SensorSensorSensorSensorSensorSensor.ppt

Sensor networks：an overview Tubaishat, M.; Madria, S.; IEEE Potentials , Volume: 22 Issue: 2 , April/May 2003

Introduction  Miniature sensor devices • low-cost • low-power • Multifunctional  A sensor network that can provide access to information anytime, anywhere by collecting, processing, analyzing and disseminating data.

Introduction （cont’）  Sensor networks promise to revolutionize sensing in a wide range of application domains. • reliability • accuracy • flexibility • Cost-effectiveness • ease of deployment

Introduction （cont’）  Sensor networks enable： • information gathering • information processing • reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications.

Introduction （cont’）  The architecture of the sensor node’s hardware consists of five components: • sensing hardware • Processor • memory • power supply • transceiver  These devices are easily deployed • no infrastructure and human control are needed

Introduction （cont’）  Each sensor node has • wireless communication capability • sufficient intelligence for signal processing and for disseminating the data  Communication in sensor networks is not typically end to end.  and wireless network  Energy is typically more limited in sensor networks.－difficulty in recharging

Introduction （cont’）  Bluetooth devices are unsuitable for sensor network applications • because of their energy requirements • and expected higher costs than sensor nodes  a denser infrastructure would lead to a more effective sensor network. • It can provide higher accuracy • and has a larger aggregate amount of energy available

Introduction （cont’）  if not properly managed, a denser network can intelligence for signal processing and also lead to a larger number of collisions and potentially to congestion in the network • increase latency • reduce energy efficiency

Examples of possible applications  Sensors are deployed to analyze remote locations • the motion of a tornado • fire detection in a forest  Sensors are attached to taxi cabs in a large metropolitan area to study the traffic conditions and plan routes effectively.  Wireless parking lot sensor networks that determine which spots are occupied and which spots are free.  Wireless surveillance sensor networks for providing security in a shopping mall, parking garage or at some other facility.  Military sensor networks to detect, locate or track enemy movements.  Sensor networks can increase alertness to potential terrorist threats.

Sensor network challenges  extending the lifetime of the sensor network  building an intelligent data collecting system  Sensor networks’ topology changes very frequently.  Sensors use a broadcast communication paradigm whereas most networks are based on point-to-point communications.  Sensors are very limited in power, computational capacities and memory;  Sensors are very prone to failures;  Sensors may not have global identification (ID) because of the large amount of overhead;  Sensors are densely deployed in large numbers. The problem can be viewed in terms of collision and congestion. To avoid collisions, sensors that are in the transmission range of each other should not transmit simultaneously.  Ad hoc deployment requires that the system identifies and copes with the resulting distribution and connectivity of nodes, and  Dynamic environmental conditions require the system to adapt over time to changing connectivity and system stimuli.

Requirements  Large number of sensors  Low energy use  Efficient use of the small memory  Data aggregation  Network self-organization  Collaborative signal processing  Querying ability

Potential advantages of sensor networks over MANET  MANET－Mobile Ad-hoc Networks  sensor nodes disadvantages • are prone to failures • may not have global identification (ID)

Potential advantages of sensor networks over MANET  sensor nodes advantages • Wireless sensor networks improve sensing accuracy by providing distributed processing of vast quantities of sensing information (e.g., seismic data, acoustic data, high-resolution images, etc.). When networked, sensors can aggregate such data to provide a rich, multi-dimensional view of the environment; • They can provide coverage of a very large area through the scattering of thousands of sensors; • Networked sensors can continue to function accurately in the face of failure of individual sensors. Thus, allowing greater fault tolerance through a high level of redundancy; • Wireless sensor networks can also improve remote access to sensor data by providing sink nodes that connect them to other networks, such as the Internet, using wide-area wireless links. • They can localize discrete phenomenon to save power consumption; • They can minimize human intervention and management; • They can work in hostile and unattended environments; and • They can dynamically react to changing network conditions.

How ad hoc sensor networks operate  An ad hoc sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes forming a temporary network without the aid of any central administration or support services. • i.e. there is no stationary infrastructure such as base station  Sensor nodes use wireless radio frequency (RF) transceivers as their network interface • they communicate with each other using multi-hop wireless links.  Each sensor node in the network also acts as a router, forwarding data packets for its neighbor nodes.

How ad hoc sensor networks operate  Ad hoc networks must deal with frequent changes in topology.  This is because sensor nodes are prone to failure and also new sensor nodes may join the network to compensate the failed nodes or to maximize the area of interest.  self-organizing sensor network and dynamic routing protocols that can efficiently find routes data.

How ad hoc sensor networks operate  work in a cluster • For the tiny sensors to coordinate among themselves to achieve a large sensing task in a less power consumption • Each cluster assigns a cluster head to manage its sensors. • advantages： • Clustering allows sensors to efficiently coordinate their local interactions in order to achieve global goals; • Scalability; • Improved robustness; • More efficient resource utilization; • Lower energy consumption; and • Robust link or node failures and network partitions

How ad hoc sensor networks operate

Data versus address-centric  The principle idea of sensor networks is to design very cheap and simple sensor nodes. • thousands of these disposable nodes are used without any burden • Giving a unique address for each node is costly especially

Data versus address-centric (cont’)  Data-centric applications focus on data generated by sensors. • So, instead of sending a query say to sensor #45, the query will be sent to say region #6 which is known from the Global Positioning System (GPS) device placed on the sensor nodes. • The idea of using GPS to easily locate sensors is very important when disseminating the data packet.

Aggregation  Some sensor nodes are assigned to aggregate data received from their neighbors.  Aggregator nodes can cache, process and filter the data to more eaningful information and resend to the sink nodes.

Dissemination  Problems • when intermediate nodes fail to forward incoming messages. • Routing protocol should find the shortest path. • Redundancy: a sensor may receive the same data packet more than once.  In sensor networks, two scenarios for data dissemination exist: • query driven • continuous update

Dissemination (cont’)  query driven • Used as a one-to-one relation • That is, the sink broadcasts a query and, in turn, receives from the sensor nodes one report in response to this query.  continuous update • a one-to-many relation • the sink node broadcasts a query • receives continuous updates for this query

Dissemination (cont’)  The continuously updated data dissemination scenario has a high rate of energy depletion.  but its data is more reliable and accurate than the query driven

Last point  The advantage of using these sensors is their ability to maintain connectivity in case of movement.  Sensor networks should maintain network connectivity even if some of their sensors are moved.

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