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32.java input-output

The document discusses input and output in Java using the java.io package. It provides examples of reading keyboard input using BufferedReader and reading file input using FileReader. It also provides examples of writing console output using System.out and writing to files using PrintWriter. The document explains that java.io streams provide independence from the source or destination of the input/output.

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Java Input/Output 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 1
Overview •  The Java I/O (Input/Output) package java.io contains a group of interfaces and classes similar to the OSU CSE components’ SimpleReader and SimpleWriter component families –  Except that java.io is far more general, configurable, and powerful (and messy) –  Hence, the names SimpleReader and SimpleWriter 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 2
I/O Streams •  An input/output stream is a (conceptually not necessarily finite) series of data items –  An input stream is a “flow” of data items from a source to a program •  The program reads from the source (or from the stream) –  An output stream is a “flow” of data items from a program to a destination •  The program writes to the destination (or to the stream) 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 3
Input Streams input stream program source single data item 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 4
Input Streams input stream program source single data item Source may be the keyboard, a file on disk, a physical device, another program, even an array or String in the same program. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 5
Output Streams program output stream destination single data item 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 6
Output Streams program output stream destination single data item Destination may be the console window, a file on disk, a physical device, another program, even an array or String in the same program. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 7
Part I: Beginner’s Guide •  This part is essentially a “how-to” guide for using java.io that assumes knowledge of the OSU CSE components’ SimpleReader and SimpleWriter component families 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 8
Keyboard Input (SimpleReader) •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using SimpleReader: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L(); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 9
Advice (except for the simplest Keyboard guard against the user Input (SimpleReader) programs): to entering “unexpected” input, read a line • at a time into a String and then parse Here’s some code in main to it to see whether it looks like expected. read input from the keyboard, using SimpleReader: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L(); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 10
Overview of java.io Input Readable Closeable Reader InputStreamReader BufferedReader There are more classes and interfaces not discussed here! FileReader 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 11
Keyboard Input (java.io) •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 12
Keyboard Input (java.io) •  Some methods in java.io throw exceptions (discussed later) under certain circumstances, and you either need some them in them Here’s to catch codeor letmain to propagate “up the call chain”, like this. read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 13
Keyboard Input (java.io) The variable System.in is a Java standard stream (discussed later), so you may use it without declaring it; but it •  is a byte stream (discussedmainso Here’s some code in later), to you want to wrap it ... read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 14
Keyboard Input (java.io) ... in a character stream (discussed later) like this ... •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 15
Keyboard Input that (java.io) ... and then you want to wrap character stream in a buffered stream (discussed later), like in main •  Here’s some code this, so ... to read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 16
Keyboard Input (java.io) ... you can read one line at a time into a String, like this. •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 17
Keyboard declared types of variables when Input (java.io) The you use java.io are class types rather main to read input code in than interface types. •  Here’s some from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 18
KeyboardThis technique of slightly extending Input (java.io)to •  features or capabilities of an object by wrapping it inside another object is a Here’s somepopular object-orientedread input code in main to design pattern called the decorator pattern. from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 19
An Alternative (java.util) •  An attractive alternative to using java.io.BufferedReader is to use java.util.Scanner –  Important difference: no IOExceptions can be raised, so you don’t need to worry about catching or throwing them –  Features for parsing input are powerful, e.g., the use of regular expressions to describe delimiters between data items 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 20
An Alternative (java.util) •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using Scanner: public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 21
Now, Alternative (java.util) An main does not declare that it throws IOException; in this sense it is similar to using SimpleReader. •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using Scanner: public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 22
An Alternative (java.util) Notice that initialization does not involve layers of wrapping of one object inside another; Scanner also has different • constructors so it can be used with files. Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using Scanner: public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 23
An Alternative (java.util) The method for reading a line into a String has a different name than for BufferedReader: it is nextLine (like •  Here’s some code in main to SimpleReader). read input from the keyboard, using Scanner: public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 24
End-of-Stream (SimpleReader) public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L(); while (!input.atEOS()) { s = input.nextLine(); ... } ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 25
End-of-Stream (SimpleReader) public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L(); while (!input.atEOS()) { s = input.nextLine(); ... } ... SimpleReader has a method to report “at input.close(); end-of-stream”, and it can tell you this before } you read “past the end of the input stream”; similarly, Scanner has method hasNext. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 26
End-of-Stream (java.io) public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 27
End-of-Stream (java.io) to BufferedReader has no method detect when you cannot read any more public static void main(String[] args) input, so you can check it only after you throws IOException { try to read “past the end of the stream”. BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 28
End-of-Stream (java.io) public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { Before checking again, ... you must try to read s = input.readLine(); another line. } ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 29
File Input (SimpleReader) •  Here’s some code in main to read input from a file, using SimpleReader: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L("data/test.txt"); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 30
File Input (SimpleReader) SimpleReader has a constructor from a String, which is the name of the file you want code in main to •  Here’s some to read from. read input from a file, using SimpleReader: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L("data/test.txt"); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 31
File Input (java.io) •  Here’s some code in main to read input from a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 32
File Input (java.io) Now, you wrap a BufferedReader around a FileReader (which has a constructor from a String, which is the •  name of the file you want to read from). Here’s some code in main to read input from a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 33
Independence From Source •  With SimpleReader, BufferedReader, and Scanner used as shown, the source is identified in a constructor call, and subsequent code to read data is independent of the source –  This is a really handy feature in many software maintenance situations –  But notice: methods differ between BufferedReader and the other two! 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 34
Console Output (SimpleWriter) •  Here’s some code in main to write output to the console, using SimpleWriter: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleWriter output = new SimpleWriter1L(); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 35
Both print available, Consoleand println are to output Output (SimpleWriter) and the latter should be used the line separator string for the current “platform” (i.e., code in main •  Here’s somethe system the Javato program is running on). write output to the console, using SimpleWriter: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleWriter output = new SimpleWriter1L(); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 36
Overview of java.io Output Closeable Flushable Appendable Writer OutputStreamWriter BufferedWriter There are more classes and interfaces not discussed here! FileWriter 11 April 2013 PrintWriter OSU CSE 37
Console Output (java.io) •  Here’s some code in main to write output to the console, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) { ... System.out.print("foo"); System.out.println(" and bar"); ... } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 38
Console Output (java.io) System.out is another Java standard stream (discussed later), which you neither declare nor close; both print •  Here’s println are available. to and some code in main write output to the console, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) { ... System.out.print("foo"); System.out.println(" and bar"); ... } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 39
Console Output (java.io) It is fine to use System.out for console output, but there are potential problems using (unwrapped) System.in for •  Here’s some code in main to write keyboard input. output to the console, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) { ... System.out.print("foo"); System.out.println(" and bar"); ... } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 40
File Output (SimpleWriter) •  Here’s some code in main to write output to a file, using SimpleWriter: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleWriter output = new SimpleWriter1L("data/test.txt"); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 41
File Outputa (SimpleWriter) SimpleWriter has constructor from a String, which is the name of the file •  Here’s you wantcode in main to some to write to. write output to a file, using SimpleWriter: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleWriter output = new SimpleWriter1L("data/test.txt"); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 42
File Output (java.io) •  Here’s some code in main to write output to a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter( new BufferedWriter ( new FileWriter("data/test.txt"))); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 43
File is needed for (java.io) Output convenient PrintWriter output, and is added as yet another •  wrapper—to get print and println. Here’s some code in main to write output to a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter( new BufferedWriter ( new FileWriter("data/test.txt"))); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 44
Independence From Destination •  With SimpleWriter, System.out, and PrintWriter used as shown, the destination is identified in a constructor call, and subsequent code to write data is independent of the destination –  This is a really handy feature in many software maintenance situations –  Unlike input, methods (print and println) for all three have same names and behaviors 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 45
Part II: Some Details •  There are way too many details about java.io to cover here; see the Javadoc and the Java Tutorials trail on “Basic I/O” •  A few details previously promised ... 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 46
IOException •  A general discussion of exceptions in Java is to come later still, but for now… •  A number of java.io constructors and methods might throw (raise) an IOException –  Examples: files to be used as sources/ destinations may not exist, may not be readable and/or writeable by the user of the program, etc. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 47
Try-Catch •  As an alternative to letting an exception propagate “up the call chain” to the client (as in the earlier examples), you may deal with an IOException by catching (handling) it, e.g.: –  Report that there has been an I/O error and exit “gracefully” –  Try to recover from it (which is usually much harder) 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 48
Example •  Here’s the overall structure of an example main in a simple application that reads input from a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file // Code to read from file // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 49
Example: Opening a File public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } // Code to read from file // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 50
Example: Opening a File public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } Now, main does not declare that it // Code to read from file throws // Code to close file IOException if it (always) } catches the exception. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 51
Example: Opening a File public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } This variable must be declared (but not // Code to read from file initialized) here, so it is in scope later // Code to close file where the code reads from the file—if the } file is opened successfully. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 52
Example: Opening a File public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } // Code to read from file The try block contains the code that // Code to close file might throw an IOException ... } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 53
Example: Opening a File public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } // Code to read from file ... which this constructor might throw, // Code to close file e.g., if the file does not exist. } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 54
Example: Opening a File public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } The catch block states the exception it // Code to read from file handles, and is executed iff code in the // Code to close file try block throws that exception (which is } called e in the catch block). 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 55
Example: Opening a File public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } Here, the code prints an error message // Code to read from file to System.err, another Java standard // Code to close file stream (discussed later), and “aborts” } main by returning from it. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 56
In eitherOpening the catch block, (even after File Example:didcasereturn asa does here), if it not it execution proceeds with { public static void main(String[] args) the next statement. BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } // Code to read from file // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 57
Example: Reading From a File public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file try { String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error reading from file"); } // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 58
We need this try-catch because Example: Reading From throw the a File method readLine might an IOException. public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file try { String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error reading from file"); } // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 59
As before, even after the catch block Example:(which in this caseFrom endFile Reading does not a with a return), execution args) { public static void main(String[] proceeds with the // Code to open file next statement. try { String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error reading from file"); } // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 60
Example: Closing a File public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file // Code to read from file try { input.close(); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error closing file"); } } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 61
We need this try-catch a File Example: Closing because even the method close might throw an IOException. public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file // Code to read from file try { input.close(); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error closing file"); } } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 62
The Standard Streams •  The utility class System in java.lang declares three standard streams: –  System.in –  System.out –  System.err •  You do not declare, open, or close these streams; but you can always use them without worrying about exceptions 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 63
The Standard Streams •  The utility class System in java.lang declares three standard streams: –  System.in –  System.out A utility class is a class that cannot be –  System.errinstantiated, i.e., there is no public constructor; it is or a type, these •  You do not declare, open, not close so you streams; but cannot create “an object of that type”. you can always use them without worrying about exceptions 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 64
The Standard Streams System.err is intended for •  The utility class System in java.lang error messages; System.out is declares three standard streams: intended for normal output. –  System.in –  System.out –  System.err •  You do not declare, open, or close these streams; but you can always use them without worrying about exceptions 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 65
Byte and Character Streams •  Java has two categories of streams: –  Byte streams are streams of 8-bit bytes •  This is a kind of low-level I/O that you rarely need –  Character streams are streams of Unicode characters •  This is preferred for text I/O because it accounts for the “local” character set and supports internationalization with little additional effort •  Best practice is to use character streams with textual I/O 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 66
Buffered Streams •  Buffered streams minimize disk access for reading/writing files, and generally have performance advantages over unbuffered streams •  Best practice is to “wrap” input and output character streams to create buffered versions –  This is done with BufferedReader and BufferedWriter, as seen earlier 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 67
Files and Paths •  The File class (an original part of Java) and the Path interface (new in Java 1.7) allow you to manipulate directories and files and the “paths” to them in the file system, e.g.: –  Check file existence and permissions, create files and set permissions, delete files, etc. •  See the Java Tutorials: Basic I/O and the Java libraries’ Javadoc for details 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 68
Resources •  The Java Tutorials: Basic I/O –  http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io/index.html 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 69

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32.java input-output

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Overview •  The JavaI/O (Input/Output) package java.io contains a group of interfaces and classes similar to the OSU CSE components’ SimpleReader and SimpleWriter component families –  Except that java.io is far more general, configurable, and powerful (and messy) –  Hence, the names SimpleReader and SimpleWriter 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 2
  • 3.
    I/O Streams •  Aninput/output stream is a (conceptually not necessarily finite) series of data items –  An input stream is a “flow” of data items from a source to a program •  The program reads from the source (or from the stream) –  An output stream is a “flow” of data items from a program to a destination •  The program writes to the destination (or to the stream) 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 3
  • 4.
    Input Streams input streamprogram source single data item 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 4
  • 5.
    Input Streams input streamprogram source single data item Source may be the keyboard, a file on disk, a physical device, another program, even an array or String in the same program. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 5
  • 6.
    Output Streams program outputstream destination single data item 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 6
  • 7.
    Output Streams program outputstream destination single data item Destination may be the console window, a file on disk, a physical device, another program, even an array or String in the same program. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 7
  • 8.
    Part I: Beginner’sGuide •  This part is essentially a “how-to” guide for using java.io that assumes knowledge of the OSU CSE components’ SimpleReader and SimpleWriter component families 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 8
  • 9.
    Keyboard Input (SimpleReader) • Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using SimpleReader: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L(); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 9
  • 10.
    Advice (except forthe simplest Keyboard guard against the user Input (SimpleReader) programs): to entering “unexpected” input, read a line • at a time into a String and then parse Here’s some code in main to it to see whether it looks like expected. read input from the keyboard, using SimpleReader: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L(); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 10
  • 11.
    Overview of java.ioInput Readable Closeable Reader InputStreamReader BufferedReader There are more classes and interfaces not discussed here! FileReader 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 11
  • 12.
    Keyboard Input (java.io) • Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 12
  • 13.
    Keyboard Input (java.io) •  Somemethods in java.io throw exceptions (discussed later) under certain circumstances, and you either need some them in them Here’s to catch codeor letmain to propagate “up the call chain”, like this. read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 13
  • 14.
    Keyboard Input (java.io) Thevariable System.in is a Java standard stream (discussed later), so you may use it without declaring it; but it •  is a byte stream (discussedmainso Here’s some code in later), to you want to wrap it ... read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 14
  • 15.
    Keyboard Input (java.io) ...in a character stream (discussed later) like this ... •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 15
  • 16.
    Keyboard Input that (java.io) ...and then you want to wrap character stream in a buffered stream (discussed later), like in main •  Here’s some code this, so ... to read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 16
  • 17.
    Keyboard Input (java.io) ...you can read one line at a time into a String, like this. •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 17
  • 18.
    Keyboard declared typesof variables when Input (java.io) The you use java.io are class types rather main to read input code in than interface types. •  Here’s some from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 18
  • 19.
    KeyboardThis technique ofslightly extending Input (java.io)to •  features or capabilities of an object by wrapping it inside another object is a Here’s somepopular object-orientedread input code in main to design pattern called the decorator pattern. from the keyboard, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 19
  • 20.
    An Alternative (java.util) • An attractive alternative to using java.io.BufferedReader is to use java.util.Scanner –  Important difference: no IOExceptions can be raised, so you don’t need to worry about catching or throwing them –  Features for parsing input are powerful, e.g., the use of regular expressions to describe delimiters between data items 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 20
  • 21.
    An Alternative (java.util) • Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using Scanner: public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 21
  • 22.
    Now, Alternative (java.util) Anmain does not declare that it throws IOException; in this sense it is similar to using SimpleReader. •  Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using Scanner: public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 22
  • 23.
    An Alternative (java.util) Noticethat initialization does not involve layers of wrapping of one object inside another; Scanner also has different • constructors so it can be used with files. Here’s some code in main to read input from the keyboard, using Scanner: public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 23
  • 24.
    An Alternative (java.util) Themethod for reading a line into a String has a different name than for BufferedReader: it is nextLine (like •  Here’s some code in main to SimpleReader). read input from the keyboard, using Scanner: public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 24
  • 25.
    End-of-Stream (SimpleReader) public staticvoid main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L(); while (!input.atEOS()) { s = input.nextLine(); ... } ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 25
  • 26.
    End-of-Stream (SimpleReader) public staticvoid main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L(); while (!input.atEOS()) { s = input.nextLine(); ... } ... SimpleReader has a method to report “at input.close(); end-of-stream”, and it can tell you this before } you read “past the end of the input stream”; similarly, Scanner has method hasNext. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 26
  • 27.
    End-of-Stream (java.io) public staticvoid main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 27
  • 28.
    End-of-Stream (java.io) to BufferedReaderhas no method detect when you cannot read any more public static void main(String[] args) input, so you can check it only after you throws IOException { try to read “past the end of the stream”. BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 28
  • 29.
    End-of-Stream (java.io) public staticvoid main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { Before checking again, ... you must try to read s = input.readLine(); another line. } ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 29
  • 30.
    File Input (SimpleReader) • Here’s some code in main to read input from a file, using SimpleReader: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L("data/test.txt"); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 30
  • 31.
    File Input (SimpleReader) SimpleReaderhas a constructor from a String, which is the name of the file you want code in main to •  Here’s some to read from. read input from a file, using SimpleReader: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleReader input = new SimpleReader1L("data/test.txt"); String s = input.nextLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 31
  • 32.
    File Input (java.io) • Here’s some code in main to read input from a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 32
  • 33.
    File Input (java.io) Now,you wrap a BufferedReader around a FileReader (which has a constructor from a String, which is the •  name of the file you want to read from). Here’s some code in main to read input from a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); String s = input.readLine(); ... input.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 33
  • 34.
    Independence From Source • With SimpleReader, BufferedReader, and Scanner used as shown, the source is identified in a constructor call, and subsequent code to read data is independent of the source –  This is a really handy feature in many software maintenance situations –  But notice: methods differ between BufferedReader and the other two! 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 34
  • 35.
    Console Output (SimpleWriter) • Here’s some code in main to write output to the console, using SimpleWriter: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleWriter output = new SimpleWriter1L(); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 35
  • 36.
    Both print available, Consoleand printlnare to output Output (SimpleWriter) and the latter should be used the line separator string for the current “platform” (i.e., code in main •  Here’s somethe system the Javato program is running on). write output to the console, using SimpleWriter: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleWriter output = new SimpleWriter1L(); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 36
  • 37.
    Overview of java.ioOutput Closeable Flushable Appendable Writer OutputStreamWriter BufferedWriter There are more classes and interfaces not discussed here! FileWriter 11 April 2013 PrintWriter OSU CSE 37
  • 38.
    Console Output (java.io) • Here’s some code in main to write output to the console, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) { ... System.out.print("foo"); System.out.println(" and bar"); ... } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 38
  • 39.
    Console Output (java.io) System.outis another Java standard stream (discussed later), which you neither declare nor close; both print •  Here’s println are available. to and some code in main write output to the console, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) { ... System.out.print("foo"); System.out.println(" and bar"); ... } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 39
  • 40.
    Console Output (java.io) Itis fine to use System.out for console output, but there are potential problems using (unwrapped) System.in for •  Here’s some code in main to write keyboard input. output to the console, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) { ... System.out.print("foo"); System.out.println(" and bar"); ... } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 40
  • 41.
    File Output (SimpleWriter) • Here’s some code in main to write output to a file, using SimpleWriter: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleWriter output = new SimpleWriter1L("data/test.txt"); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 41
  • 42.
    File Outputa (SimpleWriter) SimpleWriterhas constructor from a String, which is the name of the file •  Here’s you wantcode in main to some to write to. write output to a file, using SimpleWriter: public static void main(String[] args) { SimpleWriter output = new SimpleWriter1L("data/test.txt"); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 42
  • 43.
    File Output (java.io) • Here’s some code in main to write output to a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter( new BufferedWriter ( new FileWriter("data/test.txt"))); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 43
  • 44.
    File is neededfor (java.io) Output convenient PrintWriter output, and is added as yet another •  wrapper—to get print and println. Here’s some code in main to write output to a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter( new BufferedWriter ( new FileWriter("data/test.txt"))); output.print("foo"); output.println(" and bar"); ... output.close(); } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 44
  • 45.
    Independence From Destination • With SimpleWriter, System.out, and PrintWriter used as shown, the destination is identified in a constructor call, and subsequent code to write data is independent of the destination –  This is a really handy feature in many software maintenance situations –  Unlike input, methods (print and println) for all three have same names and behaviors 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 45
  • 46.
    Part II: SomeDetails •  There are way too many details about java.io to cover here; see the Javadoc and the Java Tutorials trail on “Basic I/O” •  A few details previously promised ... 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 46
  • 47.
    IOException •  A generaldiscussion of exceptions in Java is to come later still, but for now… •  A number of java.io constructors and methods might throw (raise) an IOException –  Examples: files to be used as sources/ destinations may not exist, may not be readable and/or writeable by the user of the program, etc. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 47
  • 48.
    Try-Catch •  As analternative to letting an exception propagate “up the call chain” to the client (as in the earlier examples), you may deal with an IOException by catching (handling) it, e.g.: –  Report that there has been an I/O error and exit “gracefully” –  Try to recover from it (which is usually much harder) 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 48
  • 49.
    Example •  Here’s theoverall structure of an example main in a simple application that reads input from a file, using java.io: public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file // Code to read from file // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 49
  • 50.
    Example: Opening aFile public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } // Code to read from file // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 50
  • 51.
    Example: Opening aFile public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } Now, main does not declare that it // Code to read from file throws // Code to close file IOException if it (always) } catches the exception. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 51
  • 52.
    Example: Opening aFile public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } This variable must be declared (but not // Code to read from file initialized) here, so it is in scope later // Code to close file where the code reads from the file—if the } file is opened successfully. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 52
  • 53.
    Example: Opening aFile public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } // Code to read from file The try block contains the code that // Code to close file might throw an IOException ... } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 53
  • 54.
    Example: Opening aFile public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } // Code to read from file ... which this constructor might throw, // Code to close file e.g., if the file does not exist. } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 54
  • 55.
    Example: Opening aFile public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } The catch block states the exception it // Code to read from file handles, and is executed iff code in the // Code to close file try block throws that exception (which is } called e in the catch block). 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 55
  • 56.
    Example: Opening aFile public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } Here, the code prints an error message // Code to read from file to System.err, another Java standard // Code to close file stream (discussed later), and “aborts” } main by returning from it. 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 56
  • 57.
    In eitherOpening thecatch block, (even after File Example:didcasereturn asa does here), if it not it execution proceeds with { public static void main(String[] args) the next statement. BufferedReader input; try { input = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("data/test.txt")); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error opening file"); return; } // Code to read from file // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 57
  • 58.
    Example: Reading Froma File public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file try { String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error reading from file"); } // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 58
  • 59.
    We need thistry-catch because Example: Reading From throw the a File method readLine might an IOException. public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file try { String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error reading from file"); } // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 59
  • 60.
    As before, evenafter the catch block Example:(which in this caseFrom endFile Reading does not a with a return), execution args) { public static void main(String[] proceeds with the // Code to open file next statement. try { String s = input.readLine(); while (s != null) { ... s = input.readLine(); } } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error reading from file"); } // Code to close file } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 60
  • 61.
    Example: Closing aFile public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file // Code to read from file try { input.close(); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error closing file"); } } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 61
  • 62.
    We need thistry-catch a File Example: Closing because even the method close might throw an IOException. public static void main(String[] args) { // Code to open file // Code to read from file try { input.close(); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error closing file"); } } 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 62
  • 63.
    The Standard Streams • The utility class System in java.lang declares three standard streams: –  System.in –  System.out –  System.err •  You do not declare, open, or close these streams; but you can always use them without worrying about exceptions 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 63
  • 64.
    The Standard Streams • The utility class System in java.lang declares three standard streams: –  System.in –  System.out A utility class is a class that cannot be –  System.errinstantiated, i.e., there is no public constructor; it is or a type, these •  You do not declare, open, not close so you streams; but cannot create “an object of that type”. you can always use them without worrying about exceptions 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 64
  • 65.
    The Standard Streams System.erris intended for •  The utility class System in java.lang error messages; System.out is declares three standard streams: intended for normal output. –  System.in –  System.out –  System.err •  You do not declare, open, or close these streams; but you can always use them without worrying about exceptions 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 65
  • 66.
    Byte and CharacterStreams •  Java has two categories of streams: –  Byte streams are streams of 8-bit bytes •  This is a kind of low-level I/O that you rarely need –  Character streams are streams of Unicode characters •  This is preferred for text I/O because it accounts for the “local” character set and supports internationalization with little additional effort •  Best practice is to use character streams with textual I/O 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 66
  • 67.
    Buffered Streams •  Bufferedstreams minimize disk access for reading/writing files, and generally have performance advantages over unbuffered streams •  Best practice is to “wrap” input and output character streams to create buffered versions –  This is done with BufferedReader and BufferedWriter, as seen earlier 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 67
  • 68.
    Files and Paths • The File class (an original part of Java) and the Path interface (new in Java 1.7) allow you to manipulate directories and files and the “paths” to them in the file system, e.g.: –  Check file existence and permissions, create files and set permissions, delete files, etc. •  See the Java Tutorials: Basic I/O and the Java libraries’ Javadoc for details 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 68
  • 69.
    Resources •  The JavaTutorials: Basic I/O –  http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io/index.html 11 April 2013 OSU CSE 69