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![• Covered indexes • Example • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON has the answer mysql> explain format=json select count(*) from Country -> where Continent=’Africa’ and Population > 1000000G *************************** 1. row *************************** ... "used_columns": [ "Continent", "Population" ], ... When to use covered indexes? 7](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/explainjson-160426141343/75/Why-Use-EXPLAIN-FORMAT-JSON-12-2048.jpg)
![• Example queries • Candidate indexes • Index effectiveness mysql> explain format=json SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees -> WHERE first_name=’Steve’ and last_name like ’V%’ -> and hire_date > ’1990-01-01’G *************************** 1. row *************************** EXPLAIN: { ... "used_key_parts": [ "first_name", "last_name" ], Which part of index used? 8](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/explainjson-160426141343/75/Why-Use-EXPLAIN-FORMAT-JSON-16-2048.jpg)
Uploaded bySveta Smirnova
Why Use EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON?
The document discusses the benefits and features of using the 'EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON' command in MySQL for query optimization, including its structured view that provides detailed insights into query execution, such as filtering information and index usage. It highlights specific use cases, examples, and innovations introduced in MySQL version 5.6, as well as troubleshooting techniques involving temporary tables. The content also emphasizes how the JSON format offers machine-readable output that aids in understanding complex queries and performance metrics.
Why Use EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON?
- 1. EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON Why touse? April, 19, 2016 Sveta Smirnova
- 2. •The appearance •Innovations •Grouping andordering •Subqueries and unions •Troubleshooting sugar Table of Contents 2
- 3. • Has nicestructured view • Easily machine-readable • Allows MySQL Workbench draw nice graphs EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON was introduced in 5.6 3
- 4. • It hasmore information than regular EXPLAIN • Can replace OPTIMIZER TRACE for some cases Trendy? - Not only! 4
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- 6. • According touser manual • The percentage of rows that were actually needed, against the equal or bigger number of resolved rows. • Is this good or bad? What number of ”filtered” rows mean? 6
- 7. • According touser manual • Example query mysql> select * from Country where Name=’Russian Federation’G *************************** 1. row *************************** Code: RUS Name: Russian Federation Continent: Europe ... HeadOfState: Vladimir Putin Capital: 3580 Code2: RU 1 row in set (0.00 sec) What number of ”filtered” rows mean? 6
- 8. • According touser manual • Example query • Regular EXPLAIN mysql> explain select * from Country where Name=’Russian Federation’; +-----+------+----------+-------------+ | ... | rows | filtered | Extra | +-----+------+----------+-------------+ | ... | 239 | 10.00 | Using where | +-----+------+----------+-------------+ • What happened with rows? • Why they were filtered? What number of ”filtered” rows mean? 6
- 9. • According touser manual • Example query • Regular EXPLAIN • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON has the answer "table": { "table_name": "Country", "access_type": "ALL", "rows_examined_per_scan": 239, "rows_produced_per_join": 23, "filtered": "10.00", What number of ”filtered” rows mean? 6
- 10. • Covered indexes •Usually use more than one column • Contain all fields, necessary to resolve the query When to use covered indexes? 7
- 11. • Covered indexes •Example mysql> select count(*) from Country -> where Continent=’Africa’ and Population > 1000000; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 47 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0,00 sec) • Will the query use Primary Key? • Or * will look through all rows? When to use covered indexes? 7
- 12. • Covered indexes •Example • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON has the answer mysql> explain format=json select count(*) from Country -> where Continent=’Africa’ and Population > 1000000G *************************** 1. row *************************** ... "used_columns": [ "Continent", "Population" ], ... When to use covered indexes? 7
- 13. • Covered indexes •Example • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON has the answer • We only need Continent and Population columns for the index When to use covered indexes? 7
- 14. • Example queries SELECTfirst_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE first_name=’Steve’; ...first_name=’Steve’ and last_name like ’V%’; ...first_name=’Steve’ and last_name like ’V%’ and hire_date>’1990-01-01’; Which part of index used? 8
- 15. • Example queries •Candidate indexes CREATE INDEX comp1(first_name); CREATE INDEX comp2(first_name, last_name); CREATE INDEX comp3(first_name, last_name, hire_date); • Last one seem to fit all the queries Which part of index used? 8
- 16. • Example queries •Candidate indexes • Index effectiveness mysql> explain format=json SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees -> WHERE first_name=’Steve’ and last_name like ’V%’ -> and hire_date > ’1990-01-01’G *************************** 1. row *************************** EXPLAIN: { ... "used_key_parts": [ "first_name", "last_name" ], Which part of index used? 8
- 17. • Example queries •Candidate indexes • Index effectiveness • Column hire date is not used! • Most effective index would be on (first name, last name) Which part of index used? 8
- 18. • Use case •Table has two or more indexes • All can be used to resolve the query • But only one is chosen • Why? Why index chosen? 9
- 19. • Use case •Example • Table ‘titles‘ in ‘employees‘ database • The query: select distinct title from titles where year(from_date) > ’1990’; • Two indexes: PRIMARY KEY (‘emp no‘,‘title‘,‘from date‘) KEY ‘emp no‘ (‘emp no‘) Why index chosen? 9
- 20. • Use case •Example • Index emp no has been chosen mysql> explain select distinct title from titles -> where year(from_date) > ’1990’G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: titles partitions: NULL type: index possible_keys: PRIMARY,emp_no key: emp_no Why index chosen? 9
- 21. • Use case •Example • Index emp no has been chosen • The reason • Cost statistics for emp no mysql> explain format=json select distinct title -> from titles where year(from_date) > ’1990’G ... "cost_info": { "query_cost": "89796.80" }, ... Why index chosen? 9
- 22. • Use case •Example • Index emp no has been chosen • The reason "duplicates_removal": { ... "cost_info": { "read_cost": "1252.00", "eval_cost": "88544.80", "prefix_cost": "89796.80", "data_read_per_join": "27M" }, Why index chosen? 9
- 23. • Use case •Example • Index emp no has been chosen • The reason • Cost statistics for PRIMARY KEY mysql> explain format=json select distinct title from titles -> force index(primary) where year(from_date) > ’1990’G ... "cost_info": { "query_cost": "531269.80" }, ... Why index chosen? 9
- 24. • Use case •Example • Index emp no has been chosen • The reason • Access by PRIMARY KEY is 531269.80 / 89796.80 = 6 times more expensive! Why index chosen? 9
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- 26. • Hierarchical structure "grouping_operation":{ "using_filesort": false, "table": { ... How GROUP BY proceed 11
- 27. • Hierarchical structure •Allows to distinguish operations "grouping_operation": { "using_temporary_table": true, "using_filesort": true, "cost_info": { "sort_cost": "26.41" }, "nested_loop": [ { ... How GROUP BY proceed 11
- 28. • Hierarchical structure •Allows to distinguish operations • Separate member for DISTINCT "duplicates_removal": { "using_temporary_table": true, "using_filesort": false, "grouping_operation": { "using_temporary_table": true, "using_filesort": true, ... How GROUP BY proceed 11
- 29. • Clearly showswhich job required • Is temporary table for ORDER BY? mysql> explain select distinct last_name -> from employees order by last_name ascG *************************** 1. row *************************** ... type: ALL ... rows: 299379 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using temporary; Using filesort 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) Ordering operations 12
- 30. • Clearly showswhich job required • Is temporary table for ORDER BY? • Lets check what really happened: mysql> explain format=json select distinct last_name -> from employees order by last_name ascG ... "ordering_operation": { "using_filesort": false, - No temporary table here! "duplicates_removal": { "using_temporary_table": true, "using_filesort": true, ... Ordering operations 12
- 31. • Clearly showswhich job required • Is temporary table for ORDER BY? • Lets check what really happened: • Confirmation mysql> explain format=json select last_name -> from employees order by last_name ascG ... "ordering_operation": { "using_filesort": true, "cost_info": { "sort_cost": "299379.00" ... Ordering operations 12
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- 33. • attached subqueries •Subqueries which are not converted to JOIN mysql> explain format=json select emp_no from salaries -> where salary > (select avg(salary) from salaries)G *************************** 1. row *************************** ... "attached_subqueries": [ { "dependent": false, "cacheable": true, "query_block": { "select_id": 2, ... Everything about subqueries 14
- 34. • attached subqueries •optimized away subqueries • Subqueries that were executed only once and were replaced by their result. mysql> explain format=json select emp_no, salary from salaries -> order by (select max(salary) from salaries)G ... "optimized_away_subqueries": [ { "dependent": false, "cacheable": true, ... Everything about subqueries 14
- 35. • attached subqueries •optimized away subqueries • Compare with regular EXPLAIN mysql> explain select emp_no, salary from salaries -> order by (select max(salary) from salaries)G ... *************************** 2. row *************************** id: 2 | key: NULL select_type: SUBQUERY | key_len: NULL table: salaries | ref: NULL partitions: NULL | rows: 2838525 type: ALL | filtered: 100.00 possible_keys: NULL | Extra: NULL Everything about subqueries 14
- 36. • attached subqueries •optimized away subqueries • materialized from subquery • Materialized subquery mysql> explain format=json select dept_name from departments where -> dept_no in (select dept_no from dept_manager -> where to_date is not null)G ... "table": { | "materialized_from_subquery": { "table_name": "<subquery2>",| "using_temporary_table": true, "access_type": "eq_ref", | "query_block": { ... Everything about subqueries 14
- 37. • order bysubqueries • group by subqueries • having subqueries • Dependent or not • Cacheable or not • If was optimized away • Information about nested subqueries Subqueries and GROUP/ORDER BY 15
- 38. • All membersin parent object union result • Each query exists in query specifications array mysql> explain format=json select Name from City -> union select Capital from CountryG *************************** 1. row *************************** EXPLAIN: { | "table": { "query_block": { | "table_name": "City", "union_result": { | ... ... | "table": { "query_specifications": [ | "table_name": "Country", { ... UNION details 16
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- 40. • The issue:temporary table • SQL BUFFER RESULT always uses it • But how to ensure if original query does not? mysql> explain select sql_buffer_result emp_no, salary/avg(salary) -> from salaries group by emp_no, salaryG *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 | key_len: NULL select_type: SIMPLE | ref: NULL table: salaries | rows: 2557022 partitions: NULL | filtered: 100.00 type: ALL | Extra: Using temporary; Using filesort possible_keys: NULL key: NULL SQL BUFFER RESULT is not hidden 18
- 41. • The issue:temporary table • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON distinguish buffer and original query mysql> explain format=json select sql_buffer_result emp_no, -> salary/avg(salary) from salaries group by emp_no, salaryG ... "grouping_operation": { "using_temporary_table": true, "using_filesort": true, ... "buffer_result": { "using_temporary_table": true, ... SQL BUFFER RESULT is not hidden 18
- 42. • Issue: complicatedqueries • Regular EXPLAIN lists tables in rows mysql> explain select * from employees join dept_manager using (emp_no) where emp_no in (select emp_no from (select ... *************************** 1. row *************************** table: <subquery2> *************************** 2. row *************************** table: dept_manager *************************** 3. row *************************** table: employees *************************** 4. row *************************** table: <derived3> ... nested loop and JOIN hierarchy 19
- 43. • Issue: complicatedqueries • Solution: hierarchical structure mysql> explain format=json select * from employees join dept_manager -> using (emp_no) where emp_no in (select emp_no... ... "nested_loop": [ { "table": { "table_name": "<subquery2>", ... "nested_loop": [ { "table": { "table_name": "titles", ... { "table": { "table_name": "dept_manager", ... nested loop and JOIN hierarchy 19
- 44. • Provides moredetails than regular EXPLAIN • However only necessary information for DBA • Elegant way to show it • Machine-readable • Trace details in easy-to-view format EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON is Cool! 20
- 45. • EXPLAIN inthe official user manual • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON is Cool! series More information 21
- 46. ??? Place for yourquestions 22
- 47.