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Programming process and flowchart
- 1. Prepared by: Mr. RichardR. Basilio BSECE –T Dip IC
- 3. The programmer’s job can be broken down into six programming steps: 1. Understand the problem 2. Plan the logic 3. Code the program 4. Translate the program into machine language 5. Test the program 6. Put the program into production
- 4. Programmers mustfirst understand what it is the user wants To understand the problem, you must analyze it Really understanding the problem may be one of the most difficult aspects of programming The description of what the user needs may be vague The user may not even really know what he or she wants Users who think they know what they want frequently change their minds after seeing sample output
- 5. Programmer plansthe steps to the program, deciding what steps to include and how to order them Example Planning tour Planning party The two most common tools flowcharts : pictorial representation Pseudocode : English-like representation
- 6. start Flowcharts A pictorial representation of get the logical steps it takes to InputNumber solve a problem. Uses Standardized Symbols calculatedAnswer = InputNumber * 2 Utilize Formula Notation Typically Read from Top to print Bottom or from Left to Right on calculatedAnswer a Page stop
- 7. Pseudocode An English-like representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem pseudo – a prefix that means false Short English-Like Statements Not Standardized Proper use of indentation Example start get InputNumber compute calculatedAnswer as InputNumber times 2 print calculatedAnswer stop
- 8. Writing the program in one of more than 400 programming languages Pascal, Assembly Language, C, C++, Java….. Concentrate on the syntax of the language Exact instruction, symbol, …. ? Some very experienced programmers successfully combining the logic planning and the actual instruction writing, or coding of the program, in one step Writing a cinema scenario
- 9. Objective Each computer knows only one language, Machine Language. High-level Languages must be translated into Machine Language Need to compiler or interpreter Compiler catches every syntax error. When writing a program, a programmer might need to recompile the code several times An executable program is created only when the code is free of syntax errors
- 10. Why does it need to be tested ? Syntax Errors : by compile Logical Errors : by test Test Executing the program with some sample data Seeing whether or not the results are logically correct. being tested with many sets of data carefully Example Logically incorrect start get InputNumber compute calculatedAnswer as InputNumber times 20 print calculatedAnswer stop
- 11. Once the program is tested adequately, it is ready for the organization to use. Putting the program into production might mean simply running the program once if it was written to satisfy a user’s request for a special list.
- 13. By wikipedia definition: “A flowchart is a schematic representation of an algorithm or a stepwise process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows.” “Flowcharts are used in designing or documenting a process or program.”
- 14. Start/Stop Process Input/Output (Terminator) (Rectangle) (Parallelogram) Decision Connector Flowlines Predefined Process (Diamond) (Circle) (Arrows) (Rectangle)
- 15. Input/Output Generalised Input/Output Block; reading data from an input medium or writing data to an output medium. This block Input/Output (Parallelogram) should be used in situation were data is being sent in and out of the processor via some sort of I/O peripheral.
- 16. Process Any process step; an operation or group of operations that cause a change in value, form or Process location of the data. This (Rectangle) can consist of arithmetic or logical operators or even move commands.
- 17. Flow line Sequence of operations and direction of data flow; arrowheads are required if linkage is not left-to-right Flowlines or top-to-bottom. (Arrows) Generally arrowheads are included to avoid confusion.
- 18. Annotation Additional explanation or comments. This block is used for providing additional information to any other block in the flowchart.
- 19. Decision Decision-making or switching type of operation, usually based on a comparison, that Decision determines which of a (Diamond) number of paths should be followed.
- 20. Predefined Process One or more operation defined in more detail elsewhere, such as in a booklet or on a different flowchart, but not on Predefined Process (Rectangle) another part of the flowchart in which this symbol appears.
- 21. Terminal Terminal point in a flowchart – stop, start or break in the line of flow. Start/Stop (Terminator)
- 22. Connectors Entry to or exit from another part of the flowchart; if to or from step is on another page then the page reference should also be stated. Connector (Circle)
- 25. Use a standardized flowcharting template, with clearly recognizable symbols. Follow ANSI recommendations for symbol use. Do not crowd or clutter the flowchart, ensure proper spacing between symbols. Number the pages of your flowchart sequentially. Specifically the title of program, the date and the author on each separate page.
- 26. Chart the main line of data flow in the system or program first, then incorporate detail in later flowchart. Write within symbols avoid using too many words. If necessary use the annotation symbol. Choose wording to suit the anticipated readers of the flowchart.
- 27. Be legible, neatness counts. If flowchart becomes complex use connector symbols to reduce the number of flow lines. Collect incoming and outgoing flow lines so that the number of lines entering or leaving a symbol are minimized.
- 28. Use theflowchart as a guide when coding; change it when necessary to ensure the flowchart reflects the steps implemented in the code. Cross-reference portion of the flowchart to the source language code. Be consistent with the level of detail shown in the flowchart. Do not chart every detail, but do not leave out important details.
- 29. Put yourself in the position of the reader; try to anticipate the reader’s problems in understanding the flowchart.
- 30. Sequence If-then-else(Selection) While (Repetition)
- 31. entrance The SEQUENCEprocess is just a series of processes carried out one after the another. Most programs are represented at the highest level by the sequence , possible with a loop from exit end back to the beginning.
- 32. The If-THEN-ELSEprocess entrance logically completes the binary decision block by providing two separate processes. One of the processes will be carried out in the each path from the binary decision. This is also called exit SELECTION.
- 33. The WHILEprocess is allow entrance for the representation of a conditional loop structure within a program. The decision to execute the process is the loop is made prior to the execution of the process. exit This is also called REPETITION.