Chap 2 structure of c programming dti2143

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Faculty of Mechanicaland Manufacturing Chapter 2Basic Structure of ProgrammingPrepared by Alish Ahmad Al-shahabalishahmad.alshahab@gmail.com

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Learning Objectives:Understand andimplement the basic structure of computer programming.

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Write a computerprogram using C programming language.

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Convert algorithm intocomputer program.Program Development EnvironmentBasic Syntax of ProgrammingCHAPTER 2Data TypesVariable Declarations

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Involves translating high-levellanguage (programminglanguage such as C,C++, Visual Basic, C#)Because computers do NOT understand high level language!Translated toComputer's machine language000111010101010111011111

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Program Development EnvironmentTypicalprogram development environment consist of six phases to be executed.Edit/WritePreprocessCompileLinkLoadExecute

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Program Development Environment1.Creating a ProgramTypes or creates program in an editor

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Makes corrections ifnecessary

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Saves or storesprogram on disk such as C:\ or A:\ etc.Editor or text editor is a type of program used for editing plain text files. E.gdev/turbo

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Program Development EnvironmentExampleof text editorTurbo C editor(free)

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Program Development EnvironmentExampleof text editorDEV C++(free)

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Program Development Environment2.PreprocessingWrite a command to compile the program.

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Preprocessor program executesautomatically and process the program code.The preprocessor obeys commands from preprocessor directives.Preprocessing occurs before a program is compiled.Program Development Environment3.Compiling a ProgramWhen compiled, compiler translates program into machine language code and creates object code.The object code will be stored in disk.Select CompileDialog box in Turbo C editor shows compiling proccess.

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Program Development Environment3.Compilinga ProgramThe object code will be only created if the translation process into machine code is successful.If unsuccessful, error messages will be displayed in the compiling dialogue box.fix all the errors before proceed to the next phase.

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The process ofcorrecting errors is called debugging.Program Development Environment4.LinkingA linker links the object code with the libraries.

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A linker willcreates an executable file and stores it on disk if the program compiles and links correctly.A linker might name the executable file with .exe file extension depending on type of programming language used.

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Program Development Environment5.LoadingBefore a program can be executed, the program must first be placed in memory.Loader takes the stored program from disk and puts in memory.Additional components from shared libraries that support the program are also loaded.

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Program Development Environment6.ExecutingCPU takes each instructions and executes it.

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Results or outputwill be displayed.Program Development Environment

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Program Development EnvironmentCommonProgramming ErrorsError(bugs)Run-time ErrorsSyntax ErrorsLogic Errors

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Program Development EnvironmentCommonProgramming ErrorsSyntax Error1Error occurred during compilationnormally due to syntax problemExample: Misplaced else.

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Declaration syntaxerror

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Undefined symbol‘_main’ in module.

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Statement missingin function main()Program Development EnvironmentCommon Programming ErrorsLogic Error2Error occurred due to inappropriate output.Programming mistake.

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Not detected duringcompilation.Program Development EnvironmentCommon Programming ErrorsWhich ONE?number pin or pin number?

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Program Development EnvironmentCommonProgramming ErrorsRun-time Error3Error occurred due to wrong user input.

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User’s mistake.

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System would eitherdisplay alert message or hang.Program Development EnvironmentC Basic StructureProgram block components:Preprocessor directiveProgram bodyMain functionIdentifiers/VariableC statementsCommentC preprocessor directivemain function{ //Identifiers/Variables //C statements}

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Program Development EnvironmentPreprocessorDirectiveUtility program which link files from compiler library to the program code.Must be included in the first line of a computer program.

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Must be startedwith the symbol #, otherwise syntax errors will be occurred.Two types of common preprocessor directive:#include and#define.

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Program Development EnvironmentPreprocessorDirectiveFormat: #include <header file> or #include “user defined files”Example#include <stdio.h>#include <conio.h>#include “jam.h”

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Program Development EnvironmentPreprocessorDirectiveExample:Called from standard library#include <stdio.h>A directive to the C preprocessor

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Lines beginning with# are processed by the preprocessor before the program is compiled.The above code line tells the preprocessor to include the contents of stdio.h ( standard input/output header)

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Program Development EnvironmentConsistsof built-in functionsStandard LibraryFunctions contains standard instructions

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Function will becalled and linked to program via header file

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Program Development EnvironmentContain functions defined by programmer.User-definedLibrary Developed by expert programmers.List of header file and its function

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Program Development EnvironmentPreprocessorDirectiveFormat: #define “file name” or #define constant_nameconstant_valueExample#define MAX 100

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Program Development EnvironmentProgrambodyThe part in which the program code will be started to execute.Consists of main function, C statements and identifiers.

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Use { tostart the program code and } to end the program code.Format : main function { //identifiers //C statements }

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Basic Syntax ofProgrammingMain Functionvoid main( ){ …………..}Main functionint main( ){ return 0;}main( ){ return 0;}

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Program Development EnvironmentWritethe most basic structures of C programming.#include <stdio.h>void main(){}

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Program Development EnvironmentCStatementInstructions to be executed by computers

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Every statements mustbe ended with semicolonDeclarationstatementFunctionstatementTypesControl statementInput/Output statementCompound statement

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Program Development EnvironmentCommentStatementin program code that will be ignored by compiler

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Differs in termsof colour : greyTo increaseprogram readabilityTo documenta programFunctionAs a futurereferencesTo provide additionalinformation

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Program Development EnvironmentUsingreferences from any C book, find and studythe following concepts (definition and examples): Reserved Word Variable Constant

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Program Development EnvironmentReservedWordStandard/special word in standard library

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Contain special meaningunderstood by compilerRulesCase –sensitiveMust be written insmall caseCannot be used as identifieror variables

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Program Development EnvironmentReservedWordExample:intThe acronym for integervoidRefer to the function that will not return any valuecase default switch breakfor continue float doublereturn while if do int

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Program Development EnvironmentIdentifierRepresentingparticular name in programming

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Store values tobe used in programming

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Refers to thestorage in computerTypeStandard identifierUser-definedidentifier

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Program Development EnvironmentIdentifierSpecialbuilt-in words

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Referred asfunction name which will called from C libraryStandardidentifierprintf() scanf()puts() gets()

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Program Development EnvironmentIdentifierNamegiven to the declaration of data to be used in program Refer to the storage name

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Store data values/result/outputUser-definedidentifierTypeConstantVariable

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Program Development EnvironmentIdentifierUser-definedidentifierRULESIdentifiers name can only consists of name, number and underscore

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Identifiers name cannotbe started with numbers

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Symbol cannot beused in identifier name

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Cannot contains spacesbetween two identifiers name

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Identifiers name shouldbe unique

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Identifiers is notcase sensitiveBasic Syntax of ProgrammingExample:IdentifierValid identifiersUThM DIT1064 Seven_eleven integerWHY?WHY?Invalid identifiers8Century BIT 1033 Two*four ‘Sixsense’ voidWHY?WHY?WHY?

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Program Development EnvironmentIdentifierNamewhich used to store data value

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Refer to nameof one cell in computer storageContants value is fixedConstantHow to give name to a constant value?Follow identifiers rules

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Program Development Environment1Declarationformat:const data_type const_name = const_value;Data typeconst float pi = 3.142;Reserved wordConstant ValueConstant name

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Program Development Environment2Declarationformat:#define const_name const_value;Constant value#define pi 3.142;Reserved wordConstant name

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Program Development EnvironmentExampleof constant:#define minimum 0;#define MAX 100;const int counter = 100;const char alphabet = ‘J’;const float value = 4.5;

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Program Development EnvironmentIdentifierNamewhich used to store data/input valueRefer to the name of one cell in computer storageVariable’s value can be modified/changed during executionVariableDeclaration Format:data_type variable_name;

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Program Development EnvironmentDeclarationExampleDeclaration of a variable number of integer data type.int number;float weight;char alphabet;Declaration of a variable weight offloating point data type.Declaration of a variable alphabet of character data type.

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Program Development EnvironmentVariable/constantdeclaration example//Variable and constant declration#include <stdio.h>int number;float weight;void main(){ const float pi =3.142; int bilangan; float berat; char abjad; }Variable declarationConstant declarationVariable declaration

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Program Development EnvironmentVariableand constant declaration example://Variable and constant declaration#include <stdio.h>const float pi=3.142;void main(){ int bilangan, bil, bilang; float berat, kg; char A; }

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Program Development EnvironmentMethodto give/assign value to variableInitializationInteractiveInput/enter data through input devices Use input statement (scanf/gets)Assign value to variable during declaration.Assign value to variable.

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Useassign symbol, “=“Program Development EnvironmentExample:Assigning value to variables#include <stdio.h>void main(){ int number = 10; float weight; weight = 60.00; printf(“Enter the value of number :”); scanf(“%d”,&number); number = 50.00;}Initialize a variableInteractiveInitialize a variable

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Program Development EnvironmentDatatypesRepresents types of data can be stored in computer

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Types of datato be stored and used in programming should be informed to the compiler/system TypesIntegerCharacterFloatingpoint

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Program Development EnvironmentDatatypesRepresents any round number with +/- values.Divided into short and long integer.

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Reserved word for integer – int

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Valid until 5places of integer number.IntegerExample:age is used to represent the age of students between 18 and 25 years old. The declaration for thevariable is as follow:int age;

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Program Development EnvironmentDatatypesFloating numberRepresents any floating point numbers +/-

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Reserved word– double/floatExample:height is used to represent the student’s height between 150 cm and 180 cm. The declaration for thevariable is as follow:float height;

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Program Development EnvironmentDatatypesRepresents character data.

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Reserved word –charCharacterExample:gender is used to represent the gender of a student. The declaration for the variable is as follow:char gender;

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Program Development EnvironmentExercise:Determinewhether the following identifiers is valid or invalid. Give reason for invalid cases.1)Parit Raja 2) 20thCentury 3) int 4) INTEGER5) _BMW2003 6) Reservedword 7) BIT1033 8) markah_pelajar 9) jam*kredit 10) printf

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Program Development EnvironmentExercise:Writea suitable variable declaration for each of the following statement: i. Salary of an employee ii. Student’s mark for programming subject iii. ATM pin number iv. Phone number v. Price of one item vi. Bus seat number vii. Student name

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Program Development EnvironmentExercise:Basedon the following problem, determine the appropriate variables can be declared:Given the value of x is 10 and a is 12, find the result of the following equation:y = 2x + a - 6

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Program Development EnvironmentExercise: Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate variables can be declared:MrsLeeya needs to determine her students grade for programming subject based on the mark scored duringfinal examination. The ‘A’ grade will be given if the Mark scored is between 85 to 100. If a student has scored90 marks, what is the grade should MrsLeeyagive to the student?

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Program Development EnvironmentExercise:Basedon the following problem, determine the appropriate variables can be declared:A box has height, width and length. Calculate the volume of a box.

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Program Development EnvironmentExercise:Basedon the following problem, determine the appropriate variables can be declared:Uncle Degawan wants to buy 5 tins of paint from Cinda’s shop. The price of each tin of the paint is RM 15.60. Calculate the price which Uncle Degawanhaveto pay for all the tin of paints he bought.

Chap 2 structure of c programming dti2143

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