CSS Basics part One

What is CSS? • CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets • CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media • CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once • External stylesheets are stored in CSS files

Why Use CSS? CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in display for different devices and screen sizes.

CSS Solved a Big Problem • HTML was NEVER intended to contain tags for formatting a web page! • HTML was created to describe the content of a web page, like: • <h1>This is a heading</h1> • <p>This is a paragraph.</p> • When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large websites, where fonts and color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process. • To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS. • CSS removed the style formatting from the HTML page!

CSS Saves a Lot of Work! • The style definitions are normally saved in external .css files. • With an external stylesheet file, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file!

CSS Syntax • A CSS rule-set consists of a selector and a declaration block: • The selector points to the HTML element you want to style. • The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons. • Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon. • A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration blocks are surrounded by curly braces.

CSS Selectors • CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) HTML elements based on their element name, tag,id, class, attribute, and more.

The element Selector • The element selector selects elements based on the element name. • You can select all <p> elements on a page like this (in this case, all <p> elements will be center- aligned, with a red text color): Example p { text-align: center; color: red; }

Selector The id Selector The class Selector The class selector selects elements with a specific class attribute. • You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class. • In the example below, only <p> elements with class="center" will be center-aligned: • Example • p.center { text-align: center; color: red; }

More than one class HTML elements can also refer to more than one class. the <p> element will be styled according to class="center" and to class="large": Example <p class="center large">This paragraph refers to two classes.</p> Note: A class name cannot start with a number!

Grouping Selectors • If you have elements with the same style definitions, like this: • h1 { text-align: center; color: red; } h2 { text-align: center; color: red; } p { text-align: center; color: red; } • It will be better to group the selectors, to minimize the code. • To group selectors, separate each selector with a comma. • In the example below we have grouped the selectors from the code above: Example h1, h2, p { text-align: center; color: red; }

CSS Comments • Comments are used to explain the code, and may help when you edit the source code at a later date. • Comments are ignored by browsers. • A CSS comment starts with /* and ends with */. Comments can also span multiple lines:

CSS How To... Three Ways to Insert CSS There are three ways of inserting a style sheet: External style sheet Internal style sheet Inline style

External Style Sheet With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file! Each page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the <link> element. The <link> element goes inside the <head> section: <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css"> </head> An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. The style sheet file must be saved with a .css extension.

Example body { background-color: lightblue; } h1 { color: navy; margin-left: 20 px; } Note: Do not add a space between the property value and the unit (such as margin-left: 20 px;). The correct way is: margin-left: 20px;

Internal Style Sheet An internal style sheet may be used if one single page has a unique style. Internal styles are defined within the <style> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML page:

Inline Styles An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element. To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. **Tip: An inline style loses many of the advantages of a style sheet (by mixing content with presentation). Use this method sparingly

CSS Colors • Colors in CSS are most often specified by: • a valid color name - like "red" • an RGB value - like "rgb(255, 0, 0)" • a HEX value - like "#ff0000“ • Follow exam[les

CSS Backgrounds CSS background properties: • background-color • background-image • background-repeat • background-attachment • background-position

Background Color body { background-color: lightblue; } Background Image body { background-image: url("paper.gif"); }

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically • Please try to understand the example: • Please be attentive. • Background Image - Set position and no- repeat • Ex:: • We want to change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.

Background Property • Background Image - Fixed position • Background - Shorthand property When using the shorthand property the order of the property values is: • background-color • background-image • background-repeat • background-attachment • background-position

Text Color body { color: blue; } h1 { color: green; } ****DO YOURSELF Note: For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the background-color.

Text Alignment • The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text. • A text can be left or right aligned, centered, or justified. h1 { text-align: center; } h2 { text-align: left; } h3 { text-align: right; ///// ** Do yourself please }

Text Decoration • The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text. • The value text-decoration: none; is often used to remove underlines from links: Example a { text-decoration: none; }

Text Decoration Example • The other text-decoration values are used to decorate text: Example • h1 { text-decoration: overline; } h2 { text-decoration: line-through; } h3 { text-decoration: underline; }

Text Transformation • The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text. • ////Try yourself

Text Indentation • The text-indent property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text: Example p { text-indent: 50px; }

Letter Spacing • The letter-spacing property is used to specify the space between the characters in a text. • Check the EXAMPLE

Line Height • The line-height property is used to specify the space between lines: • Check example::

Text Direction • The direction property is used to change the text direction of an element: • Example: --------------

Word Spacing The word-spacing property is used to specify the space between the words in a text. The example demonstrates how to increase or decrease the space between words:

Text Shadow • The text-shadow property adds shadow to text. • Check The example

CSS Lists HTML Lists and CSS List Properties • In HTML, there are two main types of lists: • unordered lists (<ul>) - the list items are marked with bullets • ordered lists (<ol>) - the list items are marked with numbers or letters • The CSS list properties allow you to: • Set different list item markers for ordered lists • Set different list item markers for unordered lists • Set an image as the list item marker • Add background colors to lists and list items

Different List Item Markers • The list-style-type property specifies the type of list item marker. • Example

An Image as The List Item Marker • The list-style-image property specifies an image as the list item marker: • Example: 

Position The List Item Markers • The list-style-position property specifies whether the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow: • Ex 

List - Shorthand property • When using the shorthand property, the order of the property values are: • list-style-type (if a list-style-image is specified, the value of this property will be displayed if the image for some reason cannot be displayed) • list-style-position (specifies whether the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow) • list-style-image (specifies an image as the list item marker) • If one of the property values above are missing, the default value for the missing property will be inserted, if any.

CSS Basics part One

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CSS Basics part One