Pythonlearn-08-Lists.pptx presentation file

Python Lists Chapter 8 Python for Everybody www.py4e.com

Programming • Algorithm - A set of rules or steps used to solve a problem • Data Structure - A particular way of organizing data in a computer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure

What is Not a “Collection”? Most of our variables have one value in them - when we put a new value in the variable, the old value is overwritten $ python >>> x = 2 >>> x = 4 >>> print(x) 4

A List is a Kind of Collection • A collection allows us to put many values in a single “variable” • A collection is nice because we can carry all many values around in one convenient package. friends = [ 'Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally' ] carryon = [ 'socks', 'shirt', 'perfume' ]

List Constants • List constants are surrounded by square brackets and the elements in the list are separated by commas • A list element can be any Python object - even another list • A list can be empty >>> print([1, 24, 76]) [1, 24, 76] >>> print(['red', 'yellow', 'blue']) ['red', 'yellow', 'blue'] >>> print(['red', 24, 98.6]) ['red', 24, 98.6] >>> print([ 1, [5, 6], 7]) [1, [5, 6], 7] >>> print([]) []

We Already Use Lists! for i in [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] : print(i) print('Blastoff!') 5 4 3 2 1 Blastoff!

Lists and Definite Loops - Best Pals friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] for friend in friends : print('Happy New Year:', friend) print('Done!') Happy New Year: Joseph Happy New Year: Glenn Happy New Year: Sally Done! z = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] for x in z: print('Happy New Year:', x) print('Done!')

Looking Inside Lists Just like strings, we can get at any single element in a list using an index specified in square brackets 0 Joseph >>> friends = [ 'Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally' ] >>> print(friends[1]) Glenn >>> 1 Glenn 2 Sally

Lists are Mutable • Strings are “immutable” - we cannot change the contents of a string - we must make a new string to make any change • Lists are “mutable” - we can change an element of a list using the index operator >>> fruit = 'Banana' >>> fruit[0] = 'b' Traceback TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> x = fruit.lower() >>> print(x) banana >>> lotto = [2, 14, 26, 41, 63] >>> print(lotto) [2, 14, 26, 41, 63] >>> lotto[2] = 28 >>> print(lotto) [2, 14, 28, 41, 63]

How Long is a List? • The len() function takes a list as a parameter and returns the number of elements in the list • Actually len() tells us the number of elements of any set or sequence (such as a string...) >>> greet = 'Hello Bob' >>> print(len(greet)) 9 >>> x = [ 1, 2, 'joe', 99] >>> print(len(x)) 4 >>>

Using the range Function • The range function returns a list of numbers that range from zero to one less than the parameter • We can construct an index loop using for and an integer iterator >>> print(range(4)) [0, 1, 2, 3] >>> friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] >>> print(len(friends)) 3 >>> print(list(range(len(friends)))) [0, 1, 2] >>>

A Tale of Two Loops... friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] for friend in friends : print('Happy New Year:', friend) for i in range(len(friends)) : friend = friends[i] print('Happy New Year:', friend) Happy New Year: Joseph Happy New Year: Glenn Happy New Year: Sally >>> friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] >>> print(len(friends)) 3 >>> print(list(range(len(friends)))) [0, 1, 2] >>>

Concatenating Lists Using + We can create a new list by adding two existing lists together >>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = [4, 5, 6] >>> c = a + b >>> print(c) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> print(a) [1, 2, 3]

Lists Can Be Sliced Using : >>> t = [9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15] >>> t[1:3] [41,12] >>> t[:4] [9, 41, 12, 3] >>> t[3:] [3, 74, 15] >>> t[:] [9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15] Remember: Just like in strings, the second number is “up to but not including”

List Methods >>> x = list() >>> type(x) <type 'list'> >>> dir(x) [... 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort'] >>> http://docs.python.org/tutorial/datastructures.html

Building a List from Scratch • We can create an empty list and then add elements using the append method • The list stays in order and new elements are added at the end of the list >>> stuff = list() >>> stuff.append('book') >>> stuff.append(99) >>> print(stuff) ['book', 99] >>> stuff.append('cookie') >>> print(stuff) ['book', 99, 'cookie']

Is Something in a List? • Python provides two operators that let you check if an item is in a list • These are logical operators that return True or False • They do not modify the list >>> some = [1, 9, 21, 10, 16] >>> 9 in some True >>> 15 in some False >>> 20 not in some True >>>

Lists are in Order • A list can hold many items and keeps those items in the order until we do something to change the order • A list can be sorted (i.e., change its order) • The sort method (unlike in strings) means “sort yourself” >>> friends = [ 'Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally' ] >>> friends.sort() >>> print(friends) ['Glenn', 'Joseph', 'Sally'] >>> print(friends[1]) Joseph >>>

Built-in Functions and Lists • There are a number of functions built into Python that take lists as parameters • Remember the loops we built? These are much simpler. >>> nums = [3, 41, 12, 9, 74, 15] >>> print(len(nums)) 6 >>> print(max(nums)) 74 >>> print(min(nums)) 3 >>> print(sum(nums)) 154 >>> print(sum(nums)/len(nums)) 25.6

numlist = list() while True : inp = input('Enter a number: ') if inp == 'done' : break value = float(inp) numlist.append(value) average = sum(numlist) / len(numlist) print('Average:', average) total = 0 count = 0 while True : inp = input('Enter a number: ') if inp == 'done' : break value = float(inp) total = total + value count = count + 1 average = total / count print('Average:', average) Enter a number: 3 Enter a number: 9 Enter a number: 5 Enter a number: done Average: 5.66666666667

Best Friends: Strings and Lists >>> abc = 'With three words' >>> stuff = abc.split() >>> print(stuff) ['With', 'three', 'words'] >>> print(len(stuff)) 3 >>> print(stuff[0]) With >>> print(stuff) ['With', 'three', 'words'] >>> for w in stuff : ... print(w) ... With Three Words >>> Split breaks a string into parts and produces a list of strings. We think of these as words. We can access a particular word or loop through all the words.

>>> line = 'A lot of spaces' >>> etc = line.split() >>> print(etc) ['A', 'lot', 'of', 'spaces'] >>> >>> line = 'first;second;third' >>> thing = line.split() >>> print(thing) ['first;second;third'] >>> print(len(thing)) 1 >>> thing = line.split(';') >>> print(thing) ['first', 'second', 'third'] >>> print(len(thing)) 3 >>> ● When you do not specify a delimiter, multiple spaces are treated like one delimiter ● You can specify what delimiter character to use in the splitting

fhand = open('mbox-short.txt') for line in fhand: line = line.rstrip() if not line.startswith('From ') : continue words = line.split() print(words[2]) Sat Fri Fri Fri ... From stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008 >>> line = 'From stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008' >>> words = line.split() >>> print(words) ['From', 'stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za', 'Sat', 'Jan', '5', '09:14:16', '2008'] >>>

The Double Split Pattern Sometimes we split a line one way, and then grab one of the pieces of the line and split that piece again From stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008 words = line.split() email = words[1] print pieces[1]

The Double Split Pattern stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za From stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008 words = line.split() email = words[1] print pieces[1]

The Double Split Pattern ['stephen.marquard', 'uct.ac.za'] From stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008 words = line.split() email = words[1] pieces = email.split('@') print pieces[1] stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za

The Double Split Pattern ['stephen.marquard', 'uct.ac.za'] From stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008 words = line.split() email = words[1] pieces = email.split('@') print(pieces[1]) stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za 'uct.ac.za'

List Summary • Concept of a collection • Lists and definite loops • Indexing and lookup • List mutability • Functions: len, min, max, sum • Slicing lists • List methods: append, remove • Sorting lists • Splitting strings into lists of words • Using split to parse strings

Acknowledgements / Contributions These slides are Copyright 2010- Charles R. Severance ( www.dr-chuck.com) of the University of Michigan School of Information and open.umich.edu and made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Please maintain this last slide in all copies of the document to comply with the attribution requirements of the license. If you make a change, feel free to add your name and organization to the list of contributors on this page as you republish the materials. Initial Development: Charles Severance, University of Michigan School of Information … Insert new Contributors and Translators here ...

Pythonlearn-08-Lists.pptx presentation file

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