Shahid Hussain Raja, profile picture
Uploaded byShahid Hussain Raja
PPTX, PDF2,391 views

Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-1: Definition, Process,& Challenges

This document is a presentation by Shahid Hussain Raja on public policy formulation, detailing the components, stages, and challenges involved in the process. It highlights the importance of good governance and effective policy implementation for improving citizens' quality of life in Pakistan. Additionally, the document serves as a resource for understanding public policies, their formulation, and the role of various actors including government officials, interest groups, and the media.

Embed presentation

Downloaded 17 times
Shahid Hussain Raja Author/Trainer/Consultant Cambridge.UK www.shahidhussainraja.com 21/10/2021 1
 Introduction  National Interest, Good Governance & Public Policy  What is Public Policy  Components of Policy  Importance of Public Policies  Sources and Types of Policy Formulation  Stages of Policy Formulation  Challenges in Public Policy Formulation  Facilitating Public Participation in Policy Formulation  Conclusion 21/10/2021 2
 This is part 1 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation  This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps  It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan  In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy, six stages of public policy formulation, & challenges faced 21/10/2021 3
 Retired as Federal Secretary, Govt. of Pakistan, held senior positions  Ex.Chief Instructor, National School of Public Policy, Lahore (Pakistan)  M.A. (Economics), M.A. (Political Science)-Punjab University, Lahore  M.Sc.(Defence and Strategic Studies)-National Defence College  Post Graduate Diploma (Development Studies)-Cambridge University  Executive Development Program-JFK School of Government, Harvard  Author of 12 books on various public policy, national/global issues.  Conducts courses online and offline
21/10/2021 5 Public Policy Formulation
 Every state has one overriding objective-improving the quality of life of its citizens. It has 3 interrelated and inter dependent components 1. Standard of Living: Increasing the quantity, quality and access of economic goods and services-food, shelter, clothing, health, education etc. 2. Good Governance: Increasing quantity, quality & access of political goods & services- external defence, internal peace, access to justice, political empowerment 3. Social Development: Increasing the quantity, quality and access of social goods and services- classless society, equality of opportunity, cultural enhancement,  To achieve this objective, the government formulates a set of national policies along with suitable strategies to implement them.
 Quality of governance in a country is dependent on its capacity to effectively formulate and implement sound socioeconomic policies.  Although policy formulation is the responsibility of the elected members, its implementation rests with the public servants.  Public policy studies have been receiving a lot of attention in academic circles all over the world for diverse reasons.  Main reason for this interest has been the increasingly assertive role of the civil society organizations and the media.
 Formal documented statement of intentions and actions of an organization/authority either to remove certain deficiencies or to improve the conditions in any particular area  “whatever governments choose to do or not to do” Thomas Dye (1987)  “Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern” Anderson (1994) 21/10/2021 8
 Not a random act, rather a deliberate action  Approved by public representatives  Not a piece of legislation but has its own sanctity  Distinct from strategy to implement it by state apparatus  It could be a part of an overall development policy i.e. Food Security as objective of National Development Strategy or it  Could be a specific departmental policy i.e. Food Security Policy 21/10/2021 9
 Preamble: Statement of Facts-why need for this policy  Definitions: General Clauses- definitions of terms used  Scope: Broad outlines of what to do in which areas  Policy Directions: Specific actions to be taken, their priority  Institutional Mechanism: Which are responsible authorities  Date of Application: When it will be applicable  Repeal Clauses: Which previous policy/clauses it repeals/replaces 21/10/2021 10
 Big Picture: Only state has big picture of its overall aims and objectives, can give clear guidelines to solve a problem.  Public Awareness: Get public support by informing them about state sincerity and seriousness to address their greivances/publicity  Synergy: To ensure clarity about the respective domains of different policies, have synergistic, not divisive effect  Transparency: By informing public bout government's intentions, actions, and priorities, people should know who is getting what 21/10/2021 11
 There is a complex relationship among the institutions responsible for formulating and implementing the public policies in a country.  These actors could be grouped into 3 distinct categories namely political elites, bureaucracy, & private sector (firms as well as NGOs)  Every entity in these categories strives hard to safeguard its respective vested corporate interests more than the stated welfare objectives  Gordon Adams calls it "iron triangle of Public Policy", because of its inherent strength based on mutually beneficial cooperation of all
 Distributive: Formulated in response to specific issue & affect only select group of people yet their impact could be far-reaching- Car emissions  Redistributive: Affect majority; compulsory employees pension contributions affect any business hiring an employee.  Regulative: These policies are often applied to businesses and corporations to impose good business practices.  Constituent: Any policy converted into proper legislation is a constituent public policy. 21/10/2021 14
21/10/2021 15 Stages of Policy Formulation
 Problem Identification: The problem is identified, its nature described, its affectees, time duration, awareness level etc  Policy Formulation: Marked by discussions between government officials & interests groups, alternatives, solutions, obstacles, benchmarks  Policy Adoption:policy maker evaluate alternatives policies/accept one  Policy Implementation: defining agencies and organizations are involved and responsibilities are assigned to each agency on their part.  Policy Evaluation:to know how the policy is working after it has been implemented, deficiencies in execution identified and rectified
A. Interest Articulation B. Interest Aggregation C. Rule Making-four stages and approval D. Rule Implementation E. Rule Adjudication F. Monitoring, Evaluation, & Feedback 21/10/2021 17
 Demand for public policy formulation starts from a group of people facing a problem who use different media to air their grievances  Different interest groups having sets of demands are involved in alliance building with other groups on give and take agreements.  Media is important vehicle for airing their demands to ensure their interests are reflected in the manifestos of the political parties  They also engage lobbyists not only at this stage but also at the other stages. This is Interest Articulation-first stage of policy formulation
 Societal Structural Changes: demographic transition, economic transformation, Urbanisation, Technology Change  Regime Change: new political elite may have new vision, mission and agenda for which it needs new sets of public policies  Donors/World institutions: their aid may be contingent upon certain policy changes, structural changes 21/10/2021 19
 Global Commitments: state enters into international conventions which normally need local policy formulation  Pressure Groups: industrial ,agricultural lobbies, social causes advocacy groups can force state for this  Court Orders: Superior courts orders for formulating clear policies or review an existing policy while hearing any case 21/10/2021 20
 A political party is a diverse conglomeration of groups of people, each using its platform to advocate and advance its corporate interests  Mostly, these sets of demands are contradictory, forcing party leaders to aggregate these competing demands into viable policy options  These policy options are reflected in their election manifestos during the election campaigns or presented through their elected members  Once converted into policy, political parties have to ensure that these are implemented in letter and spirit-hence their role in M&E
 Many use this stage as interchangeable with overall public policy making which is not true.  Rule making is no doubt the most important stage of the entire chain, yet it is only one rung in a staircase of public policy formulation.  There are two options for preparing a policy document 1. Integration of policy concerns into overall and sectoral policies. 2. Preparation of a sector-specific policy document  Whichever option is chosen, there are normally four phases in draft policy formulation and its validation process
 PHASE- 1 Establishment of a task force, consisting of stakeholders  PHASE -2 Diagnosis of the situation-what, when, why something needed  PHASE-3 Production of a first/second draft of the policy  PHASE- 4 Presented for endorsement for the sponsoring authority 21/10/2021 23
 Concerned ministry gets its approval from the competent authority  In case of single ministry policy, the minister in charge  In case of multisectoral policy- the cabinet  If it affects the provinces-Council of Common Interests (CCI)  Once approved, it is formally notified  If needed, sent for formal legislation to the parliament 21/10/2021 24
 Although policy formulation is prerogative of the elected members, its implementation in letter and spirit rests with the bureaucracy.  Based on measures and priorities defined in policy, the bureaucracy formulates a Strategic Plan of Action for its implementation.  There can be three types of policy measures:a) Regulatory type b) Programme type c) Combination of the regulatory and programme  In case of any difficulty, the bureaucracy is supposed to bring it to the notice of those who formulated it and get it revised
 Courts normally do not interfere in executive affairs under well-know concept of Separation of Powers  However, If the policy formulated is against the Constitution or its implementation itself may result in gross injustice to the public.  In both the cases, the judiciary itself or on the petition of anyone adversely affected can take action  It can either refer it back to the elected representatives for its re- examination or it can strike it down completely
 No policy formulated is perfect nor it is etched in stone,anomalies or the adverse consequences of any policy formulated or implemented.  Thus, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is an essential element of policy formulation and implementation cycle  It ensure that the policy is effective in achieving the objective and take mid-term corrections where needed.  While in-house M & E unit, different stakeholders should perform M & E at all levels of policy implementation and monitoring activities
 Information Gap: Availability of accurate, timely, and relevant information about the issue needing policy, priority to be attached to  Stakeholders' Acceptance: Uphill task to arrive at a consensus among multiple stakeholders, institutional coordination, dispute resolution  Management Deficiency: Those who are to formulate/implement policy must have requisite skills to assess and interpret the information  Resource Deficiency: Grandiose projects remain only a pipe dream if you lack administrative wherewithal or adequate financial resources 21/10/2021 28
 Fundamental Rights: Any restriction on these rights like freedom of speech and association will adversely affect meaningful participation  Free Media: If there are restrictions on media by design or by default. it would again hinder public participation in policy formulation  Independent Judiciary: Courts take notice on the petition of any individual if they feel that there are restrictions on public participation  Fair Elections: Fair and free elections at regular intervals provides the best opportunity to the public to influence the government policies
 Public policy formulation is not a random act, rather a formally documented statement of intentions and sets of actions of a state  Exclusive domain of the elected representatives of the county; it is implemented by the state apparatus and has the sanctity of its own  Besides creating awareness about state intentions, it helps in creating confidence among public, and garner their support for those actions  There are many sources and drivers of public policy formulation which differs from country to country due to multiple reasons
 This presentation has been prepared by using the material contained in the author's book “Public Policy Formulation and Analysis”  It has been published as an ebook by Amazon and is available at https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01672SU10  This book has been translated into Spanish, French, and Portuguese also  Although written primarily for the managers, this handbook is equally useful for the senior executives belonging to the public or private sector
 If you like the presentation , kindly click the icon  For any question, kindly email me at shahidraja@hotmail.com  To download the presentation or its word version, please visit my website www.shahidhussainraja.com This website contains large number of articles on diverse issues. Some of these are presented in the next few slides
 1.International Relations: Basic Concepts & Global Issues: A Handbook https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08QZSRWT1  2.10 Essential Skills for Public Servants: A Handbook (2nd Edition) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0723GMMT1  3.Political Economy of Pakistan: 1947-2020: A Short History https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0844ZJ8ZL  4.Accelerating Economic Growth of Pakistan: Plan of Action https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0844PG64R  5.Finance for Non-finance Managers- A Handbook https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TTNNTC8  5.Agricultural Sector of Pakistan: Challenges & Response https://www.amazon.com/dp/B010TMK28S
 Pakistani Culture: Sources & Drivers http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/pakistani-culture-sources-drivers/  Improving Pakistan’s Global Image http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/improving-pakistans-global-image/  Two Nations Theory: Myths and Reality http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/two-nations-theory-myths-and-reality/  Why do Civil Service Reforms in Pakistan Fail? http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/why-do-civil-service-reforms-in-pakistan-fail/  Is Pakistan a Failed State? http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/is-pakistan-a-failed-state/  Pakistan Ideology: Sources & Features http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/what-is-pakistan-ideology-myths-and-content/
 Pakistan’s Difficulties at the Time of her Independence http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/pakistans-difficulties-at-the-time-of-her-independence/  Why Countries Break? Case of Bangladesh http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/why-countries-break-case-of-bangladesh/  Pakistan’s 13th IMF Programme: Prospects & Challenges http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/pakistans-13th-imf-programme-prospects-challenges/  Federalism in Pakistan: Challenges & Response https://www.shahidhussainraja.com/federalism-in-pakistan-challengers-response/  Water Issues in Pakistan http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/water-issues-in-pakistan/  Governance Reforms in Pakistan: Need and Content http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/governance-reforms-in-pakistan-need-and-content/  Pakistan’s Strategic Culture: Determinants & Dimensions http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/pakistans-strategic-culture-determinants-dimensions/
 International Relations: Definition, Scope & Subject Matter (http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/the-scope-of-international-relations/)  Modern Nation-state System: Challenges & Prospects (http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/modern-nation-state-system-challenges-prospects/)  Foreign Policy: Features, Success Factors & Challenges (http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/foreign-policy-features-success-factors-challenges/)  Clash of Civilisations by Huntington http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/clash-of-civilizations-a-critique/  Globalization: Compressing Time and Space -Part 1& 2 http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/globalization-compressing-time-and-space-part-1/ /http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/globalization-compressing-time-and-space-part-2/
 Determinants of Foreign Policy http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/determinants-of-foreign-policy/  Foreign Policy: Tools & Implements http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/foreign-policy-tools-instruments/  National Interest: Meaning & Components http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/national-interest-meaning-components/  World Peace: A Norm or an Aberration? http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/world-peace-a-norm-or-an-aberration/  End of History by Francis Fukuyama http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/end-of-history-by-francis-fukuyama-a-critique/  Breakup of Soviet Union: Causes & Consequences http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/breakup-of-the-soviet-union-causes-consequences/
 Global Terrorism: Challenges & Response – Part 1 & 2 http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/global-terrorism-challenges-response/ http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/global-terrorism-challenges-response-part-2/  War on Terror: Causes, Course, Costs and Consequences Part 1 & 2 http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/war-on-terror-causes-course-costs-and-consequences-part-1/ http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/war-on-terror-causes-course-costs-and-consequences-part-2/  Arab Spring: Genesis, Causes of Failure & Lessons Learnt http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/arab-spring-genesis-causes-of-failure-lessons-learnt/  Islamophobia: Genesis, Challenges & Response http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/islamophobia-genesis-challenges-response/  Vietnam War: Causes & Consequences http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/vietnam-war-causes-course-and-consequences/
 Nine Drivers of Sino-American Cold War http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/9-drivers-of-america-china-cold-war/  IMF Programmes: Do they help Developing Countries? http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/imf-programme-does-it-help-a-developing-country/  American Interests in Afghanistan http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/american-interests-in-afghanistan/  Reasons for Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/why-did-soviet-union-enter-afghanistan-in-1979/  The Middle East Crises: Genesis and Dimensions http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/the-middle-east-crises-genesis-and-dimensions/  China Iran Relations: Past, Present & Future http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/china-iran-relations-past-present-future/
Thanks

More Related Content

PPTX
Policy formulation
byInternational advisers
 
PDF
ppt on understaing policy
bynida19
 
PPTX
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Process of public policy
byM Ali Kemal
 
PPTX
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-3: Public Policy Formulation in Pakistan
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPT
Introduction to Public Policy for Master of Business Studies
byKhemraj Subedi
 
PPT
Policy cycle
byNaseem Arfa
 
PPTX
What is Public Policy?
byDhanuraj D
 
Policy formulation
byInternational advisers
 
ppt on understaing policy
bynida19
 
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Process of public policy
byM Ali Kemal
 
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-3: Public Policy Formulation in Pakistan
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Introduction to Public Policy for Master of Business Studies
byKhemraj Subedi
 
Policy cycle
byNaseem Arfa
 
What is Public Policy?
byDhanuraj D
 

What's hot

PPT
Public Policy Analysis
byKhemraj Subedi
 
PPT
Nature of Public Policy
byJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
PPTX
PUBLIC POLICY: AN INTRODUCTION
byTanzania Public Service College
 
PPTX
Chapter 5 policy implementation
byChiang Mai University School of Public Policy
 
PPT
models-of-public-policy-formulation
byNayyar Kazmi
 
PPTX
Public policy analysis
byNAVEED Ali Qureshi
 
PPTX
Public policy theory primer
bynida19
 
PPTX
Political culture
byaggehichoudhry
 
PPTX
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION.pptx
byVINNYMARIA
 
PPTX
Public administration
byAiza Ali
 
PDF
Policy analysis
byuma107
 
PPTX
Approaches to study the Political Science.pptx
byfecoxi8718
 
PPTX
development administration
byjoseph masango
 
PPT
Policy Implementation
byMaria Tiara Fatima Galang
 
PPTX
PUBLIC POLICY: AN INTRODUCTION
byTanzania Public Service College
 
PPTX
Explain the six step model for public policy by SYED SALMAN JALAL KAKA KHEL
bySalman Kaka Khel
 
PPTX
policy analysis
byOlaAlomoush
 
DOCX
Political system and its approach
byMayank Sharma
 
PPTX
C5 - Political Culture
byFatin Nazihah Aziz
 
PDF
The Concept of Governance
byJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
Public Policy Analysis
byKhemraj Subedi
 
Nature of Public Policy
byJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
PUBLIC POLICY: AN INTRODUCTION
byTanzania Public Service College
 
Chapter 5 policy implementation
byChiang Mai University School of Public Policy
 
models-of-public-policy-formulation
byNayyar Kazmi
 
Public policy analysis
byNAVEED Ali Qureshi
 
Public policy theory primer
bynida19
 
Political culture
byaggehichoudhry
 
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION.pptx
byVINNYMARIA
 
Public administration
byAiza Ali
 
Policy analysis
byuma107
 
Approaches to study the Political Science.pptx
byfecoxi8718
 
development administration
byjoseph masango
 
Policy Implementation
byMaria Tiara Fatima Galang
 
PUBLIC POLICY: AN INTRODUCTION
byTanzania Public Service College
 
Explain the six step model for public policy by SYED SALMAN JALAL KAKA KHEL
bySalman Kaka Khel
 
policy analysis
byOlaAlomoush
 
Political system and its approach
byMayank Sharma
 
C5 - Political Culture
byFatin Nazihah Aziz
 
The Concept of Governance
byJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 

Similar to Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-1: Definition, Process,& Challenges

PPTX
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-2:Features of Good Public Policy
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PDF
Public Policy & Program Administration
byJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
PPTX
Ahmad rashid jamal final presentation
byahmadrashidjamal
 
PPTX
Policy formulation
byInternational advisers
 
PDF
Public Policy Program in Government Agencies.pdf
byrubenagarcio1
 
PPTX
PPP NOTE 2025 BY ISMAEL B. TAKEN FROM PPP.pptx
byIsmael Buchanan
 
PPTX
This presentation is about cost-benefit analysis
byKhanAghaWardak
 
PPTX
Chapter III PowerPoint Slides on Public Policy_Final.pptx
byYayaBojang
 
PPTX
Azam naem Policy formulation 20 jan25.pptx
byAQM Shafiul Azam
 
PPT
Rationale for Public Policy
byJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
PPTX
Agriculture-17-Midterm-Lecture.pp jhjhjhjtx
byRAIMADRIGAL
 
PPT
12758751.ppt
byMyatThuzar7
 
PDF
The challenges in policy formulation, policy analysis and implementation in d...
byMbale District Local Government - Uganda
 
DOC
Public policy and its developmet process
byPISCD
 
PPTX
Azam naem final Policy formulation 21 jan25.pptx
byAQM Shafiul Azam
 
PPT
Models of-public-policy-formulation
byInternational advisers
 
PPT
Models of-public-policy-formulation
byInternational advisers
 
PPTX
Public policy analysis & design presentation 1
bychalaAyele1
 
PPT
Unit 5 - The Public Policymaking Processes
bygcgmmcmicu1superviso
 
PPTX
PO 202 Policy Process
byatrantham
 
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-2:Features of Good Public Policy
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Public Policy & Program Administration
byJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
Ahmad rashid jamal final presentation
byahmadrashidjamal
 
Policy formulation
byInternational advisers
 
Public Policy Program in Government Agencies.pdf
byrubenagarcio1
 
PPP NOTE 2025 BY ISMAEL B. TAKEN FROM PPP.pptx
byIsmael Buchanan
 
This presentation is about cost-benefit analysis
byKhanAghaWardak
 
Chapter III PowerPoint Slides on Public Policy_Final.pptx
byYayaBojang
 
Azam naem Policy formulation 20 jan25.pptx
byAQM Shafiul Azam
 
Rationale for Public Policy
byJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
Agriculture-17-Midterm-Lecture.pp jhjhjhjtx
byRAIMADRIGAL
 
12758751.ppt
byMyatThuzar7
 
The challenges in policy formulation, policy analysis and implementation in d...
byMbale District Local Government - Uganda
 
Public policy and its developmet process
byPISCD
 
Azam naem final Policy formulation 21 jan25.pptx
byAQM Shafiul Azam
 
Models of-public-policy-formulation
byInternational advisers
 
Models of-public-policy-formulation
byInternational advisers
 
Public policy analysis & design presentation 1
bychalaAyele1
 
Unit 5 - The Public Policymaking Processes
bygcgmmcmicu1superviso
 
PO 202 Policy Process
byatrantham
 

More from Shahid Hussain Raja

PPTX
Free online Course Finance for Non finance Managers
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Global Terrorism Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Breakup of the Soviet Union Causes & Consequences
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Islamophobia: Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
America's War on Terror: Causes & Consequences
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Foreign Policy: Basic Concepts & Terms
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Modern Nation-state System: Challenhes & Prospects
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
International Relations: Definition, History & Scope
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Pakistan's Horticulture Sector: Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Pakistan's Livestock Sector: Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector 1 (crops sector) Challenges and Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Foreign Policy of Pakistan Part 2
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Finance for Non-finance Managers Module 2 Balance Sheet
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Finance for non finance managers module 1 financial accounting basics
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of Pakistan
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Book review 10 Essential Skills for Public Servants a Handbook by shahid huss...
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Global Terrorism Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Digital Governance: Digitisation of Public Sector
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
PPTX
Corruption in develeoping countries challenges & response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Free online Course Finance for Non finance Managers
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Global Terrorism Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Breakup of the Soviet Union Causes & Consequences
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Islamophobia: Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
America's War on Terror: Causes & Consequences
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Foreign Policy: Basic Concepts & Terms
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Modern Nation-state System: Challenhes & Prospects
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
International Relations: Definition, History & Scope
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Pakistan's Horticulture Sector: Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Pakistan's Livestock Sector: Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector 1 (crops sector) Challenges and Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Foreign Policy of Pakistan Part 2
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Finance for Non-finance Managers Module 2 Balance Sheet
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Finance for non finance managers module 1 financial accounting basics
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of Pakistan
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Book review 10 Essential Skills for Public Servants a Handbook by shahid huss...
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Global Terrorism Challenges & Response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Digital Governance: Digitisation of Public Sector
byShahid Hussain Raja
 
Corruption in develeoping countries challenges & response
byShahid Hussain Raja
 

Recently uploaded

PPTX
ATTENTION -PART 2.pptx Shilpa Hotakar for I semester BSc students
bySHILPA HOTAKAR
 
PPTX
cis.jackson.alaysia.ResearchPresentation 1.Microsoft Teams vs Zoom vs Webex v...
byMerritt College
 
PDF
Environmental Studies Module 1 BBA,BCCA Sem 1 NEP.pdf
byJayanti Pande
 
PPTX
How to Track a Link Using Odoo 18 SMS Marketing
byCeline George
 
PDF
Introduction to Descriptive Statistics.pdf
byThelma Villaflores
 
PPTX
Growth & Development MILESTONES (ADOLESCENTS ).pptx
byAneetaSharma15
 
PDF
Benefits Facilitation using PRUB-Logic, 1 December 2025
byAssociation for Project Management
 
PDF
Advanced Process Flow and Micromachining Techniques for MEMS Fabrication: A D...
byGS Virdi
 
PPTX
Access partner report in Odoo 18.2 _ Odoo 19
byCeline George
 
PPTX
REVISED DEFENSE MECHANISM / ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM-FINAL
byShimla
 
PPTX
Partial Correlation - Values of r₁₂.₃, r₂₃.₁ & r₁₃.₂ r₁₂, r₁₃ and r₂₃
bySundar B N
 
PDF
International Men's Day Event: Breaking the Silence: Embracing Vulnerability ...
byAssociation for Project Management
 
PPTX
Multiple Correlation - Introduction, Meaning, Examples, Options, Formulas and...
bySundar B N
 
PDF
Using Charts and Tables in Presenting Data
byThelma Villaflores
 
PPTX
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES (INFANTS).pptx
byAneetaSharma15
 
PDF
Madhumathi Endowment Quiz Finals by Sreejesh P S and Shyam Krishnan P - Keral...
bySreejesh P S
 
PDF
Multiple Myeloma , definition, etiology, PP, CM , DE and management
byNisha Borsa
 
PDF
Types of eggs and Egg membranes (Developmental Zoology)
bySudhandraKarthi
 
PDF
Cultivating Greatness Pune's Best Preschools and Schools.pdf
byWellington College
 
PPTX
Planning Assessment for Outcome-based Education
byAdri Jovin
 
ATTENTION -PART 2.pptx Shilpa Hotakar for I semester BSc students
bySHILPA HOTAKAR
 
cis.jackson.alaysia.ResearchPresentation 1.Microsoft Teams vs Zoom vs Webex v...
byMerritt College
 
Environmental Studies Module 1 BBA,BCCA Sem 1 NEP.pdf
byJayanti Pande
 
How to Track a Link Using Odoo 18 SMS Marketing
byCeline George
 
Introduction to Descriptive Statistics.pdf
byThelma Villaflores
 
Growth & Development MILESTONES (ADOLESCENTS ).pptx
byAneetaSharma15
 
Benefits Facilitation using PRUB-Logic, 1 December 2025
byAssociation for Project Management
 
Advanced Process Flow and Micromachining Techniques for MEMS Fabrication: A D...
byGS Virdi
 
Access partner report in Odoo 18.2 _ Odoo 19
byCeline George
 
REVISED DEFENSE MECHANISM / ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM-FINAL
byShimla
 
Partial Correlation - Values of r₁₂.₃, r₂₃.₁ & r₁₃.₂ r₁₂, r₁₃ and r₂₃
bySundar B N
 
International Men's Day Event: Breaking the Silence: Embracing Vulnerability ...
byAssociation for Project Management
 
Multiple Correlation - Introduction, Meaning, Examples, Options, Formulas and...
bySundar B N
 
Using Charts and Tables in Presenting Data
byThelma Villaflores
 
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES (INFANTS).pptx
byAneetaSharma15
 
Madhumathi Endowment Quiz Finals by Sreejesh P S and Shyam Krishnan P - Keral...
bySreejesh P S
 
Multiple Myeloma , definition, etiology, PP, CM , DE and management
byNisha Borsa
 
Types of eggs and Egg membranes (Developmental Zoology)
bySudhandraKarthi
 
Cultivating Greatness Pune's Best Preschools and Schools.pdf
byWellington College
 
Planning Assessment for Outcome-based Education
byAdri Jovin
 
In this document
Powered by AI

Introduction to the course on Public Policy including objectives and features.

Overview of public policy components such as good governance and socio-economic policies.

Different types of policies: distributive, redistributive, regulative, constitutive.

Details of policy formulation stages, from problem identification to evaluation.

Challenges such as information gaps, stakeholder acceptance, and resource deficiencies.

Information on the author’s books, articles, and further readings related to public policy.

Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-1: Definition, Process,& Challenges

  • 1.
  • 2.
     Introduction  NationalInterest, Good Governance & Public Policy  What is Public Policy  Components of Policy  Importance of Public Policies  Sources and Types of Policy Formulation  Stages of Policy Formulation  Challenges in Public Policy Formulation  Facilitating Public Participation in Policy Formulation  Conclusion 21/10/2021 2
  • 3.
     This ispart 1 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation  This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps  It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan  In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy, six stages of public policy formulation, & challenges faced 21/10/2021 3
  • 4.
     Retired asFederal Secretary, Govt. of Pakistan, held senior positions  Ex.Chief Instructor, National School of Public Policy, Lahore (Pakistan)  M.A. (Economics), M.A. (Political Science)-Punjab University, Lahore  M.Sc.(Defence and Strategic Studies)-National Defence College  Post Graduate Diploma (Development Studies)-Cambridge University  Executive Development Program-JFK School of Government, Harvard  Author of 12 books on various public policy, national/global issues.  Conducts courses online and offline
  • 5.
  • 6.
     Every statehas one overriding objective-improving the quality of life of its citizens. It has 3 interrelated and inter dependent components 1. Standard of Living: Increasing the quantity, quality and access of economic goods and services-food, shelter, clothing, health, education etc. 2. Good Governance: Increasing quantity, quality & access of political goods & services- external defence, internal peace, access to justice, political empowerment 3. Social Development: Increasing the quantity, quality and access of social goods and services- classless society, equality of opportunity, cultural enhancement,  To achieve this objective, the government formulates a set of national policies along with suitable strategies to implement them.
  • 7.
     Quality ofgovernance in a country is dependent on its capacity to effectively formulate and implement sound socioeconomic policies.  Although policy formulation is the responsibility of the elected members, its implementation rests with the public servants.  Public policy studies have been receiving a lot of attention in academic circles all over the world for diverse reasons.  Main reason for this interest has been the increasingly assertive role of the civil society organizations and the media.
  • 8.
     Formal documentedstatement of intentions and actions of an organization/authority either to remove certain deficiencies or to improve the conditions in any particular area  “whatever governments choose to do or not to do” Thomas Dye (1987)  “Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern” Anderson (1994) 21/10/2021 8
  • 9.
     Not arandom act, rather a deliberate action  Approved by public representatives  Not a piece of legislation but has its own sanctity  Distinct from strategy to implement it by state apparatus  It could be a part of an overall development policy i.e. Food Security as objective of National Development Strategy or it  Could be a specific departmental policy i.e. Food Security Policy 21/10/2021 9
  • 10.
     Preamble: Statementof Facts-why need for this policy  Definitions: General Clauses- definitions of terms used  Scope: Broad outlines of what to do in which areas  Policy Directions: Specific actions to be taken, their priority  Institutional Mechanism: Which are responsible authorities  Date of Application: When it will be applicable  Repeal Clauses: Which previous policy/clauses it repeals/replaces 21/10/2021 10
  • 11.
     Big Picture:Only state has big picture of its overall aims and objectives, can give clear guidelines to solve a problem.  Public Awareness: Get public support by informing them about state sincerity and seriousness to address their greivances/publicity  Synergy: To ensure clarity about the respective domains of different policies, have synergistic, not divisive effect  Transparency: By informing public bout government's intentions, actions, and priorities, people should know who is getting what 21/10/2021 11
  • 12.
     There isa complex relationship among the institutions responsible for formulating and implementing the public policies in a country.  These actors could be grouped into 3 distinct categories namely political elites, bureaucracy, & private sector (firms as well as NGOs)  Every entity in these categories strives hard to safeguard its respective vested corporate interests more than the stated welfare objectives  Gordon Adams calls it "iron triangle of Public Policy", because of its inherent strength based on mutually beneficial cooperation of all
  • 14.
     Distributive: Formulatedin response to specific issue & affect only select group of people yet their impact could be far-reaching- Car emissions  Redistributive: Affect majority; compulsory employees pension contributions affect any business hiring an employee.  Regulative: These policies are often applied to businesses and corporations to impose good business practices.  Constituent: Any policy converted into proper legislation is a constituent public policy. 21/10/2021 14
  • 15.
    21/10/2021 15 Stages ofPolicy Formulation
  • 16.
     Problem Identification:The problem is identified, its nature described, its affectees, time duration, awareness level etc  Policy Formulation: Marked by discussions between government officials & interests groups, alternatives, solutions, obstacles, benchmarks  Policy Adoption:policy maker evaluate alternatives policies/accept one  Policy Implementation: defining agencies and organizations are involved and responsibilities are assigned to each agency on their part.  Policy Evaluation:to know how the policy is working after it has been implemented, deficiencies in execution identified and rectified
  • 17.
    A. Interest Articulation B.Interest Aggregation C. Rule Making-four stages and approval D. Rule Implementation E. Rule Adjudication F. Monitoring, Evaluation, & Feedback 21/10/2021 17
  • 18.
     Demand forpublic policy formulation starts from a group of people facing a problem who use different media to air their grievances  Different interest groups having sets of demands are involved in alliance building with other groups on give and take agreements.  Media is important vehicle for airing their demands to ensure their interests are reflected in the manifestos of the political parties  They also engage lobbyists not only at this stage but also at the other stages. This is Interest Articulation-first stage of policy formulation
  • 19.
     Societal StructuralChanges: demographic transition, economic transformation, Urbanisation, Technology Change  Regime Change: new political elite may have new vision, mission and agenda for which it needs new sets of public policies  Donors/World institutions: their aid may be contingent upon certain policy changes, structural changes 21/10/2021 19
  • 20.
     Global Commitments:state enters into international conventions which normally need local policy formulation  Pressure Groups: industrial ,agricultural lobbies, social causes advocacy groups can force state for this  Court Orders: Superior courts orders for formulating clear policies or review an existing policy while hearing any case 21/10/2021 20
  • 21.
     A politicalparty is a diverse conglomeration of groups of people, each using its platform to advocate and advance its corporate interests  Mostly, these sets of demands are contradictory, forcing party leaders to aggregate these competing demands into viable policy options  These policy options are reflected in their election manifestos during the election campaigns or presented through their elected members  Once converted into policy, political parties have to ensure that these are implemented in letter and spirit-hence their role in M&E
  • 22.
     Many usethis stage as interchangeable with overall public policy making which is not true.  Rule making is no doubt the most important stage of the entire chain, yet it is only one rung in a staircase of public policy formulation.  There are two options for preparing a policy document 1. Integration of policy concerns into overall and sectoral policies. 2. Preparation of a sector-specific policy document  Whichever option is chosen, there are normally four phases in draft policy formulation and its validation process
  • 23.
     PHASE- 1 Establishmentof a task force, consisting of stakeholders  PHASE -2 Diagnosis of the situation-what, when, why something needed  PHASE-3 Production of a first/second draft of the policy  PHASE- 4 Presented for endorsement for the sponsoring authority 21/10/2021 23
  • 24.
     Concerned ministrygets its approval from the competent authority  In case of single ministry policy, the minister in charge  In case of multisectoral policy- the cabinet  If it affects the provinces-Council of Common Interests (CCI)  Once approved, it is formally notified  If needed, sent for formal legislation to the parliament 21/10/2021 24
  • 25.
     Although policyformulation is prerogative of the elected members, its implementation in letter and spirit rests with the bureaucracy.  Based on measures and priorities defined in policy, the bureaucracy formulates a Strategic Plan of Action for its implementation.  There can be three types of policy measures:a) Regulatory type b) Programme type c) Combination of the regulatory and programme  In case of any difficulty, the bureaucracy is supposed to bring it to the notice of those who formulated it and get it revised
  • 26.
     Courts normallydo not interfere in executive affairs under well-know concept of Separation of Powers  However, If the policy formulated is against the Constitution or its implementation itself may result in gross injustice to the public.  In both the cases, the judiciary itself or on the petition of anyone adversely affected can take action  It can either refer it back to the elected representatives for its re- examination or it can strike it down completely
  • 27.
     No policyformulated is perfect nor it is etched in stone,anomalies or the adverse consequences of any policy formulated or implemented.  Thus, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is an essential element of policy formulation and implementation cycle  It ensure that the policy is effective in achieving the objective and take mid-term corrections where needed.  While in-house M & E unit, different stakeholders should perform M & E at all levels of policy implementation and monitoring activities
  • 28.
     Information Gap:Availability of accurate, timely, and relevant information about the issue needing policy, priority to be attached to  Stakeholders' Acceptance: Uphill task to arrive at a consensus among multiple stakeholders, institutional coordination, dispute resolution  Management Deficiency: Those who are to formulate/implement policy must have requisite skills to assess and interpret the information  Resource Deficiency: Grandiose projects remain only a pipe dream if you lack administrative wherewithal or adequate financial resources 21/10/2021 28
  • 29.
     Fundamental Rights:Any restriction on these rights like freedom of speech and association will adversely affect meaningful participation  Free Media: If there are restrictions on media by design or by default. it would again hinder public participation in policy formulation  Independent Judiciary: Courts take notice on the petition of any individual if they feel that there are restrictions on public participation  Fair Elections: Fair and free elections at regular intervals provides the best opportunity to the public to influence the government policies
  • 30.
     Public policyformulation is not a random act, rather a formally documented statement of intentions and sets of actions of a state  Exclusive domain of the elected representatives of the county; it is implemented by the state apparatus and has the sanctity of its own  Besides creating awareness about state intentions, it helps in creating confidence among public, and garner their support for those actions  There are many sources and drivers of public policy formulation which differs from country to country due to multiple reasons
  • 31.
     This presentationhas been prepared by using the material contained in the author's book “Public Policy Formulation and Analysis”  It has been published as an ebook by Amazon and is available at https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01672SU10  This book has been translated into Spanish, French, and Portuguese also  Although written primarily for the managers, this handbook is equally useful for the senior executives belonging to the public or private sector
  • 32.
     If youlike the presentation , kindly click the icon  For any question, kindly email me at shahidraja@hotmail.com  To download the presentation or its word version, please visit my website www.shahidhussainraja.com This website contains large number of articles on diverse issues. Some of these are presented in the next few slides
  • 33.
     1.International Relations:Basic Concepts & Global Issues: A Handbook https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08QZSRWT1  2.10 Essential Skills for Public Servants: A Handbook (2nd Edition) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0723GMMT1  3.Political Economy of Pakistan: 1947-2020: A Short History https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0844ZJ8ZL  4.Accelerating Economic Growth of Pakistan: Plan of Action https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0844PG64R  5.Finance for Non-finance Managers- A Handbook https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TTNNTC8  5.Agricultural Sector of Pakistan: Challenges & Response https://www.amazon.com/dp/B010TMK28S
  • 34.
     Pakistani Culture:Sources & Drivers http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/pakistani-culture-sources-drivers/  Improving Pakistan’s Global Image http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/improving-pakistans-global-image/  Two Nations Theory: Myths and Reality http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/two-nations-theory-myths-and-reality/  Why do Civil Service Reforms in Pakistan Fail? http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/why-do-civil-service-reforms-in-pakistan-fail/  Is Pakistan a Failed State? http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/is-pakistan-a-failed-state/  Pakistan Ideology: Sources & Features http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/what-is-pakistan-ideology-myths-and-content/
  • 35.
     Pakistan’s Difficultiesat the Time of her Independence http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/pakistans-difficulties-at-the-time-of-her-independence/  Why Countries Break? Case of Bangladesh http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/why-countries-break-case-of-bangladesh/  Pakistan’s 13th IMF Programme: Prospects & Challenges http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/pakistans-13th-imf-programme-prospects-challenges/  Federalism in Pakistan: Challenges & Response https://www.shahidhussainraja.com/federalism-in-pakistan-challengers-response/  Water Issues in Pakistan http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/water-issues-in-pakistan/  Governance Reforms in Pakistan: Need and Content http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/governance-reforms-in-pakistan-need-and-content/  Pakistan’s Strategic Culture: Determinants & Dimensions http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/pakistans-strategic-culture-determinants-dimensions/
  • 36.
     International Relations:Definition, Scope & Subject Matter (http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/the-scope-of-international-relations/)  Modern Nation-state System: Challenges & Prospects (http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/modern-nation-state-system-challenges-prospects/)  Foreign Policy: Features, Success Factors & Challenges (http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/foreign-policy-features-success-factors-challenges/)  Clash of Civilisations by Huntington http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/clash-of-civilizations-a-critique/  Globalization: Compressing Time and Space -Part 1& 2 http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/globalization-compressing-time-and-space-part-1/ /http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/globalization-compressing-time-and-space-part-2/
  • 37.
     Determinants ofForeign Policy http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/determinants-of-foreign-policy/  Foreign Policy: Tools & Implements http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/foreign-policy-tools-instruments/  National Interest: Meaning & Components http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/national-interest-meaning-components/  World Peace: A Norm or an Aberration? http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/world-peace-a-norm-or-an-aberration/  End of History by Francis Fukuyama http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/end-of-history-by-francis-fukuyama-a-critique/  Breakup of Soviet Union: Causes & Consequences http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/breakup-of-the-soviet-union-causes-consequences/
  • 38.
     Global Terrorism:Challenges & Response – Part 1 & 2 http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/global-terrorism-challenges-response/ http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/global-terrorism-challenges-response-part-2/  War on Terror: Causes, Course, Costs and Consequences Part 1 & 2 http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/war-on-terror-causes-course-costs-and-consequences-part-1/ http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/war-on-terror-causes-course-costs-and-consequences-part-2/  Arab Spring: Genesis, Causes of Failure & Lessons Learnt http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/arab-spring-genesis-causes-of-failure-lessons-learnt/  Islamophobia: Genesis, Challenges & Response http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/islamophobia-genesis-challenges-response/  Vietnam War: Causes & Consequences http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/vietnam-war-causes-course-and-consequences/
  • 39.
     Nine Driversof Sino-American Cold War http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/9-drivers-of-america-china-cold-war/  IMF Programmes: Do they help Developing Countries? http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/imf-programme-does-it-help-a-developing-country/  American Interests in Afghanistan http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/american-interests-in-afghanistan/  Reasons for Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/why-did-soviet-union-enter-afghanistan-in-1979/  The Middle East Crises: Genesis and Dimensions http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/the-middle-east-crises-genesis-and-dimensions/  China Iran Relations: Past, Present & Future http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/china-iran-relations-past-present-future/
  • 40.