Css tutorial

1 CSS Introduction What is CSS? • CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets • Styles define how to display HTML elements • Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem • External Style Sheets can save a lot of work • External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files Styles Solved a Big Problem HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document. HTML was intended to define the content of a document, like: <h1>This is a heading</h1> <p>This is a paragraph.</p> When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites, where fonts and color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process. To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS. In HTML 4.0, all formatting could be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a separate CSS file. All browsers support CSS today. CSS Saves a Lot of Work! CSS defines HOW HTML elements are to be displayed. Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in a Web site, just by editing one single file! 2 CSS Syntax Examples Example 1 HTML file: <html> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="ex1.css" /> </head> <body> <h1>This header is 36 pt</h1> <h2>This header is blue</h2> <p>This paragraph has a left margin of 50 pixels</p> </body>

</html> Additional CSS file (ex1.css): body { background-color:yellow; } h1 { font-size:36pt; } h2 { color:blue; } p { margin -left:50px; } Now how it looks? Example 2 HTML file: <html> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="ex2.css" /> </head> <body> <h1>This is a header 1</h1> <hr /> <p>You can see that the style sheet formats the text</p> <p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="_blank">This is a link</a></p> </body>

</html> Additional CSS file (ex2.css): body {background-color:tan;} h1 {color:maroon;font-size:20pt;} hr {color:navy;} p {font-size:11pt;margin-left:15px;} a:link {color:green;} a:visited {color:yellow;} a:hover {color:black;} a:active {color:blue;} Now how it looks? CSS Syntax A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations: The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style. Each declaration consists of a property and a value. The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value. CSS Example CSS declarations always end with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets: p {color:red;text-align:center;} To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this: Example

p { color:red; text-align:center; } CSS Comments Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers. A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this: /*This is a comment*/ p { text-align:center; /*This is another comment*/ color:black; font-family:arial; } 3 CSS Id and Class The id and class Selectors In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors called "id" and "class". The id Selector The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element. The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".

The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1": Example #para1 { text-align:center; color:red; } Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox. The class Selector The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements. This allows you to set a particular style for any HTML elements with the same class. The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "." In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned: Example .center {text-align:center;} You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class. In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned: Example

p.center {text-align:center;} Do NOT start a class name with a number! This is only supported in Internet Explorer. 4 CSS How To... When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. Three Ways to Insert CSS There are three ways of inserting a style sheet: • External style sheet • Internal style sheet • Inline style External Style Sheet An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section: <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" /> </head> An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below: hr {color:sienna;} p {margin-left:20px;} body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}

Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of "margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera. Internal Style Sheet An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this: <head> <style type="text/css"> hr {color:sienna;} p {margin-left:20px;} body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");} </style> </head> Inline Styles An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly! To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph: <p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p> Multiple Style Sheets If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be inherited from the more specific style sheet. For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector: h3 { color:red; text-align:left; font-size:8pt; } And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3 { text-align:right; font-size:20pt; } If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3 will be: color:red; text-align:right; font-size:20pt; The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is replaced by the internal style sheet. Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One Styles can be specified: • inside an HTML element • inside the head section of an HTML page • in an external CSS file Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document. Cascading order What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element? Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority: • Browser default • External style sheet • Internal style sheet (in the head section) • Inline style (inside an HTML element) So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value). Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML <head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

5 CSS Background CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of an element. CSS properties used for background effects: • background-color • background-image • background-repeat • background-attachment • background-position Background Color The background-color property specifies the background color of an element. The background color of a page is defined in the body selector: Example body {background-color:#b0c4de;} The background color can be specified by: • name - a color name, like "red" • RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)" • Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000" In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors: Example h1 {background-color:#6495ed;} p {background-color:#e0ffff;} div {background-color:#b0c4de;} Background Image The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element. By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element. The background image for a page can be set like this: Example

body {background-image:url('images/background.jpg');} Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically. Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this: Example body { background-image:url('gradient2.png'); } This gradient background will look like this:

If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better: Example body { background-image:url('gradient2.png'); background-repeat:repeat-x; } And now it looks much better: Background Image - Set position and no-repeat

When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text. Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property: Example body { background-image:url('img_tree.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; } In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much. The position of the image is specified by the background-position property: Example

body { background-image:url('img_tree.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:top right; } Background - Shorthand property As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing with backgrounds. To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property. This is called a shorthand property. The shorthand property for background is simply "background": Example body {background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat top right;} When using the shorthand property the order of the property values are: • background-color • background-image • background-repeat • background-attachment • background-position It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the ones that are present are in this order. All CSS Background Properties The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).

Property Description Values CSS background Sets all the background properties in one declaration background-color background-image background-repeat background-attachment background-position inherit 1 background-attachment Sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page scroll fixed inherit 1 background-color Sets the background color of an element color-rgb color-hex color-name transparent inherit 1 background-image Sets the background image for an element url(URL) none inherit 1 background-position Sets the starting position of a background image top left top center top right center left center center center right bottom left bottom center bottom right x% y% xpos ypos inherit 1 background-repeat Sets if/how a background image will be repeated repeat repeat-x repeat-y no-repeat inherit 1 6 CSS Text Text Color The color property is used to set the color of the text. The color can be specified by: • name - a color name, like "red" • RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"

• Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000" The default color for a page is defined in the body selector. Example body {color:blue;} h1 {color:#00ff00;} h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);} Text Alignment The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text. Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified. When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers). Example h1 {text-align:center;} p.date {text-align:right;} p.main {text-align:justify;} HTML file: <html> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="ex3.css" /> </head> <body> <h1>CSS text-align Example</h1> <p class="date">May, 2009</p> <p class="main">In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since. 'Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone,' he told me, just remember that all the people in this world haven't had

the advantages that you've had.'</p> <p><b>Note:</b> Try to resize the browser window to see how justify works.</p> </body> </html> CSS file (ex3.css): h1 {text-align:center;} p.date {text-align:right;} p.main {text-align:justify;} Text Decoration The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text. The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes: Example a {text-decoration:none;} Now the link won’t have underlines. It can also be used to decorate text: Example h1 {text-decoration:overline;} h2 {text-decoration:line-through;} h3 {text-decoration:underline;} h4 {text-decoration:blink;}

It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users. Blinking is also not a good idea. Text Transformation The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text. It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word. Example p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;} p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;} p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;} Text Indentation The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text. Example p {text-indent:50px;} More Examples Specify the space between characters This example demonstrates how to increase or decrease the space between characters. h1 {letter-spacing:2px;} h2 {letter-spacing:-3px;}

Specify the space between lines This example demonstrates how to specify the space between the lines in a paragraph. In the CSS file: h1 {letter-spacing:2px;} h2 {letter-spacing:-3px;} In the HTML file: <p class="small"> This is a paragraph with a smaller line-height. This is a paragraph with a smaller line-height. This is a paragraph with a smaller line-height. </p> <p class="big"> This is a paragraph with a bigger line-height. This is a paragraph with a bigger line-height. This is a paragraph with a bigger line-height. </p> Increase the white space between words This example demonstrates how to increase the white space between words in a paragraph. p { word-spacing:30px; } All CSS Text Properties The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2). Property Description Values CSS color Sets the color of a text color 1 direction Sets the text direction ltr rtl 2 line-height Sets the distance between lines normal number length % 1 letter-spacing Increase or decrease the space between characters normal length 1 text-align Aligns the text in an element left 1

right center justify text-decoration Adds decoration to text none underline overline line-through blink 1 text-indent Indents the first line of text in an element length % 1 text-transform Controls the letters in an element none capitalize uppercase lowercase 1 vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element baseline sub super top text-top middle bottom text-bottom length % 1 white-space Sets how white space inside an element is handled normal pre nowrap 1 word-spacing Increase or decrease the space between words normal length 1 7 CSS Font CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text. Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.

CSS Font Families In CSS, there are two types of font family names: • generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace") • font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial") Generic family Font family Description Serif Times New Roman Georgia Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on some characters Sans-serif Arial Verdana "Sans" means without - these fonts do not have the lines at the ends of characters Monospace Courier New Lucida Console All monospace characters has the same width Font Family The font family of a text is set with the font-family property. The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font. Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available. Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like font-family: "Times New Roman". More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list: Example p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;} Font Style The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text. This property has three values: • normal - The text is shown normally • italic - The text is shown in italics • oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)

Example p.normal {font-style:normal;} p.italic {font-style:italic;} p.oblique {font-style:oblique;} Font Size The font-size property sets the size of the text. Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs. Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for paragraphs. The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size. Absolute size: • Sets the text to a specified size • Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons) • Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known Relative size: • Sets the size relative to surrounding elements • Allows a user to change the text size in browsers If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px (16px=1em). Set Font Size With Pixels Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size: Example h1 {font-size:40px;} h2 {font-size:30px;} p {font-size:14px;}

The example above allows Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to resize the text, but not Internet Explorer. The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page, not just the text). Set Font Size With Em To avoid the resizing problem with Internet Explorer, many developers use em instead of pixels. The em size unit is recommended by the W3C. 1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default size of 1em is 16px. The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em Example h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */ h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */ p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */ In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels. However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers. Unfortunately, there is still a problem with IE. When resizing the text, it becomes larger than it should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller. Use a Combination of Percent and Em The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the body element: Example

body {font-size:100%;} h1 {font-size:2.5em;} h2 {font-size:1.875em;} p {font-size:0.875em;} Our code now works great! It shows the same text size in all browsers, and allows all browsers to zoom or resize the text! More Examples Set the boldness of the font This example demonstrates how to set the boldness of a font. p.normal {font-weight:normal;} p.light {font-weight:lighter;} p.thick {font-weight:bold;} p.thicker {font-weight:900;} Set the variant of the font This example demonstrates how to set the variant of a font. p.normal {font-variant:normal;} p.small {font-variant:small-caps;} All the font properties in one declaration This example demonstrates how to use the shorthand property for setting all of the font properties in one declaration. p.normal {font-variant:normal;} p.small {font-variant:small-caps;} All CSS Font Properties The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2). Property Description Values CSS font Sets all the font properties in one font-style 1

declaration font-variant font-weight font-size/line-height font-family caption icon menu message-box small-caption status-bar inherit font-family Specifies the font family for text family-name generic-family inherit 1 font-size Specifies the font size of text xx-small x-small small medium large x-large xx-large smaller larger length % inherit 1 font-style Specifies the font style for text normal italic oblique inherit 1 font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font normal small-caps inherit 1 font-weight Specifies the weight of a font normal bold bolder lighter 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1

900 inherit 8 CSS Links Links can be styled in different ways. Styling Links Links can be style with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background-color). Special for links are that they can be styled differently depending on what state they are in. The four links states are: • a:link - a normal, unvisited link • a:visited - a link the user has visited • a:hover - a link when the user indicates it with the mouse • a:active - a link the moment it is clicked Example a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */ a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */ a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */ a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */ When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules: • a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited • a:active MUST come after a:hover Common Link Styles In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in. Lets go through some of the other common ways to style links. Text Decoration The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links: Example

a:link {text-decoration:none;} a:visited {text-decoration:none;} a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} a:active {text-decoration:underline;} Background Color The background-color property specifies the background color for links: Example a:link {background-color:#B2FF99;} a:visited {background-color:#FFFF85;} a:hover {background-color:#FF704D;} a:active {background-color:#FF704D;} More Examples Advanced - Create link boxes This example demonstrates a more advanced example where we combine several CSS properties to display links as boxes. a:link,a:visited { display:block; font-weight:bold; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:Maroon; width:120px; text-align:center;

padding:4px; text-decoration:none; } a:hover,a:active { background-color:Red; } 10 CSS Lists The CSS list properties allow you to: • Set different list item markers for ordered lists • Set different list item markers for unordered lists • Set an image as the list item marker List In HTML, there are two types of lists: • unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets • ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker. Different List Item Markers The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property: Example ul.a {list-style-type: circle;} ul.b {list-style-type: square;} ol.c {list-style-type: upper-roman;} ol.d {list-style-type: lower-alpha;} Some of the property values are for unordered lists, and some for ordered lists. Values for Unordered Lists Value Description

none No marker disc Default. The marker is a filled circle circle The marker is a circle square The marker is a square Values for Ordered Lists Value Description armenian The marker is traditional Armenian numbering decimal The marker is a number decimal-leading-zero The marker is a number padded by initial zeros (01, 02, 03, etc.) georgian The marker is traditional Georgian numbering (an, ban, gan, etc.) lower-alpha The marker is lower-alpha (a, b, c, d, e, etc.) lower-greek The marker is lower-greek (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.) lower-latin The marker is lower-latin (a, b, c, d, e, etc.) lower-roman The marker is lower-roman (i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.) upper-alpha The marker is upper-alpha (A, B, C, D, E, etc.) upper-latin The marker is upper-latin (A, B, C, D, E, etc.) upper-roman The marker is upper-roman (I, II, III, IV, V, etc.) Note: No versions of Internet Explorer (including IE8) support the property values "decimal- leading-zero", "lower-greek", "lower-latin", "upper-latin", "armenian", or "georgian". An Image as The List Item Marker To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property: Example ul { list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif'); } The example above does not display equally in all browsers. IE and Opera will display the image-marker a little bit higher than Firefox, Chrome, and Safari. If you want the image-marker to be placed equally in all browsers, a crossbrowser solution is explained below. Crossbrowser Solution

The following example displays the image-marker equally in all browsers: Example ul { list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; } li { background-image: url(sqpurple.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 0px 5px; padding-left: 14px; } Example explained: • For ul: o Set the list-style-type to none to remove the list item marker o Set both padding and margin to 0px (for cross-browser compatibility) • For li: o Set the URL of the image, and show it only once (no-repeat) o Position the image where you want it (left 0px and down 5px) o Position the text in the list with padding-left List - Shorthand property It is also possible to specify all the list properties in one, single property. This is called a shorthand property. The shorthand property used for lists, is the list-style property: Example

ul { list-style: square url("sqpurple.gif"); } When using the shorthand property, the order of the values is: • list-style-type • list-style-position (for a description, see the CSS properties table below) • list-style-image It does not matter if one of the values above is missing, as long as the rest are in the specified order. More Examples All the different list-item markers for lists This example demonstrates all the different list-item markers in CSS. ul.a {list-style-type:disc;} ul.b {list-style-type:circle;} ul.c {list-style-type:square;} ul.d {list-style-type:none;} ol.e {list-style-type:decimal;} ol.f {list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero;} ol.g {list-style-type:lower-roman;} ol.h {list-style-type:upper-roman;} ol.i {list-style-type:lower-alpha;} ol.j {list-style-type:upper-alpha;} ol.k {list-style-type:lower-greek;} ol.l {list-style-type:lower-latin;} ol.m {list-style-type:upper-latin;} ol.n {list-style-type:armenian;} ol.o {list-style-type:georgian;} All CSS List Properties The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2). Property Description Values CSS list-style Sets all the properties for a list in one list-style-type 1

declaration list-style-position list-style-image inherit list-style-image Specifies an image as the list-item marker URL none inherit 1 list-style-position Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow inside outside inherit 1 list-style-type Specifies the type of list-item marker none disc circle square decimal decimal-leading-zero armenian georgian lower-alpha upper-alpha lower-greek lower-latin upper-latin lower-roman upper-roman inherit 11 CSS Tables The look of an HTML table can be greatly improved with CSS: Company Contact Country Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Germany Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berglund Sweden Centro comercial Moctezuma Francisco Chang Mexico Ernst Handel Roland Mendel Austria Island Trading Helen Bennett UK Königlich Essen Philip Cramer Germany Laughing Bacchus Winecellars Yoshi Tannamuri Canada Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti Giovanni Rovelli Italy North/South Simon Crowther UK Paris spécialités Marie Bertrand France The Big Cheese Liz Nixon USA Vaffeljernet Palle Ibsen Denmark

Table Borders To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property. The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements: Example table, th, td { border: 1px solid black; } Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the table, th, and td elements have separate borders. To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property. Collapse Borders The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or separated: Example table { border-collapse:collapse; } table,th, td { border: 1px solid black; } Table Width and Height Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties. The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements to 50px: Example

table { width:100%; } th { height:50px; } Table Text Alignment The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties. The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center: Example td { text-align:right; } The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle: Example

th {font-size:14pt;text-align:center;color:Ivory;margin-left:15px;} td {text-align:right;} Table Padding To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property on td and th elements: Example td { padding:15px; } Table Color The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color of th elements: Example table, td, th { border:1px solid green; } th { background-color:green; color:white; }

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