Phytophthora infestans is the cause of late blight disease in potato and is an economically important pathogen worldwide. Early disease detection is important to implement disease control measures. In this study a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor for detection of P. infestans sporangia is presented. The specificity of an existing mouse monoclonal antibody (phyt/G1470 mAb) against P. infestans was investigated in plate-trapped antigen ELISA and in subtractive inhibition ELISA. No or only limited cross-reactivity was observed against representatives having air-borne spores from Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes as well as Basidiomycetes. phyt/G1470 mAb was incorporated in a subtractive inhibition SPR assay, consisting of a pre-incubation of mAb and spora...

Abstract Recent progresses in clinical diagnostic analyses have demonstrated the decisive influence of host gut microbiota on the status of metabolic disorders. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota, in particular, are considered as a key biomarker, both of communication between gut microbiota and the host, and of impact on host metabolic homeostasis. Microbiota modulation and concomitant anti-obesity effects of probiotics have been reported by different researchers. However, the underlying modulatory functions of probiotics on gut microbiota towards host metabolic homeostasis are still not fully understood. In this study, the impact of Lactobacillus sakei CJLS03 (isolated from Korean kimchi) on obesity-related biomarkers was investigate...

A complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding rat Fcγ receptor II (FcγRII) was isolated from rat neutrophils and characterized. The cDNA encodes a type I transmembrane protein with 285 amino acids having an extracellular domain consisting of two immunoglobulinlike domains (179 amino acids), a transmembrane domain (26 amino acids), and a cytoplasmic domain (47 amino acids). The nucleotide sequences are identical to that of recently cloned FcγRII from rat mast cells. This protein was expressed on FcR-negative Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The characterization of cDNA-transfected CHO cells clearly indicated that the protein encoded by the cDNA clone binds guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2 complexes and unexpectedly binds monomeric rat IgG1, but not IgG2. Furthermore...

Abstract Activation of typsinogen and chymotrypsinogen was studied in pancreatic extracts from normal and aminonucleoside-treated rats with hypoproteinemia. Upon incubation of the pancreatic extracts, the usual 2–3 lag phase of the sigmoidal shaped activation curve was almost abolished in aminonucleoside-treated rats. The maximal activity of the two proteases obtained after complete activation was not affected. Evidence is presented that the early onset of autocatalytic appearance of tryptic or chymotryptic activity was due to the presence of preformed trypsin-like activity in the pancreatic extracts of aminonucleoside-treated rats. A short term treatment with aminonucleoside which did not lead to proteinuria and hypoproteinemia also resulted in an increas...

Common bean production is constrained by many fungal, viral, and bacterial pathogens. Thus, the identification of resistance (R) genes is an important focal point of common bean research. The main goal of our study was to identify resistance gene homologues (RGH) in the crop, using degenerate primers designed from conserved sequences in the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domains of R-genes from the model legume Medicago truncatula. Total DNA of the Andean common bean genotype G19833 was used for amplification of over 500 primer combinations. Sequencing of amplicons showed that 403 cloned fragments had uninterrupted open reading frames and were considered representative of functional RGH genes. The sequences were grouped at two levels of nucleotide identity (9...

Decarbonization of electrical power generation is an essential necessity in the reduction of carbon emissions, mitigating climate change and attaining sustainable development. Solar energy as a substitution for fossil fuel-based energy sources has the potential to aid in realizing this sustainable future. This research performs a geographic information systems (GIS)-based assessment of the solar energy potential in the Yangtze River Delta region (YRDR) of China using high-resolution solar radiation data combined with geographical, social, environmental and cultural constraints data. The solar energy potential is evaluated from the geographical and technical perspective, and the results reveal that the YRDR is endowed with rich solar energy resources, with th...

β-eudesmol, a natural sesquiterpenol present in a variety of Chinese herbs, is known to inhibit the proliferation of human tumor cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of the effect of β-eudesmol on human tumor cells are unknown. In the present study, we report the cytotoxic effect of β-eudesmol on the human leukemia HL60 cells and its molecular mechanisms. The cytotoxic effect of β-eudesmol on HL60 cells was associated with apoptosis, which was characterized by the presence of DNA fragmentation. β-eudesmol-induced apoptosis was accompanied by cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; downregulation of Bcl-2 expression; release of cytochrome c from mitochondria; and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Activati...

Purpose: Subacromial Pain Syndrome (SAPS) constitutes the most common diagnostic subgroup of shoulder problems, for which therapeutic exercise (TE) is considered as an effective treatment intervention. Existing evidence suggests that its efficacy may be augmented when is combined with manual therapy (MT).However, the evidence regarding the effectiveness of this combined therapeutic approach is inconclusive. A limitation of the existing systematic reviews is the heterogeneity of the included treatment interventions for SAPS. Evidence reports that the collective analysis of therapeutic interventions may lead to inaccurate estimation of treatment effect for particular treatments. Accordingly, it was considered appropriate to conduct a systematic review focusing...

Correlative microscopy, the integration of two or more microscopy techniques performed on the same sample, produces results that emphasize the strengths of each technique while offsetting their individual weaknesses. Light microscopy has historically been a central method in correlative microscopy due to its widespread availability, compatibility with hydrated and live biological samples, and excellent molecular specificity through fluorescence labeling. However, conventional light microscopy can only achieve a resolution of ∼300 nm, undercutting its advantages in correlations with higher-resolution methods. The rise of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) over the past decade has drastically improved the resolution of light microscopy to ∼10 nm, thus creat...

We apply a new method to study the problem of the residual entropies of the antiferromagnetic Ising systems, in the maximum critical field, situated on Sierpinski gasket (SG) type of fractal lattices. The SG fractal lattices comprise a family, so that each member is labelled by an integer b (2⪕b

ResumenEl objetivo del trabajo fue comprobar el poder de predicción de las diferentes estrategias de feed-back que el docente utilizaba sobre el apoyo a la autonomía percibido en el alumnado de educación física. Para ello, se empleó una muestra de 423 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria a los que se les pasaron las escalas de Apoyo a la Autonomía Percibido en Contextos de Ejercicio y el Cuestionario de las Percepciones del Feed-back del Docente-Revisado. Puesto que la escala de feedback de Koka y Hein (2005) no había sido validada al contexto español, se analizaron sus propiedades psicométricas, mostrando una adecuada validez y fiabilidad, siendo invariante por sexo. Los resultados mostraron que ofrecer al alumnado un feed-back positivo...

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is the most common complication of pregnancy and it is associated with maternal and fetal short- and long-term consequences. GDM modifies placental structure and function, but many of the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The aim of this study is to develop and compare two different methods, based respectively on gel-based and gel-free proteomics, in order to investigate the placental proteome in the absence or in the presence of GDM and to identify, through a comparative approach, possible changes in protein expression due to the GDM condition. Placenta homogenates obtained by pooling six control samples and six samples from GDM pregnant women were analyzed by two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrome...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe first stable functional silyl anions: (aminosilyl)lithiumsKohei Tamao, Atsushi Kawachi, and Yoshihiko ItoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 10, 3989–3990Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00036a064https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00036a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1472Altmetric-Citations114LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations...

The relationship of carpal morphology to ecology and habitat is under studied in carnivorans and more generally in mammals. Here, we use 3D-scanning techniques to assess the usefulness of a carpal bone, the scapholunar, in carnivorans to reflect ecology and habitat, and to reconstruct the ecology of five extinct carnivorans from two fossil sites: Rancho La Brea and Natural Trap Cave. We 3D-scanned scapholunars and measured articular surface areas and angles between articular facets using GeoMagic and Rhino 3D-software. We analyzed the difference in these metrics using multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis. Results show that the scapholunar reflects ecological signal, with clear groupings of cursorial carnivorans and grappling/c...

This work describes a predictive model for the harvest of olives destined for olive oil, using olive groves in the province of Seville (southern Spain). The study was carried out between 1987 and 1996, monitoring airborne olive pollen with a Cour trap, and using agronomic data (size of harvest expressed in kg/ha) and meteorological observations (rainfall before and after olive pollination, days of rainfall during harvesting, and maximum temperatures during pollination). The data were subjected to simple and multiple regression analysis. Eight equations were obtained, enabling the olive harvest to be forecast with a high degree of reliability: five equations for use at the beginning of July (the end of flowering, and six months before fruit picking), another ...

The prediction of crude oil prices has important research significance. The paper contributes to the literature of hybrid models for forecasting crude oil prices. We apply ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to decompose the residual term (RES), which contains complex information after variational mode decomposition (VMD), further combining with a kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) to construct the VMD-RES.-EEMD-PSO-KELM model. In order to verify the validity of the model, this paper conducts empirical analyses of Brent crude oil and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil. The empirical results show that the prediction model proposed in this paper improves the prediction accuracy of crude oil price...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPresamplins Factors in the Elemental Composition of Biological SystemsVenkatesh IyengarCite this: Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 4, 554A–559APublication Date (Print):April 1, 1982Publication History Published online29 May 2012Published inissue 1 April 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00241a720https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00241a720research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other art...

Hypoglycemia is the most important and common side effect of insulin therapy. It is also the rate limiting factor in safely achieving excellent glycemic control. A three-fold increased risk of severe hypoglycemia occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes with tight glucose control. This dictates a need to individualize therapy and glycemia goals to minimize this risk. Several ways to reduce hypoglycemia risk are recognized and discussed. They include frequent monitoring of blood sugars with home blood glucose tests and sometimes continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in order to identify hypoglycemia particularly in hypoglycemia unawareness. Considerations include prompt measured hypoglycemia treatment, attempts to reduce glycemic variability, balancing basal a...

Tangeretin and nobiletin are polymethoxyflavonoids that are contained in citrus fruits. Polymethoxyflavonoids are reported to have several biological functions including anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, or anti-diabetic effects. However, whether polymethoxyflavonoids directly affect glucose uptake in tissues is not well understood. In the current study, we investigated whether tangeretin and nobiletin affect glucose uptake in insulin target cells such as adipocytes. We observed that treatment with tangeretin or nobiletin significantly increased the uptake of [3H]-deoxyglucose in differentiated 3T3-F442A adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Data showed that phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase, Akt1/2, and the protein kinase A pathways were involved ...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstituted Sulfaquinoxalines. I. The Isolation and Synthesis of 3-Hydroxy-2-sulfanilamidoquinoxaline and of Related QuinoxalinesJ. R. Stevens, K. Pfister 3rd, and F. J. WolfCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 6, 1035–1039Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1946https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01210a038RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views224Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of...

Abstract It is traditional to consider that scientific research should be free. During the past, it has been affected by material and intellectual constraints; these constraints have evolved but exist still today. Because of the unity of the ocean, researchers, and especially oceanographers, claim a scientific immunity for their work. Because of the resources of the oceans, governments explicitly or implicitly consider freedom of scientific research as an application of the doctrine of economic liberalism, with its advantages and its disadvantages. Be that as it may, scientific research is absolutely necessary. To make compatible the demands of researchers and governments, freedom may become deontology. Researchers receive from authorities the largest rights...

Between 1975 and 1982, 38 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer attached to the carotid artery underwent surgical excision followed by iodine 125 vicryl suture implant in the neck. Most patients had neck masses that were greater than 6 cm and stage IV disease without clinically evident distant metastases. Twelve patients had received no previous therapy while 26 underwent an implant for recurrent disease. The local control rate in the implant volume was 79%. The local and regional control rate in all head and neck sites was 53%. The mean survival was 11 months. The overall complication rate was 26%. There was no significant correlation of local control or complications with the minimum total dose, volume implanted, individual 125I seed strength...

Purpose of review For a number of years, it has been possible to use dynamic real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyse the dynamic processes which occur in the human body. In the fields of laryngology and phoniatrics, such dynamic processes are found not only in swallowing, but also in voice and speech production. This article aims to present an overview of how the use of MRI might add to our current understanding of the dynamic processes involved in voice production. Recent findings It is shown that up to now the analysis of vocal fold oscillations has been limited by MRI's relatively low sampling rate of up to 50 Hz. Nevertheless, more detailed analysis does seem possible with regard to the modulation of the power source and vocal tract. Summar...

Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes with carbazole-derived ionophores were prepared. They were characterized as acetate sensors, but can be used to determine a number of carboxylates. The potentiometric response characteristics (slope, detection limit, selectivity, and pH sensitivity) of sensors prepared with different membrane compositions (ionophore, ionophore concentration, anion exchanger concentration, and plasticizer) were evaluated. The results show that for the macrocyclic ionophores, a larger cavity provided better selectivity. The sensors exhibited modest selectivity for acetate but good selectivity for benzoate. The carbazole-derived ionophores effectively decreased the interference from lipophilic anions, such as bromide, nitrate, iodide, and ...

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 130, Issue 1 p. 213-224 ArticleFree Access The two routes for excitation of muscle and their subservience to the cerebellum Ragnar Granit, Ragnar GranitSearch for more papers by this authorB. Holmgren, B. HolmgrenSearch for more papers by this authorP. A. Merton, P. A. MertonSearch for more papers by this author Ragnar Granit, Ragnar GranitSearch for more papers by this authorB. Holmgren, B. HolmgrenSearch for more papers by this authorP. A. Merton, P. A. MertonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 October 1955 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005404Citations: 102AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text a...

In this paper, we try to answer the following question: given a modular tensor category ? with an action of a compact group G, is it possible to describe in a suitable sense the “quotient” category ?/G? We give a full answer in the case when ?=?ℯ? is the category of vector spaces; in this case, ?ℯ?/G turns out to be the category of representation of Drinfeld's double D(G). This should be considered as the category theory analog of the topological identity {pt}/G=BG. This implies a conjecture of Dijkgraaf, Vafa, E. Verlinde and H. Verlinde regarding so-called orbifold conformal field theories: if ? is a vertex operator algebra which has a unique irreducible module, ? itself, and G is a compact group of automorphisms of ?, and some not too restrictive ...

A study claiming a rise in metastatic prostate cancer has been questioned, and the American Cancer Society posted a response after calls from journalists.1 2 The study, led by Edward Schaeffer, professor of urology at Northwestern University in Chicago, examined the records of 767 550 men with prostate cancer diagnosed from 2004 to 2013. They found that cases of metastatic disease increased from 1685 in 2004 to 2890 in 2013. Publication of the study was preceded by a press release from Northwestern University,3 headed, “Metastatic prostate cancer cases skyrocket: increase may be due to more lax screening or more aggressive disease.” The news release cited a 72% rise in metastatic disease and quoted Schaeffer as saying that the increase was “probably�...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereodynamics of enantiomerization in bis(diisopropylamino)aminoboranesKay K. Curry and John W. GiljeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 5, 1442–1449Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1978https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00473a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and update...

Influenza is diagnosed by culturing influenza virus in respiratory secretions.1 Although childhood infection with respiratory syncytial virus is detected by culturing nasopharyngeal aspirates, in adults with influenza throat swabs are generally taken. This report compares culture of nasopharyngeal aspirates with culture of throat swabs and rapid culture methods with standard methods in detecting influenza virus. Between November 1995 and January 1996, 41 patients were admitted to the Infectious Disease Unit at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, with symptoms and signs consistent with influenza. Thirty nine of these patients gave their informed consent to undergo nasopharyngeal aspiration in addition to routine investigations. The procedure was perfor...

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of a computer-generated patient-held medical record summary (CHR) and/or a written personal health record (PHR) on patients' attitudes, knowledge and behaviour concerning health promotion.It was conducted in five general practices in Oxfordshire. Patients aged 25-65 years in each practice were randomly assigned to receive either a CHR plus PHR, CHR only, PHR only, or no personal record. Patients were recruited by mail (one practice) or opportunistically by nurses (four practices). Health checks were carried out using the randomly assigned record, which the patient retained. Attitudes to patient-held records, and pre- and post-intervention knowledge and behaviour concerning health promotion, were assessed using q...

Linalool (LN) is a monoterpene found in essential oils of plants and herbs that produces multiple effects on the mevalonate pathway and interesting antiproliferative activity in cancer cells. However, due to its poor aqueous solubility, an efficient vehicle is needed to improve its administration and bioavailability in physiological media. LN encapsulation in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) with different compositions was explored and in vitro tested in two cancer cell lines. SLN of myristyl myristate (MM), cetyl esters (SS) and cetyl palmitate (CP) were prepared by sonication in the presence of Pluronic®F68 as surfactant. Nanoparticle size, morphology and distribution were determined by dynamic light scattering in combination with optical and transmission ...

Catalytic conversion of hazardous gases can solve many of the environmental problems caused by them. We performed a density functional theory (DFT) study with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) functional to investigate the CO oxidation by using N2O as an oxidizing agent over an iron-embedded graphene (Fe-Graphene) catalyst. The N2O molecule was first decomposed on the Fe site yielding the N2 molecule and an Fe–O intermediate, which was an active species for the CO oxidation. The activation energy for the N2O decomposition step was predicted to be 8 kcal/mol. According to the population analysis, the graphene acted as both the electron withdrawing and donating support to assist the charge transfer between the Fe atom and the probe molecules, which are im...

Abstract The article discusses the relationships between the Ashaninka people from Peruvian Amazonia and the domesticated sedges ( Cyperus spp.) cultivated in almost every Ashaninka home garden, and mostly exchanged within family circles. An over-differentiation phenomenon is observed, in which four species of Cyperus correspond to 86 folk species. The names of folk species are formed by secondary lexemes, composed of a semantically active constituent and a generic suffix ( i ) benki . The names contain mnemonic cues to differentiate otherwise morphologically similar plants, and their meanings correspond to Ashaninka ontological categories, thus revealing many levels of connectivity between them and non-humans. The wide scope of specific uses (approx. 60 reg...

Nitrogenase catalyzes the multielectron reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia. Electron transfer in the catalytic protein (MoFeP) proceeds through a unique [8Fe-7S] cluster (P-cluster) to the active site (FeMoco). In the reduced, all-ferrous (PN) state, the P-cluster is coordinated by six cysteine residues. Upon two-electron oxidation to the P2+ state, the P-cluster undergoes conformational changes in which a highly conserved oxygen-based residue (a Ser or a Tyr) and a backbone amide additionally ligate the cluster. Previous studies of Azotobacter vinelandii (Av) MoFeP revealed that when the oxygen-based residue, βSer188, was mutated to a noncoordinating residue, Ala, the P-cluster became redox-labile and reversibly lost two of its eight Fe centers. Surprising...

article i nfo Increased attention has been given to treatment of negative symptoms and its potential impact on functional outcomes, however previous inferences have been confounded by the fact that measures of functional out- comes often use items similar to those of negative symptoms. We attempted to discern the relative effects of negative symptoms on functioning, as compared to other symptoms, using data from the National Institute of Mental Health CATIE trial of chronic schizophrenia (n=1447) by examining correlations of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale factors, Calgary Depression Rating Scale and select items from Heinrich's and Lehman's Quality of Life Scales measuring aspects of functioning that did not overlap with negative symp- toms. Baseline f...

Linalool is a monoterpene alcohol which occurs naturally in several aromatic plants. The aims of this study are to load Linalool on gold nanoparticles, conjugate the complex with CALNN peptide, and investigate them for in-vitro anticancer activities against breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. Linalool was obtained with 98% purity while gold nanoparticles and CALNN peptide were chemically synthesized. The formation of LIN-GNPs and LIN-GNPs-CALNN was observed through a color change. These compounds were confirmed and characterized using SEM, DLS, AFM, UV-VIS spectrophotometer, XRD, and FTIR. The free radical scavenging potential of each compound was confirmed based on its stable antioxidant effects using different parameters. Blood compatibility on red blood cell...

Linalool, a natural compound that exists in the essential oils of several aromatic plants species, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of linalool on cigarette smoke (CS)-induced acute lung inflammation have not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of linalool on CS-induced acute lung inflammation in mice. Linalool was given i.p. to mice 2 h before CS exposure daily for five consecutive days. The numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. The production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8 and MCP-1 were detected by ELISA. The expression of NF-κB was detected by Western blotting. Our results showed that treatment of linalool significantly ...

Antigen-specific antibodies are well characterized after vaccination with pandemic H1N1 or seasonal influenza vaccines. However, knowledge on cellular immunity toward pandemic H1N1 after vaccination and infection and cross-reactivities toward seasonal antigens is limited. Nineteen individuals were vaccinated with the pandemic H1N1 vaccine. Among those, ten had been prevaccinated against seasonal influenza. CD4+ T cells specific for pandemic H1N1 and for seasonal vaccine, and antibodies were monitored using flow cytometry and ELISA/neutralization assays, respectively. In addition, seven patients with acute pandemic influenza infection were analyzed. Pandemic H1N1 vaccination induced a strong 4.63-fold (IQR 4.16) increase in antigen-specific CD4+ T cells that ...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Mechanism of the Catalytic Conversion of Para-hydrogen on Nickel, Platinum and PalladiumA. Farkas and L. FarkasCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 7, 1594–1599Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1942https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01259a030RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views107Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref...

In discussions on exchange, money is often seen as a medium of exchange and a universal equivalent in the circulation of commodities, as well as an object in gift exchange. Yet, in the case of the management of copra that we researched on the island of Seram, money becomes a factor in shaping a dynamic of gift continuity and transformation in the realm of the copra economy (in this context of masohi custom). It is money that promotes both the use and erosion of masohi custom. Masohi is a tradition of community work on the island of Seram and is based on non-capitalist social relations and the principal of reciprocal exchange. This article seeks to describe how money,originally a capitalist medium, serves to simultaneously preserve and transform masohi custom...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of nickelocene with diazoalkanesHelmut Werner and John H. RichardsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 18, 4976–4982Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01020a035RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views334Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more infor...

The metal acetylacetonates of vanadium, cobalt and chromium were prepared from commercial reagents. The corresponding metal acetylacetonates were mixed in desired ratio and deposited on soda lime glass substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition technique. Mixed oxides thin films with atomic composition Co 0.31 V 1.37 O 5 and Cr 0.5 V 2 O 5 were obtained. A combination of Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence was used for the transition element identification and atomic compositional study of the thin films. The thickness of the Co–V–O and Cr–V–O thin films was 166 and 127 nm, respectively. The optical spectra of the films were obtained using a Pye Unicam SP8-400 spectrophotometer in the ultraviolet/...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE ANTINEURITIC VITAMIN BE. F. Chase and H. C. ShermanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1931, 53, 9, 3506–3510Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1931Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1931https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01360a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01360a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views38Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations a...

To identify proteins that bind to the Ras-related protein R-ras we performed a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library screen. Several clones were obtained encoding the C-terminal region of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral (RalGDS). The R-ras-binding domain of RalGDS (RalGDS-RBD) is distinct from the conserved catalytic exchange factor regions. Using the two-hybrid system, we show that RalGDS-RBD interacts with H-ras, K-ras, and Rap, and with active but not with inactive point mutants of these Ras-like GTPases. Moreover, using purified proteins, we demonstrate the direct GTP-dependent interaction of the Ras-like GTPases with RalGDS-RBD and full-length RalGDS in vitro. Furthermore, we show that RalGDS-RBD and the Ras-binding domain of Raf-1 compet...

Abstract Dry eye disease is a highly prevalent condition, which can substantially impair quality of life, work productivity, and vision. It is considered an inflammatory disease and the most common cause is meibomian gland dysfunction. Despite many treatment alternatives being available, including artificial tears, warm compresses, antibiotics, and anti‐inflammatory therapy, lasting treatment effects are rare. Over the last two decades, intense pulsed light therapy, after being well established in dermatology, has been gradually introduced to the field of ophthalmology to treat meibomian gland dysfunction. The purpose of the current article is to critically review the clinical studies assessing the use of intense pulsed light to treat meibomian gland dysfu...

Using UV, CD, and NMR, we demonstrate that the important bacterial signaling molecule involved in biofilm formation, cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), exists as a mixture of five different but related structures in an equilibrium that is sensitive both to its concentration and to the metal present. At the lower concentrations used for UV and CD work (0.05-0.5 mM), Li(+), Na(+), Cs(+), and Mg(2+) favor a bimolecular self-intercalated structure, while K(+), Rb(+), and NH(4)(+) favor formation of one or more guanine quartet complexes as well. At the higher NMR concentrations ( approximately 30 mM), the bimolecular structures associate and rearrange to a mixture of all-syn and all-anti tetramolecular and octamolecular quartet complexes. With K(+) the ...

International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 119, Issue S3 p. S718-S719 Poster presentations W043 AIDS WHO STAGE IV CO-INFECTION HIV/HTLV IN PREGNANCY E. Macovela, E. MacovelaSearch for more papers by this authorN.B. Osman, N.B. OsmanSearch for more papers by this author E. Macovela, E. MacovelaSearch for more papers by this authorN.B. Osman, N.B. OsmanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 October 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(12)61769-XAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online...

Vascular permeability is a vital function of the circulatory system that is regulated in large part by the limited flux of solutes, water, and cells through the endothelial cell layer. One major pathway through this barrier is via the inter-endothelial junction, which is driven by the regulation of cadherin-based adhesions. The endothelium also forms attachments with surrounding proteins and cells via 2 classes of adhesion molecules, the integrins and IgCAMs. Integrins and IgCAMs propagate activation of multiple downstream signals that potentially impact cadherin adhesion. Here we discuss the known contributions of integrin and IgCAM signaling to the regulation of cadherin adhesion stability, endothelial barrier function, and vascular permeability. Emphasis ...

Superfusion of Purkinje fibers in the canine right bundle branch with Tyrode solution containing veratrine, less than or equal to 1 mug/ml, prolonged repolarization phases 2 and 3 and induced a long-lasting negative after-potential that ended in some experiments with a slightly hyperpolarized resting transmembrane potential. The alterations in repolarization time were reversed by washout with veratrine-free Tyrode solution or by adding tetrodotoxin to the veratrine-containing Tyrode solution to a concentration of 0.1 and 1 mug/ml. The effect of veratrine on the repolarization time was more prominent at slower driving rates. Its effect on repolarization of ventricular muscle cells was smaller than that on the repolarization of Purkinje fibers. In the concentr...

Background The National Service Framework for Heart Disease sets national standards and defines service models for coronary heart disease (CHD). Little is known about the impact of this intervention on age inequalities. Aim To determine the changes in the uptake of coronary prevention measures before and after the first year of implementation of the National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease, and to compare these changes in uptake of coronary prevention in patients aged 75 years and over with younger patients. Design of study Repeated cross-sectional survey using routinely collected data. Setting Seventeen general practices in 17 primary care groups in the Trent Region. Method All registered patients at...

To clarify the therapeutic effects of 6R-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (6R-BH(4)) on the abnormal behaviors induced by neonatal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 100 microg; i.c.v.) treatment in immature rats, 6R-BH(4) (10-40 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally from 22nd to 28th days or only once on the 28th day. The locomotion activities decreased dramatically in 5,7-DHT-treated rats (p

There is substantial evidence that schizophrenics have deficits in face processing. We hypothesised that this difficulty is due to abnormalities in the visual scanning of faces. The specificity of these abnormalities to recognisable faces, the effect of task difficulty and their relationships to three primary symptom dimensions were examined. An infrared corneal reflection technique was used to record the visual scanpaths of 63 schizophrenics and 60 non-psychiatric controls while viewing non-degraded (‘recognisable’) and degraded (‘not recognisable’) faces. In the concurrent recognition task, subjects were asked to select the previously viewed face from among seven (exposure 1) or three (exposure 2) options. Both groups were unable to accurately reco...

Neurodegenerative processes are often accompanied by disruption of cholinergic systems; therefore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (AChEIs) may have therapeutic potential in some neurological conditions. We evaluated the effects of administration of donepezil, a widely used AChEI, in the cerebellum in a murine model of Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC). The NPC mice developed Purkinje cell loss at the age of 8 weeks; 4-week-old NPC mice given donepezil led to improvement of Purkinje cell survival that was associated with improvement of motor dysfunction in the mice. Because abnormal accumulation of cholesterol caused by impaired lipid homeostasis is the principal pathogenetic mechanism underlying NPC, we investigated the effects of donepezil on choles...

Proteomics analysis of biological samples has the potential to identify novel protein expression patterns and/or changes in protein expression patterns in different developmental or disease states. An important component of successful proteomics research, at least in its present form, is to reduce the complexity of the sample if it is derived from cells or tissues. One method to simplify complex tissues is to focus on a specific, highly purified sub-proteome. Using this approach we have developed methods to prepare highly enriched fractions of the apical plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast. Through proteomics analysis of this fraction we have identified over five hundred proteins several of which were previously not known to reside in the syncytiotrop...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew synthesis of ketones using 1-(alkylthio)vinyllithiumKoichiro. Oshima, Katsuichi. Shimoji, Hiroshi. Takahashi, Hisashi. Yamamoto, and Hitosi. NozakiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 8, 2694–2695Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00789a053RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views413Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citin...

The complex singlet potential energy surface of the CHClN 2 O system is investigated at the QCISD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level to explore the possible reaction mechanism of 1 CHCl radical with N 2 O. Thirty minimum isomers and 56 transition states are located. In various possible initial association ways, the end-N attack leading to HClCNNO a 1 is the most feasible pathway with the barrier of 8.9 kcal/mol. Starting from a 1 , the most feasible pathway is the direct cleavage of N-N bond leading to P 1 HClCN + NO or to undergo a concerted Cl-shift and N-N bond cleavage to form P 2 HCN + ClNO, both of which have a comparable contribution. In addition, a 1 can isomerizate to HClCNNO a 2 (a 3 ) followed by the rupture of N-N bond to form P 1 . Furthermo...

Many observational studies suggest hormone therapy protects against coronary heart disease in contrast to findings from large randomised clinical trials and an observational Danish study. A potential bias in the observational literature concerning the cardiovascular risk and benefits associated with use of hormone therapy is the so-called 'healthy user' phenomenon, i.e. self-selection to HT use is associated with healthier cardiovascular risk profile. This study investigates whether a random sample of Danish women using HT was characterised by a favourable cardiovascular risk profile prior to menopause.A sample of 621 women born in 1936 living in Copenhagen County was included in a prospective population-based study initiated in 1976 with follow-ups in 1981,...

Summary The influence of different dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) values ranging from 5 to 35% of saturation on the production of cocoa butter equivalents and gamma-linolenic acid by Mucor circinelloides f. circinelloides CBS 108.16 was investigated in nitrogen limited, fed-batch, pH-stat cultures with acetic acid as carbon source. DOT values of 8% and 10% were optimal for crude oil and neutral lipid production. The lipid composition at low and high DOT values differed extensively. The content of gamma-linolenic acid gradually decreased from 12.4% to approximately 4.6% of the neutral lipid fraction when the DOT was decreased from 35% to 5%. The stearic acid (18: 0) content increased from 15.6% of the neutral lipid fatty acids at a DOT of 35% to approximately...

Sustained inflammatory reactions are common pathological events associated with neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Reported evidence suggests that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key player of neuroinflammation in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms by which TLR4 mediates neurotoxic signals remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of TLR4 in in vitro and in vivosettings of motor neuron degeneration. Using primary cultures from mouse spinal cords, we characterized both the proinflammatory and neurotoxic effects of TLR4 activation with lipopolysaccharide (activation of microglial cells, release of proinflammatory cytokines and motor neuron death) and the protective effects of a cyanobacteriaderived TLR4 antagonist (VB...

Southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is a major problem in vegetable production in China due to the expansion of plastic tunnel and solar greenhouse. Using resistant cultivars is an effective approach to control the disease. Nine genes, Mi-1 to Mi-9, have been reported and only Mi-1 has been successfully used in tomato breeding. However, Mi-1 is inactive at a temperature above 28°C. In order to identify sources for heat-stable resistance to southern root-knot nematode, 53 genotypes of tomato (Solanum spp.) were inoculated with an isolate of M. incognita in the growth chamber at 28 or 32°C for initial screening. 28 lines had less than 25 galls and were considered as resistant candidates. The top 60% (16 in total) of resistant candidates obtai...

Combined exposure to both noise and aromatic solvents such as styrene is common in many industries. In order to study the combined effects of simultaneous exposure to both noise and styrene on hearing, male adult Long-Evans rats were exposed either to 750 ppm styrene alone, to a 97 dB SPL octave band of noise centered at 8 kHz, or to a combination of noise and styrene. The exposure duration was 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 4 consecutive weeks. Auditory function was tested over a frequency range from 2 to 32 kHz by recording near field potentials from the inferior colliculus, whereas histopathological analyses of the cochleae were performed with conventional morphometric approaches. Whereas both noise and styrene each caused permanent threshold shifts, the mecha...

A widely adopted strategy to enhance the electronic conductivity of lithium transition metal phosphates is to form a phosphate/C composite by introducing reagents (carbon sources) that can transform to carbon during calcination. In the present work, a systematic study combining X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrochemical measurements was conducted to investigate how the electrostatic interaction between the functional groups (carboxyl, hydroxyl, etc.) of a carbon source and the building units of Li3V2(PO4)3 (Li+, VO2+, PO43–, etc.) in the original precursor affects the structure of a Li3V2(PO4)3–carbon interface in the final composite. It wa...

The first use of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-transduced, lethally irradiated, autologous melanoma cells as a therapeutic vaccine in a patient with rapidly progressive, widely disseminated malignant melanoma resulted in the generation of a novel antitumour immune response associated with partial, albeit temporary, clinical benefit. An initially negative reaction to non-transduced, autologous melanoma cells was converted to a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction of increasing magnitude following successive vaccinations. While intradermal vaccine sites showed prominent dendritic cell accrual, DTH sites revealed a striking influx of eosinophils in addition to activated/memory T lymphocytes and macrophages, recalling the histology of ...

TheoriaVolume 20, Issue 1-3 p. 1-22 La place de Berkeley dans la philosophie moderne1 PHILIPPE DEVAUX, PHILIPPE DEVAUX LiègeSearch for more papers by this author PHILIPPE DEVAUX, PHILIPPE DEVAUX LiègeSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1954 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-2567.1954.tb00384.x Le texte que Pon va lire reproduit une conference présentée au cours de la Commémoration du bicentenaire du Georges Berkeley, organisée dans l'Aula de l'Université de Bruxelles, en présence des autorités académiques et de son Excellence l'Ambassadeur de Grande-Bretagne, ainsi que du Professeur T. E. Jessop de University College, (Hull), Professeur d‘échange et hôte d'honneur belgo-britannique. Nous remercions Theoria d'avoir bien vou...

This review critically evaluates the latest trends in fuel cell development for portable and stationary fuel cell applications and their integration into the automotive industry. Fast start-up, high efficiency, no toxic emissions into the atmosphere and good modularity are the key advantages of fuel cell applications. Despite the merits associated with fuel cells, the high cost of the technology remains a key factor impeding its widespread commercialization. Therefore, this review presents detailed information into the best operating conditions that yield maximum fuel cell performance. The paper recommends future research geared towards robust fuel cell geometry designs, as this determines the cell losses, and material characterization of the various cell co...

Objective: To investigate the effect of a reduction in the number of good-quality embryos transferred in patients

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of Substitution Reactions of Complex Ions. IX. Contribution of Inductive Effects to the Rates of Acid and Base Hydrolysis of Cobalt(III) Complexes1,2Fred Basolo, John G. Bergmann, Robert E. Meeker, and Ralph G. PearsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 12, 2676–2678Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1956https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01593a005RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views187Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage lead...

Providing a good user experience on the ever-increasing number and variety of devices being used to browse the web is a difficult, yet critical, task. With responsive web design, front-end web developers design web pages so that they dynamically resize and rearrange content to best fit the dimensions of a device's screen. However, when making code modifications to a responsive page, developers can easily introduce regressions from the correct layout that have detrimental effects at unpredictable screen sizes. For instance, the source code change that a developer makes to improve the layout at one screen size may obscure a page's content at other sizes. Current approaches to testing are often insufficient because they rely on limited tools and error-prone man...

Blocking the migration of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the tumor microenvironment is a promising strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Treg accumulation in the leukemic hematopoietic microenvironment (LHME) has adverse impacts on patient outcomes. The mechanism and effective methods of disrupting Treg accumulation in the LHME have not been well established. Here, we studied the distribution and characteristics of Tregs in the LHME, investigated the effects of Treg ablation on leukemia progression, explored the mechanisms leading to Treg accumulation, and studied whether blocking Treg migration to the LHME delayed leukemia progression in MLL-AF9-induced mouse acute myeloid leukemia (AML) models using wildtype (WT) and Foxp3DTR/GFP mice. Increased accumulation of...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMultiple metal-carbon bonds. 27. Preparation of tungsten(VI) phenylimido alkyl and alkylidene complexesSteven F. Pedersen and Richard R. SchrockCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 26, 7483–7491Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1982https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00390a016RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views565Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citi...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMatrix isolation of tricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]non-3(7)-ene, a doubly pyramidazlized alkene predicted to have a nearly tetrahedral geometry at the olefinic carbonsJuliusz G. Radziszewski, Tyze Kuan Yin, George E. Renzoni, David A. Hrovat, Weston Thatcher Borden, and Josef MichlCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4, 1454–1456Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00057a032RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views104Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These ...

Radiotherapy is the art of using ionising radiation to destroy malignant tumours while minimising damage to normal tissue. This treatment can be highly effective. For instance, for early cancer of the larynx the cure rate is over 90%,1 and palliative radiotherapy can reduce or eliminate pain from bone metastases in 80% of patients.2 Although higher doses of radiation can produce better tumour control, the dosage that can be given is limited by the possibility of normal tissue damage. Ulceration, fistulas, severe fibrosis, and strictures may develop months or years after treatment, severely affecting the quality of life. The recent advances described in this paper focus on new techniques that produce the maximum ratio between tumour destruction and normal tis...

OBJECTIVE--To investigate whether residence before and after birth near 50 Hz high voltage installations increases a child9s risk of cancer and whether risk correlates with the strength of the magnetic field. DESIGN--A population based case-control study. SETTING--Denmark. SUBJECTS--1707 children under the age of 15 with leukaemia, tumour of the central nervous system, or malignant lymphoma diagnosed in 1968-86 and 4788 children taken from the central population register. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Proximity before and after birth to existing or former 50-400 kV electrical transmission connections and substations and associated historical electromagnetic fields calculated on the basis of current load on line, phase ordering of line, and distance from the dwellin...

We have estimated the contributions of mass concentrations of major aerosol species (sulfate, carbonaceous material, and sea salt) to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations from simultaneous measurements of aerosol number size distributions, impactor-derived mass size distributions of aerosol species, and CCN number concentrations (measured at 0.5% supersaturation). Our approach involves the derivation of number size distributions from the impactor data by numerical data inversion from which the mass contributions of sulfate, organic material and sea salt to CCN number concentrations are estimated. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by the results obtained at Point Reyes, California, where we compared the derived number size distribu...

Given F be a germ of codimension-one singular holomorphic foliation at the origin 0∈ C 3 . We assume that F can be desingularized by a certain sequence of punctual blow-ups producing only simple singularities (Definition 1). This case is studied in analogy with the case of Kleinian singularities of complex surfaces. It is proved that F is given by a simple poles closed meromorphic 1-form provided that, along the reduction process, the simple singularities exhibit a hyperbolic transverse type (Theorem 3). In the non-hyperbolic case, we prove the existence of a formal integrating factor if we interdict the existence of holomorphic first integrals for the transverse types (Theorem 4). The proof relies strongly on a result of Deligne regarding the fundamental ...

A sequential approach to experimentation allows the investigator to adjust the design according to data obtained from earlier stages, as well as prioritize design objectives at each stage of the study. In this paper, we develop a two-stage design strategy for model identification and parameter estimation when the relationship between the response and the predictor is known to belong to a class of polynomial models. This approach is an extension of Montepiedra and Yeh's (Comm. Statist. Simulations Comput. 27 (1997) 377) two-stage design when there are only two candidate models. The two-stage strategy is compared to robust uni-stage designs for the case when the model is known to be polynomial up to the third order (cubic model). A generalization of the concep...

Developing countries have been hardest hit by HIV but often cannot afford the expensive drugs or high tech health care used in Western countries. How can researchers and sponsors of trials investigating treatment and prevention of HIV in developing countries make sure they take proper account of local conditions? As the HIV epidemic continues to spread, clinical and prevention trials are needed in developing nations to learn how best to alleviate suffering. Such international trials, however, raise ethical concerns because of great disparities in wealth, power, and medical infrastructure and a history of exploitation. Several reports suggest broad ethical and policy guidelines for trials in developing countries (box 1).1–5 However, such guidelines may be t...

The apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele identifies a unique population that is at significant risk for developing Alzheimer disease (AD). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential ω-3 fatty acid that is critical to the formation of neuronal synapses and membrane fluidity. Observational studies have associated ω-3 intake, including DHA, with a reduced risk for incident AD. In contrast, randomized clinical trials of ω-3 fatty acids have yielded mixed and inconsistent results. Interactions among DHA, APOE genotype, and stage of AD pathologic changes may explain the mixed results of DHA supplementation reported in the literature.Although randomized clinical trials of ω-3 in symptomatic AD have had negative findings, several observational and clinical trials...

The physical properties of a backward diode, together with the parameters of a microwave mixer and low-level detector are briefly reviewed, indicating the choice of a bonded-contact structure and n-type germanium. The microwave performance of such a diode is discussed with particular emphasis on optimizing the diode for low-level detector and Doppler mixer applications. Results of r.f. performance at X-band frequencies are illustrated. These show that bonded backward diodes may be fabricated with improved detector and Doppler mixer characteristics compared with conventional point-contact microwave diodes. Further, the desirability to optimize their characteristics for a particular application is examined. Zero-bias tangential sensitivities of -62 dBm (1 Mc/s...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSOME PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF MONACETIN, MONOPROPIN AND MONO-NORMAL-BUTYRIN1H. A. Schuette and John T. HaleCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1930, 52, 5, 1978–1981Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1930Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1930https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01368a033RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views66Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated d...

This bibliography covers publications that appeared during 1999. It follows previous criteria, being divided into two broad areas: general literature in financial history in section 1, and specialised material in section 2. Section 2 is subdivided chronologically and, further, by geographical area (the complete classification scheme was published in Volume 1, Part 2, October 1994, pp. 157–60.) Where there are no entries for a particular section, the heading has been omitted. Abbreviations have been kept to a minimum, but standard abbreviations such as J . for Journal , Q . for Quarterly , or Rev . for Review/Revue , have been used throughout. Short titles are used for references to edited volumes within the section in which they are listed; elsewhere they ...

This research is focused on the study of the physical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of a newly identified natural stem fiber, Cyperus pangorei. The chemical composition of Cyperus pangorei fibers (CPF) such as cellulose, lignin, ash, moisture, and wax contents was evaluated. Besides these, the fiber density was determined and the apparent diameter was measured using an optical microscope. Further, tensile, thermal, XRD, and FT-IR studies were performed to evaluate the suitability of the fiber as a reinforcement. The surface topography of CPF was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Encouraging properties such as increased stiffness, fiber texture, and higher thermal stability suggest the suitability of CPF as reinforcement in po...

Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne disease that sometimes occurs in massive outbreaks around the world. This pathogen is tolerant of low-humidity conditions. We previously described a method for induction of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and subsequent resuscitation with 0.3 mM sodium pyruvate. Here, we report a new method for the induction of the VBNC state in Salmonella Enteritidis cells, one involving dehydration. Exposure of Salmonella Enteritidis cells to dehydration stress under poor nutritional conditions (0.9% [wt/vol] NaCl) and 10 to 20% relative humidity at room temperature decreased the presence of culturable population to 0.0067%, but respiratory and glucos...

The prevalence of acute renal allograft rejection has decreased substantially in past decades due to new and more specific immunosuppressive compounds but improvements in long-term graft function have not been achieved. There is a large need for new immunosuppressive agents that lack toxicity of current agents such as calcineurin inhibitors but show high synergistic efficiency in preventing rejection processes.This review summarizes data concerning the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy of the new PKC inhibitor sotrastaurin with a focus on renal transplantation. The article contains information that has been presented at international transplant meetings and congresses and that has been published between 2006 and 2010. Additionally, cur...

Predicting the frequency and aerial extent of flooding in river valleys is essential for infrastructure design, environmental management, and risk assessment. Conventional flood prediction relies on assumptions of stationary flood distributions and static channel geometries. However, nonstationary flow regimes are increasingly observed and changes in flow and/or sediment supply are known to alter the geometry and flood conveyance of alluvial channels. Systematic changes in flows and/or channel geometry may amplify or attenuate the frequency and/or extent of flood inundation in unexpected ways. We present a stochastic, reduced complexity model to investigate such dynamics. The model routes a series of annual peak discharges through a simplified reach-averaged...

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein that interacts with a diverse set of partners to act as a cellular signaling hub. Ubiquitin’s conformational flexibility has been postulated to underlie its multifaceted recognition. Here we use computational and library-based means to interrogate core mutations that modulate the conformational dynamics of human ubiquitin. These ubiquitin variants exhibit increased affinity for the USP14 deubiquitinase, with concomitantly reduced affinity for other deubiquitinases. Strikingly, the kinetics of conformational motion are dramatically slowed in these variants without a detectable change in either the ground state fold or excited state population. These variants can be ligated into substrate-linked chains in vi...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease, which is characterized by degradation of articular cartilage. Evidence indicated that miR-23b-3p was upregulated in cartilage tissues of a patient with OA. However, the mechanism by which miR-23b-3p regulates the occurrence and development of OA remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of miR-23b-3p in the progression of OA.In this study, qRT-PCR was used to measure the expression of miR-23b-3p in OA tissue samples and normal controls, respectively. Western blotting assay was performed to detect the levels of collagen II, aggrecan, Bax and active caspase 3 in CHON-001 cells. In addition, the dual-luciferase reporter system assay was used to detect the interaction between miR-23b-3p and COL...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular recognition. 8. Two-point hydrogen-bonding interaction: a remarkable chain-length selectivity in the binding of dicarboxylic acids with resorcinol-aldehyde cyclotetramer as a multidentate hostYasutaka Tanaka, Yasushi Kato, and Yasuhiro AoyamaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7, 2807–2808Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00163a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00163a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views440Altmetric-Citations86LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF a...

The silicon content of molten iron is a key index to reveal the thermal state in the blast furnace (BF). To improve the quality of molten iron, it is important to obtain silicon content online accurately. However, owing to the harsh environment in BF hearth, it is difficult to realize the online measurement of the silicon content of molten iron. To handle this problem, a novel soft sensoring method based on adaptive stacked polymorphic model is proposed. First, an adaptive uncertain fuzzy clustering algorithm (AUFC) is utilized to obtain the distribution characteristics and reduce the complexity of the process data, thereby the training samples are divided into several sub-classes. Second, the adaptive weight echo state network (AW-ESN) and time difference A...

Diffusing alpha-emitters radiation therapy (DART) is a new form of brachytherapy enabling the treatment of solid tumors with alpha radiation. The present study examines the antitumoral effects resulting from the release of alpha emitting radioisotopes into solid lung carcinoma (LL2, A427, and NCI-H520).An in vitro setup tested the dose-dependent killing of tumor cells exposed to alpha particles. In in vivo studies, radioactive wires (0.3 mm diameter, 5 mm long) with 224Ra activities in the range of 21-38 kBq were inserted into LL/2 tumors in C57BL/6 mice and into human-derived A427 or NCI-H520 tumors in athymic mice. The efficacy of the short-lived daughters of 224Ra to produce tumor growth retardation and prolong life was assessed, and the spread of radiois...