Arduino basics presenation - basics to .

Mr.Yeshudas Muttu Assistant Professor Don Bosco College of Engineering, Goa

Overview of Class Getting Started: Installation, Applications and Materials Electrical: Components, Ohm's Law, Input and Output, Analog and Digital ----------------------------- Programming: Split into groups depending on experience Serial Communication Basics: Troubleshooting and Debugging

Arduino Board “Strong Friend” Created in Ivrea, Italy in 2005 by Massimo Banzi & David Cuartielles Open Source Hardware Processor Coding is accessible & transferrable  (C++, Processing, java)

Arduino… is the go-to gear for artists, hobbyists, students, and anyone with a gadgetry dream. rose out of another formidable challenge: how to teach students to create electronics, fast. http://spectrum.ieee.org/geek-life/hands-on/the-making-of-arduino

Getting Started • SW Installation: Arduino (v.1.0+) • Materials: Analog I/O, Digital I/O, Serial handouts Arduino CheatSheet

Analog INPUTS Digital IO PWM(3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11) PWR IN USB (to Computer) SCLSDA (I2C Bus) POWER 5V / 3.3V / GND RESET

Go ahead and plug your board in!

SIK Components Push Button Digital Input Switch - Closes or opens circuit Polarized, needs resistor Trim potentiometer Analog Input Variable resistor Also called a Trimpot. Photoresistor Analog Input Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) Resistance varies with light. Relay Digital Output Switch driven by a small signal Used to control larger voltages Temp Sensor Analog Input Temp Dependent Resistor Flex Sensor Analog Input Variable resistor Soft Trimpot Analog Input Variable resistor Careful of shorts RGB LED Dig & Analog Output 16,777,216 different colors Ooh... So pretty. Name Image Type Function Notes

Electricity Electronics Basic Concept Review • Ohms Law • Voltage • Current • Resistance • Using a Multi-meter

Current Flow Analogy High Current Low Current

Water Tower Voltage Analogy More Energy == Higher Voltage Less Energy == Lower Voltage V Water Tower V

Resistance Analogy Big Pipe == Lower Resistance Small Pipe == Higher Resistance Water Tower Water Tower V

Continuity – Is it a Circuit? The word “circuit” is derived from the circle. An Electrical Circuit must have a continuous LOOP from Power (Vcc) to Ground (GND). Continuity is important to make portions of circuits are connect. Continuity is the simplest and possibly the most important setting on your multi- meter. Sometimes we call this “ringing out” a circuit.

Measuring Electricity – Voltage Voltage is a measure of potential electrical energy. A voltage is also called a potential difference – it is measured between two points in a circuit – across a device.

Measuring Electricity -- Current Current is the measure of the rate of charge flow. For Electrical Engineers – we consider this to be the movement of electrons. In order to measure this – you must break the circuit or insert the meter in-line (series).

Measuring Electricity -- Resistance Resistance is the measure of how much opposition to current flow is in a circuit. Components should be removed entirely from the circuit to measure resistance. Note the settings on the multi-meter. Make sure that you are set for the appropriate range. Resistance settings

Prototyping Circuits Solderless Breadboard One of the most useful tools in an engineer or Maker’s toolkit. The three most important things: • A breadboard is easier than soldering • A lot of those little holes are connected, which ones? • Sometimes breadboards break

Solderless Breadboard Each row (horiz.) of 5 holes are connected. Vertical columns – called power bus are connected vertically

Using the Breadboard to built a simple circuit Use the breadboard to wire up a single LED with a 330 Ohm Resistor (Orange- Orange-Brown). Note: the longer leg on the LED is the positive leg and the shorter leg is the negative

Fritzing View of Breadboard Circuit What happens when you break the circuit? What if you wanted to add more than one LED?

Adding control – let’s use the Arduino and start programming!!!

Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT Referenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical board). Inputs is a signal / information going into the board. Output is any signal exiting the board. Almost all systems that use physical computing will have some form of output What are some examples of Outputs?

Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT Referenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical board). Inputs is a signal / information going into the board. Output is any signal exiting the board. Examples: Buttons Switches, Light Sensors, Flex Sensors, Humidity Sensors, Temperature Sensors… Examples: LEDs, DC motor, servo motor, a piezo buzzer, relay, an RGB LED

Concepts: Analog vs. Digital Microcontrollers are digital devices – ON or OFF. Also called – discrete. analog signals are anything that can be a full range of values. What are some examples? More on this later… 5 V 0 V 5 V 0 V

Open up Arduino Hints: For PC Users  1.Let the installer copy and move the files to the appropriate locations, or 2.Create a folder under C:Program Files (x86) called Arduino. Move the entire Arduino program folder here. For Mac Users  1. Move the Arduino executable to the dock for ease of access. 2. Resist the temptation to run these from your desktop.

Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Two required functions / methods / routines: void setup() { // runs once } void loop() { // repeats } error & status messages

Settings: Tools  Serial Port Your computer communicates to the Arduino microcontroller via a serial port  through a USB-Serial adapter. Check to make sure that the drivers are properly installed.

Settings: Tools  Board Next, double-check that the proper board is selected under the ToolsBoard menu.

Arduino & Arduino Compatible Boards

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. BIG 6 CONCEPTS

Let’s get to coding… Project #1 – Blink “Hello World” of Physical Computing Psuedo-code – how should this work?

Comments, Comments, Comments Comments are for you – the programmer and your friends… or anyone else human that might read your code. // this is for single line comments // it’s good to put a description at the top and before anything ‘tricky’ /* this is for multi-line comments Like this… And this…. */

Three commands to know… pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT); ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW); ex: digitalWrite(13, HIGH); delay(time_ms); ex: delay(2500); // delay of 2.5 sec. // NOTE: -> commands are CASE-sensitive

Project #1: Wiring Diagram Move the green wire from the power bus to pin 13 (or any other Digital I/O pin on the Arduino board. Image created in Fritzing

A few simple challenges Let’s make LED#13 blink! Challenge 1a – blink with a 200 ms second interval. Challenge 1b – blink to mimic a heartbeat Challenge 1c – find the fastest blink that the human eye can still detect… 1 ms delay? 2 ms delay? 3 ms delay???

Programming Concepts: Variables Variable Scope Global --- Function-level

Programming Concepts: Variable Types Variable Types: 8 bits 16 bits 32 bits byte char int unsigned int long unsigned long float

Fading in and Fading Out (Analog or Digital?) A few pins on the Arduino allow for us to modify the output to mimic an analog signal. This is done by a technique called: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Concepts: Analog vs. Digital To create an analog signal, the microcontroller uses a technique called PWM. By varying the duty cycle, we can mimic an “average” analog voltage. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

analogWrite(pin, val); pin – refers to the OUTPUT pin (limited to pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11.) – denoted by a ~ symbol val – 8 bit value (0 – 255). 0 => 0V | 255 => 5V Project #2 – Fading Introducing a new command…

Move one of your LED pins over to Pin 9 In Arduino, open up: File  Examples  01.Basics  Fade

Project# 2 -- Fading Challenge 2a – Change the rate of the fading in and out. There are at least two different ways to do this – can you figure them out? Challenge 2b – Use 2 (or more) LEDs – so that one fades in as the other one fades out.

Color Mixing Tri-color LED In the SIK, this is a standard – Common Cathode LED This means the negative side of the LED is all tied to Ground. R G B

Project 3 – RGB LED Note: The longest leg of the RGB LED is the Common Cathode. This goes to GND. Use pins 5, 6, & 9

How many unique colors can you create? Use Colorpicker.com or experiment on your own. Pick out a few colors that you want to try re- creating for a lamp or lighting display... Play around with this with the analogWrite() command.

RGB LED Color Mixing int redPin = 5; int greenPin = 6; int bluePin = 9; void setup() { pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT); }

RGB LED Color Mixing void loop() { analogWrite(redPin, 255); analogWrite (greenPin, 255); analogWrite (bluePin, 255); }

Project: Mood Lamp / Light Sculpture

Napkin Schematics Emphasize the engineering design process with students. We like to skirt the line between formal and informal with a tool called Napkin Schematics.

Driving Motors or other High Current Loads NPN Transistor (Common Emitter “Amplifier” Circuit) to Digital Pin 9

Input Input is any signal entering an electrical system . •Both digital and analog sensors are forms of input •Input can also take many other forms: Keyboards, a mouse, infrared sensors, biometric sensors, or just plain voltage from a circuit

Project #4 – Digital Input In Arduino, open up: File  Examples  02.Digital  Button

Digital Sensors (a.k.a. Switches) Pull-up Resistor (circuit) to Digital Pin 2

Digital Sensors (a.k.a. Switches) Add an indicator LED to Pin 13 This is just like our 1st circuit!

Digital Input • Connect digital input to your Arduino using Pins # 0 – 13 (Although pins # 0 & 1 are also used for programming) • Digital Input needs a pinMode command: pinMode (pinNumber, INPUT); Make sure to use ALL CAPS for INPUT • To get a digital reading: int buttonState = digitalRead (pinNumber); • Digital Input values are only HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)

Digital Sensors • Digital sensors are more straight forward than Analog • No matter what the sensor there are only two settings: On and Off • Signal is always either HIGH (On) or LOW (Off) • Voltage signal for HIGH will be a little less than 5V on your Uno • Voltage signal for LOW will be 0V on most systems

http://opensourcehardwarejunkies.com/tutorial-03-digitalread-and-

Programming: Conditional Statements if()

void loop() { int buttonState = digitalRead(5); if(buttonState == LOW) { // do something } else { // do something else } } Programming: Conditional Statements if() DIG INPUT

Boolean Operators <Boolean> Description ( ) == ( ) is equal? ( ) != ( ) is not equal? ( ) > ( ) greater than ( ) >= ( ) greater than or equal ( ) < ( ) less than ( ) <= ( ) less than or equal

Trimpot (Potentiometer) Variable Resistor wiper fixed end fixed end

Analog Sensors 3 Pin Potentiometer = var. resistor (circuit) a.k.a. Voltage Divider Circuit 1.0 V 1.0 V wiper fixed ends

Ohms Law… (just the basics) Actually, this is the “voltage divider”

analogRead() Arduino uses a 10-bit A/D Converter: • this means that you get input values from 0 to 1023 • 0 V  0 • 5 V  1023 Ex: int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);

Using Serial Communication Method used to transfer data between two devices. Arduino dedicates Digital I/O pin # 0 to receiving and Digital I/O pin #1 to transmit. Data passes between the computer and Arduino through the USB cable. Data is transmitted as zeros (‘0’) and ones (‘1’) sequentially.

Serial Monitor & analogRead() Initializes the Serial Communication 9600 baud data rate prints data to serial bus

Serial Monitor & analogRead() Opens up a Serial Terminal Window

Analog Sensors 2 Pin Analog Sensors = var. resistor Take two sensors -- Use the Serial Monitor and find the range of input values you get for each sensor. MaxAnalogRead = _________ MinAnalogRead = _________

Analog Sensors Examples: Sensors Variables Mic soundVolume Photoresistor lightLevel Potentiometer dialPosition Temp Sensor temperature Flex Sensor bend Accelerometer tilt/acceleration

Additional Serial Communication Sending a Message void loop ( ) { Serial.print(“Hands on “) ; Serial.print(“Learning ”) ; Serial.println(“is Fun!!!”) ; }

Serial Communication: Serial Debugging void loop() { int xVar = 10; Serial.print ( “Variable xVar is “ ) ; Serial.println ( xVar ) ; }

Serial Communication: Serial Troubleshooting void loop ( ) { Serial.print (“Digital pin 9: “); Serial.println (digitalRead(9)); }

Virtual Electrical Prototyping Project started in 2007 by the Interaction Design Lab at the University of Applied Science Potsdam, Germany Open Source Prototypes: Document, Share, Teach, Manufacture

Now that you feel comfortable putting together circuits with your breadboard let’s talk about how to go from the breadboard to a PCB

Free Time The rest of the class is dedicated to free pursuit Experiment with the various circuits and lessons in the SIK. Explore the additional tutorials available on learn.sparkfun.com Thank you for attending our Intro to Arduino class

www.sparkfun.com 6175 Longbow Drive, Suite 200 Boulder, Colorado 80301

Arduino basics presenation - basics to .

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