Unit 9 Session 2 (Click for link to problem statements)

• 💡 Difficulty: Easy
• ⏰ Time to complete: 20+ mins
• 🛠️ Topics: Tree, Breadth-First Search, Queue

Understand what the interviewer is asking for by using test cases and questions about the problem.

• Established a set (2-3) of test cases to verify their own solution later.
• Established a set (1-2) of edge cases to verify their solution handles complexities.
• Have fully understood the problem and have no clarifying questions.
• Have you verified any Time/Space Constraints for this problem?

• Can the tree be empty?

  • Yes, if the tree is empty, return an empty list.

• What should be returned if the tree has only one node?

  • Return a list with that single node's value.

HAPPY CASE 3 (root) / \ 9 20 / \ 15 7 Input: root Output: [3, 9, 20, 15, 7] Explanation: The level order traversal of the tree is [3, 9, 20, 15, 7]. 

EDGE CASE Input: None Output: [] Explanation: The tree is empty, so return an empty list. 

Match what this problem looks like to known categories of problems, e.g. Linked List or Dynamic Programming, and strategies or patterns in those categories.

For Tree problems, we want to consider the following approaches:

• Breadth-First Search (BFS): Useful for level order traversal.
• Queue: Used to manage the order of node exploration.

Plan the solution with appropriate visualizations and pseudocode.

General Idea: Use a BFS approach to traverse the tree level by level. Use a queue to keep track of nodes to be explored, and a list to store the values of the nodes in the order they are visited.

1) If the tree is empty, return an empty list. 2) Create an empty queue and an empty list to store the explored nodes. 3) Add the root to the queue. 4) While the queue is not empty: a) Pop the next node off the queue (from the left side). b) Add the popped node's value to the list of explored nodes. c) Add each of the popped node's children to the end of the queue. 5) Return the list of visited nodes. 

⚠️ Common Mistakes

• Forgetting to handle the case where the tree is empty.
• Not correctly managing the queue for BFS.

Implement the code to solve the algorithm.

from collections import deque class TreeNode: def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None): self.val = val self.left = left self.right = right def level_order(root): # if the tree is empty if root is None: # return an empty list return [] # create a new empty queue queue = deque() # create a list of nodes we have already explored visited = [] # append the root of the tree to the queue queue.append(root) # while there are still nodes to explore while queue: # pop next node off the queue current_node = queue.popleft() # add the root to list of visited nodes visited.append(current_node.val) # if the current node has a left child if current_node.left is not None: # add the left child to the queue queue.append(current_node.left) # if the current node has a right child if current_node.right is not None: # add the right child to the queue queue.append(current_node.right) # return the list of visited nodes return visited

Review the code by running specific example(s) and recording values (watchlist) of your code's variables along the way.

• Trace through your code with an input to check for the expected output
• Catch possible edge cases and off-by-one errors
• For a starting point, try checking your code against the Happy/Edge Case(s) above

Evaluate the performance of your algorithm and state any strong/weak or future potential work.

• O(N), where N is the number of nodes in the tree.
• This is because we need to visit each node exactly once.

• O(N), where N is the number of nodes in the tree.
• This is because the queue could hold up to N nodes in the worst case (when the tree is completely unbalanced)."