Fundamentals of Programming Chapter 5

C H A P T E R 5 O P E R A T O R S PROG0101 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING CHAPTER 4 VARIABLES AND DATA TYPES PROG0101 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING CHAPTER 3 ALGORITHMS PROG0101 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING C H A P T E R 1 O V E R V I E W O F C O M P U T E R S A N D L O G I C PROG0101 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING PROG0101 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING CHAPTER 5 OPERATORS

2 Operators  An operator is a symbol, which helps the user to command the computer to do a certain mathematical or logical manipulations.  Operators are used in programming language program to operate on data and variables.

3 Operators  Types of Operators:  Arithmetic operators  Relational Operators  Logical Operators  Increments and Decrement Operators

4 Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic Operators  You can use an arithmetic operator with one or two arguments to add, subtract, multiply, and divide numeric values. Operator Name Description + Addition to add two numbers together - Subtraction to subtract one number from another * Multiplication to multiply one number by another. / Division to divide one number by another. % Modulus (Remainder) to find the remainder from dividing one number by another.

5 Arithmetic Operators Examples: i. 5 + 3 = 8 ii. 5 – 3 = 2 iii. 5 * 3 = 15 iv. 5 / 3 = 1 v. 5 % 3 = 2

6 Arithmetic Operators  *, / and % will be performed before + or - in any expression.  Brackets can be used to force a different order of evaluation to this.

7 Arithmetic Operators Example i. 2 + 5 * 4 – 3 = ? ii. (2 + 5) * (4 – 3) = ?

8 Arithmetic Operators  Here are some arithmetic expressions used within assignment statements: i. z = x + y ii. no1 = x – y iii. age = a * b + c iv. velocity = distance / time v. force = mass * acceleration vi. count = count + 1

9 Integer Arithmetic Integer Arithmetic  When an arithmetic operation is performed on two whole numbers or integers than such an operation is called as integer arithmetic.  It always gives an integer as the result.

10 Integer Arithmetic Example Let x = 27 and y = 5 be two integer numbers. Then the integer operation leads to the following results: i. x + y = 32 ii. x – y = 22 iii. x * y = 115 iv. x % y = 2 v. x / y = 5

11 Floating-point Arithmetic Floating-point Arithmetic  When an arithmetic operation is preformed on two real numbers or fraction numbers such an operation is called floating-point arithmetic.

12 Floating-point Arithmetic Example Let x = 14.0 and y = 4.0 then i. x + y = 18.0 ii. x – y = 10.0 iii. x * y = 56.0 iv. x / y = 3.50

13 Relational Operators  An operator that compares two values.  For example, the expression:  This expression will have a value of TRUE if the variable x is less than 5; otherwise the value of the expression will be FALSE. x < 5 means x is less than 5

14 Relational Operators  Relational operators are sometimes called comparison operators.  Expressions that contain relational operators are called relational expressions.  A simple relational expression contains only one relational operator and takes the following form:  Where exp1 and exp2 are expressions, which may be simple constants, variables or combination of them. <exp1> relational operator <exp2>

15 Relational Operators  The following are relational operators: Operator Name Description < Less than Indicates whether the value of the left operand is less than the value of the right operand. <= Less than or equal to Indicates whether the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the right operand. > Greater than Indicates whether the value of the left operand is greater than the value of the right operand. >= Greater than or equal to Indicates whether the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right operand.

16 Relational Operators  The following are relational operators: Operator Name Description == Equal to Indicates whether the value of the left operand is equal to the value of the right operand. != Not equal to Indicates whether the value of the left operand is not equal to the value of the right operand.

17 Relational Operators Example: Let x = 2 and y = 5 then i. x < y = True ii. (x + 2) > (y * 2) = False iii. (x + 3) <= y = True iv. x != y = True v. y > (3 + x) = False

18 Logical Operators  An operator that compare or evaluate logical and relational expressions.  The following are logical operators: Operator Name && Logical AND || Logical OR ! Logical NOT

19 Logical Operators Logical AND  This operator is used to evaluate two conditions or expressions with relational operators simultaneously.  If both the expressions to the left and to the right of the logical operator is true then the whole compound expression is true. Exp1 Exp2 Exp1 && Exp2 False False False True False False False True False True True True

20 Logical Operators Logical AND Example: (a > b) && (x == 10) The expression to the left is a > b and that on the right is x == 10, the whole expression is true only if both expressions are true i.e., if a is greater than b and x is equal to 10.

21 Logical Operators Logical AND Example: Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the following logical expressions: i. (a > b) && (c != 5) = False ii. (a < b) && (c < b) = False iii. (a > b) && (c == 5) = False iv. (a < b) && (b < c) = True

22 Logical Operators Logical OR  The logical OR is used to combine two expressions or the condition evaluates to true if any one of the 2 expressions is true.  The expression evaluates to true if any one of them is true or if both of them are true. Exp1 Exp2 Exp1 || Exp2 False False False True False True False True True True True True

23 Logical Operators Logical OR Example: (a < m) || (a < n) The expression evaluates to true if any one of them is true or if both of them are true.

24 Logical Operators Logical OR Example: Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the following logical expressions: i. (a > b) || (c != 5) = False ii. (a < b) || (c < b) = True iii. (a > b) || (c == 5) = True iv. (a < b) || (b < c) = True

25 Logical Operators Logical NOT  The logical NOT operator takes single expression and evaluates to true if the expression is false and evaluates to false if the expression is true.  In other words it just reverses the value of the expression. Exp1 !Exp1 True False False True

26 Logical Operators Logical NOT Example: ! (x >= y) The NOT expression evaluates to true only if the value of x is neither greater than or equal to y

27 Logical Operators Logical NOT Example: Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the following logical expressions: a) !(a > b) = True b) !(a < b) = False c) !(a > b || c == 5) = False

28 Increment and Decrement Operators  The increment and decrement operators are one of the unary operators which are very useful in programming language.  They are extensively used in loops.  The syntax of the operators is given below: ++ variable name variable name++ – –variable name variable name– –

29 Increment and Decrement Operators  The increment operator ++ adds the value 1 to the current value of operand.  The decrement operator – – subtracts the value 1 from the current value of operand.

30 Increment and Decrement Operators Example: Consider the following: m = 5; y = ++m; (prefix) In this case the value of y and m would be 6. Suppose if we rewrite the above statement as m = 5; y = m++; (postfix) Then the value of y will be 5 and that of m will be 6.

31 Increment and Decrement Operators  A prefix operator first adds 1 to the operand and then the result is assigned to the variable on the left.  On the other hand, a postfix operator first assigns the value to the variable on the left and then increments the operand.

32 Increment and Decrement Operators Example 1: x = 4 y = ++x PRINT x PRINT y What is the output? 5 5

33 Increment and Decrement Operators Example 2: x = 3 y = x++ PRINT x PRINT y What is the output? 4 3

34 Increment and Decrement Operators Example 3: x = 3 y = --x PRINT x PRINT y What is the output? 2 2

35 Increment and Decrement Operators Example 4: x = 3 y = x-- PRINT x PRINT y What is the output? 2 3

Fundamentals of Programming Chapter 5

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Fundamentals of Programming Chapter 5