("running thread name is:"+Thread.currentThread().getName()); 4. System.out.println("running thread priority is:"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority( )); 5. 6. }
- 96. 7. public staticvoid main(String args[]){ 8. TestMultiPriority1 m1=new TestMultiPriority1(); 9. TestMultiPriority1 m2=new TestMultiPriority1(); 10. m1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); 11. m2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); 12. m1.start(); 13. m2.start(); 14. 15. } 16. } Output:running thread name is:Thread-0 running thread priority is:10 running thread name is:Thread-1 running thread priority is:1 How to perform single task by multiple threads? If you have to perform single task by many threads, have only one run() method.For example: Program of performing single task by multiple threads 1. class TestMultitasking1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("task one"); 4. } 5. public static void main(String args[]){ 6. TestMultitasking1 t1=new TestMultitasking1(); 7. TestMultitasking1 t2=new TestMultitasking1(); 8. TestMultitasking1 t3=new TestMultitasking1(); 9. 10. t1.start(); 11. t2.start(); 12. t3.start(); 13. } 14. } Output:task one task one task one Program of performing single task by multiple threads 1. class TestMultitasking2 implements Runnable{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("task one"); 4. } 5. 6. public static void main(String args[]){ 7. Thread t1 =new Thread(new TestMultitasking2());//passing annonymous object of Te stMultitasking2 class
- 97. 8. Thread t2=new Thread(new TestMultitasking2()); 9. 10. t1.start(); 11. t2.start(); 12. 13. } 14. } Output:task one task one Note: Each thread run in a separate callstack. How to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads (multitasking in multithreading)? If you have to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads,have multiple run() methods.For example: Program of performing two tasks by two threads 1. class Simple1 extends Thread{ 2. public void run(){ 3. System.out.println("task one"); 4. } 5. } 6. 7. class Simple2 extends Thread{ 8. public void run(){ 9. System.out.println("task two"); 10. } 11. } 12. 13. class TestMultitasking3{ 14. public static void main(String args[]){ 15. Simple1 t1=new Simple1(); 16. Simple2 t2=new Simple2(); 17. 18. t1.start(); 19. t2.start(); 20. } 21. } Output:task one task two Same example as above by annonymous class that extends Thread class:
- 98. Program of performingtwo tasks by two threads 1. class TestMultitasking4{ 2. public static void main(String args[]){ 3. Thread t1=new Thread(){ 4. public void run(){ 5. System.out.println("task one"); 6. } 7. }; 8. Thread t2=new Thread(){ 9. public void run(){ 10. System.out.println("task two"); 11. } 12. }; 13. 14. 15. t1.start(); 16. t2.start(); 17. } 18. } Output:task one task two Same example as above by annonymous class that implements Runnable interface: Program of performing two tasks by two threads 1. class TestMultitasking5{ 2. public static void main(String args[]){ 3. Runnable r1=new Runnable(){ 4. public void run(){ 5. System.out.println("task one"); 6. } 7. }; 8. 9. Runnable r2=new Runnable(){ 10. public void run(){ 11. System.out.println("task two"); 12. } 13. }; 14. 15. Thread t1=new Thread(r1); 16. Thread t2=new Thread(r2); 17. 18. t1.start(); 19. t2.start(); 20. } } Output:task one task two