Intro to Adhoc Sensor Networks and Routing Protocols

ADHOC AND SENSORS NETWORKS – INTRODUCTION AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS: PRESENTED BY: Harjot Singh AP CSE,CEC

Introduction ❑Wireless Sensor Network? ❑ It’s a collection of devices “ sensor nodes” ❑ They are small, inexpensive, with constrained power ❑ They are organized in a cooperative network ❑ They communicate wirelessly in multi hop routing ❑ Heavily deployment ❑ Changing network topology 3

Introduction ❑Component and Schematic of Node ❑ Processor. ❑ Memory. ❑ RF Radio. ❑ Power Source. ❑ Sensor. ❑ GPS 4

Introduction ❑Goal of Wireless Sensor Network ❑ Collect data at regular intervals. ❑ Then transform data into an electrical signal. ❑ Finally, send the signals to the sink or the base nod. ❑Types of Wireless Sensor Network ❑ Temperature sensor. ❑ Light sensor. ❑ Sound sensor. ❑ Vibration Sensor. 5

Introduction ❑Communication pattern ❑Broadcast : Base station transmits message to all its immediate neighbors. ❑Converge cast : a group of sensors communicates to a specific sensor ❑Local gossip: a sensor node sends a message to its neighboring nodes within a range. 6

WSN Definition ❑A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed inside or very close to the phenomenon ❑random deployment ❑self-organizing capabilities ❑Each node of the sensor networks consist of three subsystem: ❑Sensor subsystem: senses the environment ❑Processing subsystem: performs local computations on the sensed data ❑Communication subsystem: responsible for message exchange with neighboring sensor nodes ❑The features of sensor nodes ❑Limited sensing region, processing power, energy 7

❑The advantage of sensor networks ❑Robust : a large number of sensors ❑Reliable : ❑Accurate : sensor networks covering a wider region ❑Fault-tolerant : many nodes are sensing the same event ❑Two important operations in a sensor networks ❑Datadissemination : the propagation of data/queries throughout the network ❑Data gathering : the collection individual sensor nodes to a sink ❑The different types of sensors ❑Seismic, thermal, visual, infrared of observed data from the WSN 8

WSN Communication Architecture 9

Protocol Stack ❑Protocols should be ❑Power aware ❑Location aware ❑Application aware 11

INTRODUCTION TO WSN • A wireless sensor network is one form of an ad hoc wireless network. • A sensor network is a collection of a large number of sensor nodes that are deployed in a particular region. • Sensors are wirelessly connected and they, at appropriate times, relay information back to some selected nodes. • These selected nodes then perform some computation based on the collected data to derive an ultimate statistic to allow critical decisions to be made. • There are a variety of sensors, including acoustic(sound related) , seismic (Subject to an earthquake or earth vibration), image, heat, direction, smoke, and temperature sensors.

Basic features of sensor networks • A large number of low-cost, low-power,multifunctional, and small sensor nodes • Sensor node consists of sensing, data processing, and communicating components • A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. • The position of sensor nodes need not be engineered or pre- determined. • sensor network protocols and algorithms must possess self- organizing capabilities.

• Self-organizing capabilities • Short-range broadcast communication and multihop routing • Dense deployment and cooperative effort of sensor nodes • Frequently changing topology due to fading and node failures • Limitations in energy, transmit power, memory, and computing power

Sensor Networks Architecture • Sensor node • Made up of four basic components • Sensing unit, Processing unit, Transceiver unit, and Power unit • Additional application-dependent components • Location finding system, power generator, and mobilizer • Scattered in a sensor field • Collect data and route data back to the sink to Sink • Communicate with the task manager node (user) via Internet or satellite

Factors influencing sensor network design • Fault tolerance; • Scalability; • Production costs; • Operating environment; • Sensor network topology; • Hardware constraints; • Transmission media; • Power consumption.

Design Factors : Fault Tolerance ❑Each Nodes are prone to unexpected failure (more than other network) ❑Fault tolerance is the ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruption due to sensor node failures. 25

Design Factors : Scalability ❑Protocol should ❑be able to scale to such high degree ❑take advantage of the high density of such networks 26

Design Factors: Production Costs ❑The cost of a singlenodemustbe low given the amount of functionalities ❑Much less than $1 27

Design Factors:Hardware Constraint ❑All these units combined together must ❑Extremely low power ❑Extremely small volume 28

Design Factors : Topology ❑Must be maintained specially in very high densities ❑Pre-deployment and deployment phase ❑Post-deployment phase ❑Re-deployment of additional nodes phase 29

Design Factors : Environment ❑May be inaccessible ❑either because of hostile environment ❑or because they are embedded in a structure ❑Impact of environment condition ❑Temperature ❑Humidity ❑Movement ❑Underwater ❑Underground 30

Design Factors: Environment ❑Busy intersections ❑Interior of a large machinery ❑Bottom of an ocean ❑Surface of an ocean during a tornado ❑Biologically or chemically contaminated field ❑Battlefield beyond the enemy lines ❑Home or a large building ❑Large warehouse ❑Animals ❑Fast moving vehicles ❑Drain or river moving with current 31

Design Factors : Transmission Media ❑RF ❑Infrared ❑Optical ❑Acoustic 32

Design Factors: Power Consumption ❑Power conservation ❑Sensing ❑Communication ❑Data processing 33

Applications of WSN ❑ Global scale ❑ Battle field ❑ Factories ❑ Buildings ❑ Homes ❑ bodies 34

Intro to Adhoc Sensor Networks and Routing Protocols

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