Arduino course

“ ” Ahmed Shelbaya FREELANCER ELECTRONIC DESIGNER Ahmedshelbaya15@gmail.com 01098870453

Part 1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

System What System mean  is an arrangement in which all its unit assemble work together according to a set of rules.  defined as a way of working, organizing or doing one or many tasks according to a fixed plan.  in a system, all its subcomponents depend on each other. Example

Embedded System Definition  Embedded means something that is attached to another thing.  a computer hardware system having software embedded in it  An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system.  An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to perform a specific task. Example

Embedded system Component Hardware Software RTOS

Embedded System Characteristics  Single Function  Tightly constrained Size, Speed, Power ,Cost  Reactive and Real time  Microprocessors based  Memory  Connected Connected peripherals to connect input and output devices.  HW-SW systems Software is used for more features and flexibility. Hardware is used for performance and security.

Basic Structure of Embedded System

Basic Structure of Embedded system  Sensor − It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which can be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A sensor stores the measured quantity to the memory.  A-D Converter − An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal sent by the sensor into a digital signal.  Processor & ASICs − Processors process the data to measure the output and store it to the memory.  D-A Converter − A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital data fed by the processor to analog data  Actuator − An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter to the actual (expected) output stored in it and stores the approved output.

Microprocessor VS Microcontroller Microprocessor  multitasking in nature. Can perform multiple tasks at a time.  RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, and Timers can be added externally and can vary in numbers. Microcontroller  Single task oriented.  RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, and Timers cannot be added externally. These components are to be embedded together on a chip and are fixed in numbers.

Arduino Environment Arduino board • 8-bit microcontroller • USB programming interface • I/O pins Software IDE • Compiler • Debugger • Simulator Shields • Unique functionalities • Easy to attach • Good libraries provided

Microcontroller ATmega328 ATmega16U2 • Write your code into • To communication with USB Operating voltage → 5V Input Voltage →7-12V Digital I/O pins → 14 pins → 0:13 Analog input pins → 6 pins → A0:A5 Flash Memory → 32KB Clock speed → 16MHz

Arduino Pins  Pins are wires connected to the micro controller  Pins are the interface of micro controller  Pins voltages are controlled by a sketch  Pins voltages can be read by a sketch  Output pins • Voltages is determined by sketch • Other components can be controlled through outputs  Input pins • Input pins are controlled by other component • Arduino read the voltage on the pin allow it to respond to events

Analog Vs Digital Digital  Can be only Two Value 0volt or 5Volt  Arduino Has 14 Digital Input / Output Pins Analog  Can be any Value from 0Volt to 5Volt  Arduino Has 6 Analog Input Pins

Power  𝑉𝑖𝑛 to connect external voltage source  GND the Ground of Arduino  5V Arduino supply you by 5V  3.3V Arduino supply you by 3.3V  USB connector “to connect Arduino with laptop”  Power jack “to connect external power source with Arduino  Rest button “to restart the program”

Software Firmware  Low level code support the main function  USB interface, power modes , reset  Come with Arduino Application code  We write this code

Setup the Arduino IDE  Download the IDE https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Donate

Setup the Arduino IDE  Install Arduino app on your PC  Connect the Board to your PC using USB cable  Install USB and other drivers  Launch the Arduino app  Select your Arduino board “Tools >>board>> Arduino UNO  Select serial port “Tools >>port>>COM’X’”  Write your code

Sensors  How bright is it ?  How loud is it?  How humid is it?  How distance is it ?  Is the button being pressed?  Is there motion ?

Sensors • Allow the microcontroller receive info. From the environments • Perform operation based on the state of environment • Microcontroller sense voltage only • Sensors logic must convert an environmental effect into voltage

Actuators  Devices that cause something to happen in the physical word  Visual → LEDs , LCDs  Audio → Buzzer , Speaker  Motion → Motors , valves

Actuators Digital Actuators • They only control the power • Even complicated actuators can be controlled via power Analog Actuators • Many actuators need an analog voltage for complete control • Arduino can’t generate analog outputs • DAC will convert digital numbers to analog voltage • Most microcontrollers don’t have DAC • Can by one attached

Part 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Setup () Function • Use for primary order • Start by powering Arduino void setup () { arguments }

Loop() function • Work as long as Arduino work • Start after setup function end • The main code written in it void loop() { Arguments }

Basics symbol OperationSymbol Every line of code must ended by it; “semi Colom” Group line of code Every function must be start and ended by it { } Curly bracket To write comments between it/*…….*/

Variables Variables Name Conditions  A sequence of visible character  Must start with a non-numerical character  No C language keywords Data Types Size

Variable Scope Local Variable Variables that are declared inside a function or block are local variables. They can be used only by the statements that are inside that function or block of code. Formal Parameter can be declared. In the definition of function parameters Global Variables Global variables are defined outside of all the functions, usually at the top of the program.

C – operator  Arithmetic Operators  Comparison Operators  Boolean Operators  Bitwise Operators  Compound Operators

Control Statements  If statements  If-else Statements  If-else if – else statement  Switch statement

If statement if( expression ) { Statement 1 } else { statement 2 }

If –else if - else if( expression1 ) { Statement 1 } If else (expression2 ) { statement 2 } else { statement3 }

Switch statement switch (expression ) { case ‘const_expr1’ : stat1 break ; case ‘const_expr2’ : stat2 break ; default : stat3 } , • Compere each case with expression and operate the case equal to expression • Default → operating when no case is matching • Break → use to stop operation

Loop Statements  For Loop  While Loop  Do-while loop  Nested Loop  Infinite Loop

For statement for ( expr1; expr2; expr3; ) { statement }  expr1→ initialization  expr2→ termination  expr3→ step

While Loop while (expression) { Statements }

Nested Loop  use one loop inside another loop.

Pin mode function • These function allow access to the pins • Set a pin to act as an INPUT or OUTOUT pinMode( pin , mode ) Pin • Is the number of the pin “0:13 for digital • analog” “A0:A5 for analog pins Mode • Is the I/O mode the pin is set to “INPUT” “OUTPUT”

Digital output function • Assign the state of an output pin • Assign either LOW or HIGH digitalWrite(pin , Value) Value • HIGH • LOW

Digital input function • Returns the state of an input pin • Returns either LOW or HIGH digitalRead(pin)

Analog input function • Returns the state of an analog pin • Returns an integer number from 0 to 1023 • 0 for 0Volt 1023 for 5Volts analogRead(pin)

Pulse Width Modulation  On-Time − Duration of time signal is high.  Off-Time − Duration of time signal is low.  Period − It is represented as the sum of on-time and off-time of PWM signal.  Duty Cycle − It is represented as the percentage of time signal that remains on during the period of the PWM signal.

Analog Output Function  writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin  this function works on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.  Values from 0 to 255  0 mean Zero Volt  255 mean 5 Volt analogWrite(pin,value)

Delay function • Pauses the program for milliseconds • Useful for human interaction  delay(m sec)

Delay Microseconds()  The same function of normal “delay” but  Normal delay measure in mille second  This function measure in micro second delayMicroseconds(time);

pulse In() • We use this function to calculate time from Arduino call it to end of code • Frist argument is the pin number • Second argument is the pulse level we want to detect pulseIn (Pin, State);

serial communication  Used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer or other devices.  All Arduino boards have at least one serial port  It communicates on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) as well as with the computer via USB.  Thus, if you use these functions, you cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital input or output.

Serial functions  Serial . begin(Baud Rate)  To start communication with other devices  Sets the data rate in bits per second (baud) for serial data transmission  Serial . print(Value, Format)  To show data received from Arduino on serial monitor on your PC .  Format is optional Parameter [BIN, OCT, HEX, DEC]  Printed Data shown in the same line

Serial Communication  Serial.available()  Get the number of bytes available for reading from the serial port.  Data Returned stored in Serial Buffer Register  Serial.read()  Reads incoming serial data  Return Data

Basic Electronic Component  LED  LDR  Button  Potentiometer  Buzzer

LED  Two terminal “ anode + the long terminal cathode – the short terminal “  Current only flow in one direction + to –  Anode – cathode voltage must be above threshold  LEDs have a maximum current limit  Don’t connect LEDs directly with power supply

Push button • Closing switch complete circuit • Voltage on both terminal is identical when switch is closed

Potentiometer A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

Light Depended Resistor “ LDR” • Two terminal device • Analog sensor • In darkness resistance increase • In brightness resistance decrease

Buzzer • Two input :- signal / ground • Produces a sound when applying voltage

Most Important Modules  Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)  Ultrasonic HC-SR04  Relay Module  H-Bridge  Bluetooth Module HC-05

Liquid Crystal Display  Has it’s own Library to use with Arduino  Need variable resistor to control display contrast  Use Parallel interface

Ultrasonic  4 terminal device • Vcc → 5V • GND → 0V • Trig → output • Echo→ input  To calculate distance in cm use the following equation Time in micro second /58 = distance in cm

Relay Module  Use to Control High Power Devices  Digital Control  NC → Normally Open  NO → Normally Close

Bluetooth Module  Use Serial Communication  TX in Bluetooth connected to RX with Arduino and Vise Versa

H-Bridge  Each motor has two control Line  Can control both direction and speed  Need external power source

DC-Motors  Need H-bridge to control  Never Connect directly with Arduino

Servo Motor • You can control in it’s angle • Use PWM to control • Only 180 degree rotate

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