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Algorithm and flowchart
This document introduces algorithms and the process of program development. It defines an algorithm as a precise list of instructions that terminates after a finite number of steps to solve a problem. It discusses methods of specifying algorithms like pseudocode and flowcharts. Properties of algorithms include being finite, unambiguous, and having a defined sequence of execution and input/output. The steps of program development are stated as understanding the problem, planning instructions, coding the program, running and debugging it. Flowcharting guidelines and common symbols are provided. Sample exercises demonstrate writing programs to calculate simple formulas.
In this document
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Overview of programming fundamentals and its importance.
Definition and characteristics of algorithms; describes them as precise, finite step-by-step instructions.
Describes two common methods for specifying algorithms: Pseudocode and Flowcharts.
Details key properties of algorithms like finiteness, clarity, execution sequence, input/output, effectiveness, and scope.
Outlines the systematic steps in program development, from problem formulation to debugging.
Essential guidelines for effective flowchart creation, covering layout and flow management.
Discusses standardized symbols used in flowcharts for clear representation of processes.
Further details on various flowchart symbols to enhance understanding of algorithm representation.
Examples of simple programming exercises focused on mathematical computations and conversions.
Algorithm and flowchart
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- 2. AlgorithmIt is alist of instructions specifying a precise description of a step by step process that terminates after a finite number of steps for solving an algorithm problem producing the correct answer in the end.It is a recipe for solving problems. A finite set of an instruction that specifies a sequence of operation to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem. An unambiguous procedure specifying a finite number of steps to be taken.
- 3. Methods of SpecifyingAlgorithmPseudocode - specifies the steps of algorithm using essentially natural language of superimposed control structure.Flowchart - a traditional graphical tool with standardized symbols. Show the sequence of steps in an algorithm.
- 4. Properties of AlgorithmFiniteness- there is an exact number of steps to be taken and has an end.Absence of Ambiguity - means that every instruction is precisely described and clearly specified.Sequence of Execution - instructions are performed from top to bottom.Input and Output - defined the unknowns of the problem is specified and with the expected outcome.Effectiveness- the solution prescribed is guaranteed to give a correct answer and that the specified process is faithfully carried out.Scope Definition - applies to a specific problem or class of problem.
- 5. Steps in ProgramDevelopmentState the problem clearly- a problem cannot be solved correctly unless it is being understood.Plan and Write the Logical Order of Instructions - the computer follows the direction exactly at the given sequence.Code the Program - write the programming statements in the desired language.Enter the program into the computer - key in or type the statement into the computer.Run and Debug the program - check if you have the desired output; if not, trace the possible error.
- 6. Flowcharting GuidelinesThe flowchartshould flow from top to bottomIf the chart becomes complex, utilize connecting blocksAvoid intersecting flow linesUse meaningful description in the symbol
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- 9. Sample ExercisesSample 1:Write a program that calculates the sum of two input numbers and display the result. Sample 2: Write a program to calculate the area of a circle and display the result. Use the formula: A=πr2 where Pi is approximately equal to 3.1416. Sample 3: Write a program that computes the average of three input quizzes, and then display the result. Sample 4: Write a program that converts the input Fahrenheit degree into its Celsius degree equivalent. Use the formula: C= (5/9)*F-32. Sample 5: Create a program to compute the volume of a sphere. Use the formula: V= (4/3)* πr3 where is pi equal to 3.1416 approximately. The r3 is the radius. Display result. Sample 6:Write a program that converts the input Celsius degree into its equivalent Fahrenheit degree. Use the formula: F= (9/5) * C+32.