Java Input Output (java.io.*)

Instructor: @Subash @Paudyal Training on Java Programming

• What are streams? • Java IO Streams • Byte Oriented Streams • Character Oriented Streams • Byte Stream Classes • FileInputStream, FileOutputStream • BufferedInputStream, BufferedOutputStream • DataInputStream, DataOutputStream • PrintStream • Character Stream Classes • FileReader, FileWriter • BufferedReader, BufferedWriter • RandomAccessFile • Files • Directories Session 12: Java Input Output © paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 2

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 3 • Quickly and easily write programs that accomplish many common IO tasks : • Reading and writing files • Communicating over network connections • Filtering data • Interpreting a wide variety of formats for integer and floating-point numbers • Encrypting and decrypting data • Calculating digital signatures for streams • Compressing and decompressing data • Writing objects to streams • Copying, moving, renaming, and getting information about files and directories • Letting users choose files from a GUI interface • Reading and writing non-English text in a variety of character sets • Formatting integer and floating-point numbers as strings • Talking directly to modems and other serial port devices Objective

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 4 • A stream is an ordered sequence of bytes of undetermined length. • Input streams move bytes of data into a Java program from some generally external source. Like, like a siphon that sucks up water • Output streams move bytes of data from Java to some generally external target. Like, A hose that sprays out water • A stream can represent many different kinds of sources and destinations, including disk files, devices, network sockets other programs, and memory arrays • Streams support many different kinds of data, including simple bytes, primitive data types, to advanced objects • Provides interface to external world Streams

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 5 • Input streams read bytes and output streams write bytes. • Readers read characters and writers write characters. • Therefore, to understand input and output, you first need a solid understanding of how Java deals with bytes, integers, characters, and other primitive data • Integers: byte (8 bit) , Short (16 bits), Int (32 bits), Long (64 bits) • Java support only int literal, no byte and short are available • byte b=42 and short s=24000; //compiler does conversion here • Byte b1=5, b2=7; Byte b3=b1+b2; is also error as when bytes are added it gives integer output and that can’t be assigned to byte What to read and write?

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 6 • Standard output (to Screen/Console) • System.out • System.out.println(“Hello”); • System.err • System.err.println(“Stop”); • Standard input (from keyboard) • System.in • System.in.read(); • Java io files are available in package java.io.*; • Java’s stream-based I/O is based on four abstract classes: • Byte Streams (InputStream, OutputStream) – used when working with bytes or other binary objects • Character Streams (Reader, and Writer) – used when working with characters or strings Data IO in java

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 7 • Programs use byte streams to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. • The byte stream classes provide a rich environment for handling byte- oriented I/O. • A byte stream can be used with any type of object, including binary data. This versatility makes byte streams important to many types of programs. • All byte stream classes are descended from InputStream and OutputStream • Every things is read as byte form (signed integer that ranges from - 128 to 127) • Java stream classes accept and return int which are internally converted to byte Input and Output Byte Streams

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 8 • InputStream is an abstract class that defines Java’s model of streaming byte input • Most of the methods in this class will throw an IOException when an I/O error occurs • We use the derived classes to perform input functions. Some functions are: • read() read a byte from input stream • read(byte[] b) read a byte array from input into b • read(byte[]b, int n, int m) read m bytes into b from nth byte • available() gives number of bytes in input • skip(n) skips n bytes from input stream • reset() goes back to beginning of stream • close() closes the input stream • Read() method returns actual number of bytes that were successfully read or-1 if end of the file is reached. InputStream

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 9 • OutputStream is an abstract class that defines streaming byte output. • Most of the methods in this class return void and throw an IOException in the case of I/O errors. • OutputStream has following methods: • write() write a byte to output stream • write(byte[] b) write all bytes in b into output stream • write(byte[] b, int n, int m) write m bytes from array b from n’th • close() Closes the output stream • flush() flushes the output stream OutputStream

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 10 • The hierarchy of input streams follows similar lines as output streams. • System.in is an instance of InputStream. • System.out and System.err are instances of PrintStream. Input Streams and Output Streams OutputStream ByteArray OutputStream FileOutput Stream FilterOutput Stream PipedOutput Stream Buffered OutputStream PrintStream DataOutput Stream

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 11 • FileInputStream class creates an InputStream that you can use to read bytes from a file. • Constructors: • FileInputStream(String filePath) • FileInputStream(File fileObj) • Code • FileInputStream f0 = new FileInputStream("/autoexec.bat") • File f = new File("/autoexec.bat"); • FileInputStream f1 = new FileInputStream(f); FileInputStream

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 12 • FileOutputStream creates an OutputStream that you can use to write bytes to a file. • Constructors: • FileOutputStream(String filePath) • FileOutputStream(File fileObj) • FileOutputStream(String filePath, boolean append) • FileOutputStream(File fileObj, boolean append) FileOutputStream

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 13 FileInputStream in = null; FileOutputStream out = null; try { in = new FileInputStream(“file1.txt"); out = new FileOutputStream(“file2.txt"); int c; while ((c = in.read()) != -1) { out.write(c); } } finally { if (in != null) { in.close(); } if (out != null) { out.close(); } }

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 14 • Filtered streams are simply wrappers around underlying input or output streams that transparently provide some extended level of functionality. • These streams are typically accessed by methods that are expecting a generic stream • The filtered byte streams are • FilterInputStream and • FilterOutputStream • The methods provided in these classes are identical to those in InputStream and OutputStream. • We deal with the classes derived from Filtered Streams • Buffered Streams • Print Streams • Data Streams Filtered Streams

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 15 • The java.io.DataInputStream and java.io.DataOutputStream classes are subclasses of FilterInputStream and FilterOutputStream , respectively. • For the byte-oriented streams, a buffered stream extends a filtered stream class by attaching a memory buffer to the I/O stream. • This buffer allows Java to do I/O operations on more than a byte at a time, thereby improving performance. • The buffered byte stream classes are BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream. • class allows you to "wrap" any InputStream into a buffered stream to improve performance • Constructors: • BufferedInputStream(InputStream inputStream) • BufferedInputStream(InputStream inputStream, int bufSize) Buffered Streams

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 16 • The PrintStream class provides all of the output capabilities we have been using from the System file handle, System.out, • Constructors • PrintStream(OutputStream outputStream) • PrintStream(OutputStream outputStream, boolean flushOnNewline) • PrintStream(OutputStream outputStream, boolean flushOnNewline, String charSet) • PrintStream supports the print( ) and println( ) methods for all types, including Object. If an argument is not a primitive type, the PrintStream methods will call the object’s toString( ) method and then display the result. • After JDK5, printf() method was added that allows to specify the precise format of the data to be written • PrintStream printf(String fmtString, Object … args) PrintStream

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 17 • Data streams support binary I/O of primitive data type values (boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, and double) as well as String values. • DataOutput defines methods that convert values of a primitive type into a byte sequence and then writes it to the underlying stream. • Constructor • DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("data.txt")); • DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("output.dat")); • DataInputStream is the complement of DataOuputStream and the methods are also equivalent such as readDouble() DataOutput and DataInput

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 19 • the only reliable way to write a String so that it can be recovered by a DataInputStream is to use UTF-8 encoding, accomplished in this example using writeUTF( ) and readUTF( ) • UTF-8 is a multi-byte format, and the length of encoding varies according to the actual character set in use. • Unicode is a tremendous waste of space and/or bandwidth, so UTF-8 encodes ASCII characters in a single byte, and non-ASCII characters in two or three bytes. • out.writeUTF("Square root of 2"); • System.out.println(in.readUTF()); UTF Format

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 20 //First, write the data DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("Test.dat")); try { dout.writeDouble(98.6); dout.writeInt(1000); dout.writeBoolean(true); } catch(FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("Cannot Open Output File"); return; } catch(IOException e) { System.out.println("I/O Error: " + e); } // Now, read the data back. DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("Test.dat")); try{ double d = din.readDouble(); int i = din.readInt(); boolean b = din.readBoolean(); System.out.println("Here are the values: " + d + " " + i + " " + b); } catch(FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("Cannot Open Input File"); return; } catch(IOException e) { System.out.println("I/O Error: " + e); }

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 22 • Bytes copy seems like a normal program, but it actually represents a kind of low-level I/O that you should avoid. • Since abc.txt contains character data, the best approach is to use character streams, as discussed in the next section. • There are also streams for more complicated data types. Byte streams should only be used for the most primitive I/O. • So why we learn about byte streams? • Because all other stream types are built on byte streams When Not to Use Byte Streams

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 23 • Readers and writers are based on characters, which can have varying widths depending on the character set. • ASCII and ISO Latin-1 use one-byte characters. Unicode uses two-byte characters • Since characters are ultimately composed of bytes, readers take their input from streams. • However, they convert those bytes into chars according to a specified encoding format before passing them along. • Similarly, writers convert chars to bytes according to a specified encoding before writing them onto some underlying stream. • I/O with character streams is no more complicated than I/O with byte streams. • All character stream classes are descended from Reader and Writer. • The most important reason for the Reader and Writer hierarchies is for internationalization. Character Streams

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 24 • The FileReader class creates a Reader that you can use to read the contents of a file. • Reading from file • FileReader(String filePath) • FileReader(File fileObj) • Writing to File • FileWriter(String fileName) • FileWriter(String fileName, boolean append) • If append is true, then the file is appended not overwritten FileReader and FileWriter

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 25 FileReader inputStream = null; FileWriter outputStream = null; try { inputStream = new FileReader(“file1.txt"); outputStream = new FileWriter(“file2.txt"); int c; while ((c = inputStream.read()) != -1) { outputStream.write(c); } } finally { if (inputStream != null) { inputStream.close(); } if (outputStream != null) { outputStream.close(); } } Note: In, Character Copy the int variable holds a character value in its last 16 bits; In Bytes Copy, the int variable holds a byte value in its last 8 bits.

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 26 BufferedReader inputStream = null; PrintWriter outputStream = null; try { inputStream = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("xanadu.txt")); outputStream = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("characteroutput.txt")); String l; while ((l = inputStream.readLine()) != null) { outputStream.println(l); } } finally { if (inputStream != null) { inputStream.close(); } if (outputStream != null) { outputStream.close(); } } Buffered Reader and Writer We can wrap the FileWriter object to the Buffered Writer to achieve higher performance Eg. PrintWriter outputStream = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file)));

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 27 • File input and output streams require you to start reading or writing at the beginning of a file and then read or write the file in order • Sometimes, however, you need to read parts of a file in a more or less random order, where the data near the beginning of the file isn't necessarily read before the data nearer the end. • Other times you need to both read and write the same file • Random-access files can be read from or written to or both from a particular byte position in the file. • The RandomAccessFile class implements both the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces. Therefore, reads and writes use methods exactly like methods of the DataInputStream and DataOutputStream. • Constructor • RandomAccessFile(File fileObj, String access) • RandomAccessFile(String filename, String access) • Access defines the file permission ie. r or rw (also rws/rwd) • Methods • void seek(long newPos) • long getFilePointer() • long length() //find length of file RandomAccessFile

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 28 //Reading from file RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("d:abc.txt", "r"); file.seek(150); byte[] bytes = new byte[23]; file.read(bytes); file.close(); System.out.println(new String(bytes)); //Writing to file String data=“Java Rocks!!!”; RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile(“d:abc.txt”, "rw"); file.seek(22); file.write(data.getBytes()); file.close() Example

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 29 • Most of the classes defined by java.io operate on streams, the File class does not. • File deals directly with files and the file system. That is, the File class does not specify how information is retrieved from or stored in files; it describes the properties of a file itself. • File object is used to obtain or manipulate the information associated with a disk file, such as the permissions, time, date, and directory path, and to navigate subdirectory hierarchies. • We should use standard stream input/output classes to direct access for reading and writing file data File (java.io.File)

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 30 • Constructor • File(String directoryPath) • File(String directoryPath, String filename) • To Get Paths • getAbsolutePath(), getPath(), getParent(), getCanonicalPath() • To Check Files • isFile(), isDirectory(), exists() • To Get File Properties • getName(), length(), isAbsolute(), lastModified(), isHidden() //length in bytes • To Get File Permissions • canRead(), can Write(), canExecute() • To Know Storage information • getFreeSpace(), getUsableSpace(), getTotalSpace() • Utility Functions • Boolean createNewFile() • Boolean renameTo(File nf); renames the file and returns true if success • Boolean delete(); deletes the file represented by path of file (also delete directory if its empty) • Boolean setLastModified(long ms) sets timestamp(Jan 1, 1970 UTC as a start time) • Boolean setReadOnly() to mark file as readable (also can be done writable, and executable.)

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 31 • You can create an instance of File from a String pathname: • File fooFile = new File( "/tmp/foo.txt" ); • File fooFile = new File( "/tmp", "foo.txt" ); • File barDir = new File( "/tmp/bar" ); • You can also create a file with a relative path: • File f = new File( "foo" ); • In this case, Java works relative to the current directory of the Java interpreter. Can find the current directory by checking the user.dir property in the System Properties list: System.getProperty("user.dir")); • The static method createTempFile(string prefix, string suffix ) , creates a file in a specified location using an automatically generated unique name • Use int compareTo(File f) to compare two files. • Use the static method File.listRoots( ) to know about all the top-level directories, such as C:, D: etc • File[] drives = File.listRoots( );

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 32 • A directory is a File that contains a list of other files and directories. • When you create a File object that is directory, the isDirectory( ) method will return true and you can use list() method • Methods • String[] list( ) extract the list of files and directories inside • File[] listFiles() return array of File objects • File[] listFiles(FileFilter ff) return File that satisfied FileFilter which uses Boolean accept(File path) that match path argument • Boolean mkdir()/mkdirs() create specify directory / with path Directory

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 33 String dirname = "/java"; File f1 = new File(dirname); if (f1.isDirectory()) { System.out.println(“Reading Directory = " + dirname); String s[] = f1.list(); for (int i=0; i < s.length; i++) { File f = new File(dirname + "/" + s[i]); if (f.isDirectory()) System.out.println(s[i] + " is a directory"); else System.out.println(s[i] + " is a file"); } Code

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 35 • How is a -1 that appears as a part of data to be distinguished from a -1 indicating end of stream? • Read() function doesn’t return a byte; its signature says it return an integers. This int is not a java byte with value between -128 to +127 but a more general byte with value between 0 and 255. Hence -1 can be easily distinguished. • How conversion? • Since bytes have such a small range, they're often converted to ints in calculations and method invocations. • Casting from an int to a byte—for that matter, casting from any wider integer type to a narrower type—takes place through truncation of the high-order bytes. • This means that as long as the value of the wider type can be expressed in the narrower type, the value is not changed. The int 127 cast to a byte still retains the value 127. On the other hand, if the int value is too large for a byte, strange things happen. So, 128 will be 10000000 is -127 How? (absolute value of –ve number is found by taking complement and adding 1 to it) • How characters are treated? • Since computers only really understand numbers, characters are encoded by matching each character in a given script to a particular number. For example, in the common ASCII encoding, the character A is mapped to the number 65; • ASCII, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a seven-bit character set. Thus it defines 27 or 128 different characters whose numeric values range from to 127. These characters are sufficient for handling most of American English • How Character Stream work? • Character-oriented data in Java is primarily composed of the char primitive data type . you need to understand chars to understand how reader and writer works. • In Java, a char is a two-byte, unsigned integer, the only unsigned type in Java. Thus, possible char values range from 0 to 65,535. Chars may be assigned to by using int literals in this range • chars may also be assigned to by using char literals; that is, the character itself enclosed in single quotes.

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 36 • difference between an 8-bit byte and a 32-bit int ? • is insignificant for a single number • it can be very significant when several thousand to several million numbers are read. • In fact, a single byte still takes up four bytes of space inside the Java virtual machine, but • byte array only occupies the amount of space it actually needs. • The virtual machine includes special instructions for operating on byte arrays, but • does not include any instructions for operating on single bytes. They're just promoted to int. How JVM treats byte & byte[]

© paudyalsubash@yahoo.com 37 • You often want to look for a particular kind of file—for example, text files, image files etc. • Need a FilenameFilter or FileFilter object that specifies which files you'll accept • FilenameFilter is an interface with method • Public abstract Boolean accept(File dir,String name) • FileFilter is an interface with method • Public abstract Boolean accept(File dir) • public File[] listFiles(FilenameFilter filter) • public File[] listFiles(FileFilter filter) public class ImageFilter implements FilenameFilter { public boolean accept(File directory, String name) { if (name.endsWith(".jpg")) return true; if (name.endsWith(".jpeg")) return true; return false; } //public class HTMLFilter implements FileFilter { //public boolean accept(File pathname) { //if (pathname.getName().endsWith(".html")) return true; } File dir = new File("/public/picture/"); File[] imgs = dir.listFiles(new ImageFilter()); Read Filtered Files only

Java Input Output (java.io.*)

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