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Problem Solving and Python Programming

This document outlines the syllabus for the course GE8151 - Problem Solving and Python Programming. It covers algorithms and their building blocks like statements, states, control flow, and functions. It provides examples of algorithm problems like finding the minimum in a list, inserting a card in a sorted list, guessing a number in a range, and solving the Towers of Hanoi problem. It also discusses algorithm design techniques, specifying algorithms using pseudocode and flowcharts, different types of programming languages, and strategies for developing algorithms using iteration and recursion.

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KARPAGAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE - 105 Course Code with Name : GE8151 - Problem Solving and Python Programming Staff Name / Designation : A.Mahalakshmi / Assistant Professor Department : Information Technology Year / Semester : I / I Department of Information Technology
UNIT I - ALGORITHMIC PROBLEM SOLVING SYLLABUS: Algorithms, building blocks of algorithms (statements, state, control flow, functions), notation(pseudo code, flow chart, programming language), algorithmic problem solving, simple strategies for developing algorithms (iteration, recursion). Illustrative problems: find minimum in a list, insert a card in a list of sorted cards, guess an integer number in a range, Towers of Hanoi. 2/22/2022 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 2 2/22/2022 2
ALGORITHMS • Step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. 2/22/2022 3 Karpagam Institute of Technology
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ALGORITHM • The instructions should be in a ordered manner. • The instructions must be simple and concise. • They must not be ambiguous. • The algorithm must completely and definitely solve the problem. 2/22/2022 4 Karpagam Institute of Technology
ADVANTAGES OF ALGORITHM  Easy to understand.  Programs can be easily developed. 2/22/2022 5 Karpagam Institute of Technology
Write the algorithm to find the sum and average of given 2 numbers. Step1 : Start Step2 : Read values of A and B Step3 : Calculate SUM =A+B Step4 : Calculate AVERAGE = (SUM/2) Step5 : Print Values of SUM and AVERAGE Step6 : Stop 2/22/2022 6 Karpagam Institute of Technology
BUILDING BLOCKS OF ALGORITHMS Statement State Control Flow Functions 2/22/2022 7 Karpagam Institute of Technology
STATEMENT • Statement is a single action in a computer. • In a computer statements might include some of the following actions, Input data-information given to the program Process data-perform operation on a given input Output data-processed result 2/22/2022 8 Karpagam Institute of Technology
STATE • Transition from one process to another process under specified condition within a time is called state. 2/22/2022 9 Karpagam Institute of Technology
CONTROL FLOW • The process of executing the individual statements in a given order is called control flow. • The control can be executed in three ways  Sequence  Selection  Iteration 2/22/2022 10 Karpagam Institute of Technology
SEQUENCE • All the instructions are executed one after another is called sequence execution. • Example: Sum of two numbers: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the values of a and b Step 3: calculate c=a+b Step 4: Display c Step 5: Stop 2/22/2022 11 Karpagam Institute of Technology
SELECTION • Selection execution is based upon the condition. • If the conditional test is true, one part of the program will be executed. • Otherwise, it will execute the other part of the program. 2/22/2022 12 Karpagam Institute of Technology
Write an algorithm to check whether he is eligible to vote? Step 1: Start Step 2: Get age Step 3: if age >= 18 print “Eligible to vote” Step 4: else print “Not eligible to vote” Step 6: Stop 2/22/2022 13 Karpagam Institute of Technology
ITERATION • Set of statements are executed again and again based upon conditional test. • Write an algorithm to print all ‘n’ natural numbers Step 1: Start Step 2: get n value. Step 3: initialize i=1 Step 4: if (i<=n) go to step 5 else go to step 7 Step 5: Print i value and increment i value by 1 Step 6: go to step 4 Step 7: Stop 2/22/2022 14 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FUNCTIONS • Function is a sub program which consists of block of code(set of instructions) that performs a particular task. • Algorithm for addition of two numbers using function Main function Step 1: Start Step 2: Call the function add( ) Step 3: Stop Sub function Step 1: Function start Step 2: Get a, b Values Step 3: add c=a+b Step 4: Print c Step 5: Return 2/22/2022 15 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FLOW CHART • Pictorial representation of an algorithm. • Since it is a visual representation, it helps to understand the logic of the program. 2/22/2022 16 Karpagam Institute of Technology
Draw a flowchart to find the sum and average of given two numbers. 2/22/2022 17 Karpagam Institute of Technology
Draw a flowchart to find the smallest of given two numbers. 2/22/2022 18 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PSEUDOCODE • Pseudo code only describes the logic to develop a program and it can be translated to any computer language code. • Keywords should be highlighted by capitalizing them. • Using Keywords:  Input : READ, OBTAIN, GET  Output : PRINT, DISPLAY, SHOW  Compute : COMPUTE, CALCULATE, DETERMINE  Initialize : SET, INITIALIZE  Add one : INCREMENT, BUMP 2/22/2022 19 Karpagam Institute of Technology
Write a pseudo code to accept two numbers from the keyboard and calculate the sum and product of them, also display the result on the monitor screen. BEGIN READ A, B CALCUALTE Sum=A+B DISPLAY Sum END 2/22/2022 20 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE • Computer programming languages are used to communicate instructions to a computer.  Interpreted Programming Languages  Functional Programming Languages  Compiled Programming Languages  Procedural Programming Languages  Scripting Programming Languages  Markup Programming Languages  Logic-Based Programming Languages  Concurrent Programming Languages  Object-Oriented Programming Languages 2/22/2022 21 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Interpreted Programming Languages • An interpreted language execute instructions directly, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions. • Examples: APL, BASIC, ICI, J, Lisp, Lua, M, Pascal, Perl, Python, Ruby, S-Lang, spin 2/22/2022 22 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Functional Programming Language: • They focus on the application of functions. • Many functional programming languages are bound to mathematical calculations. Examples:- • ML, Joy, Kite, Clean, OPAL, Q 2/22/2022 23 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Compiled Programming Languages • A compiled language is a programming language whose implementations are typically compilers. • Examples: Ada, ALGOL, C, C++, C#, COBOL, etc. 2/22/2022 24 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Procedural Programming Languages • Procedural (imperative) programming implies specifying the steps that the programs should take to reach to an intended state. • Examples: Bliss, ChucK, CLIST, HyperTalk, Modula-2, Oberon, Component, Pascal, MATLAB, PL/C, PL/I, Rapira, RPG 2/22/2022 25 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Scripting Languages • Scripting languages are programming languages that control an application. • Examples: AppleScript, BeanShell, ColdFusion, F-Script, JASS, PHP, VBScript, Windows PowerShell 2/22/2022 26 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Markup Languages • A markup language is an artificial language that uses annotations to text that define how the text is to be displayed. • Examples: Curl, SGML, HTML, XML, XHTML 2/22/2022 27 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Logic-based Programming Languages • Logic programming is a type of programming paradigm which is largely based on formal logic. • Examples: ALF, Fril, Janus, Oz, Poplog, Prolog, ROOP 2/22/2022 28 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Concurrent Programming Languages: • It is a computer programming technique, which executes the operation concurrently – either within single computer or across number of systems. Examples: • ABCL, Concurrent Pascal, E, Joule, SALSA, Pict, SR, etc. 2/22/2022 29 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Object-Oriented Programming Languages • Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects”, which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. • Examples: IO, Slate, Self, Scala, Prograph, Oxygene, Moto, MOO, Lava, BETA, Agora 2/22/2022 30 Karpagam Institute of Technology
ALGORITHMIC PROBLEM SOLVING ➢Understanding the problem ➢Ascertain the capabilities of the computational device ➢Exact /approximate solution ➢Decide on the appropriate data structure ➢Algorithm design techniques ➢Methods of specifying an algorithm ➢Proving an algorithms correctness ➢Analyzing an algorithm 2/22/2022 31 Karpagam Institute of Technology
UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM • The problem given should be clearly and completely understood. 2/22/2022 32 Karpagam Institute of Technology
DETERMINING THE CAPABILITIES OF THE COMPUTATIONAL DEVICE • After understanding the problem, speed and memory availability of the device are to be noted. 2/22/2022 33 Karpagam Institute of Technology
EXACT /APPROXIMATE SOLUTION • Once algorithm is devised, it is necessary to show that how it computes answer for all the possible legal inputs. • Examples of Exact solution problems are i) Computing addition of 2 numbers. ii) Find the given number is prime or not. Examples of Approximate solution problems where an exact solution cannot be obtained are i) Finding a square root of number. ii) Solutions of non linear equations. 2/22/2022 34 Karpagam Institute of Technology
DECIDE ON THE APPROPRIATE DATA STRUCTURE • Data type is a well defined collection of data with the well defined set of operations on it. • A data structure is basically a group of data elements. • The Elementary data structures are as follows,  List: Allows fast access of data  Sets: Treat data as element of a set. Allows application of operations such as intersection, Union and equivalence.  Dictionaries: Allows data to be stored as a key value pair. 2/22/2022 35 Karpagam Institute of Technology
ALGORITHM DESIGN TECHNIQUES • Creating an algorithm is an art. • By mastering these design strategies, it will become easier to devise new and useful algorithms. 2/22/2022 36 Karpagam Institute of Technology
METHODS OF SPECIFYING AN ALGORITHM • Use of natural language or pseudocode. • Flow Chart 2/22/2022 37 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PROVING AN ALGORITHMS CORRECTNESS • It is necessary to prove that algorithm computes solutions for all the possible valid input. 2/22/2022 38 Karpagam Institute of Technology
ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF ALGORITHMS • An algorithm is analyzed to measure its performance in terms of CPU time and memory space required to execute that algorithm. 2/22/2022 39 Karpagam Institute of Technology
SIMPLE STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING ALGORITHMS (ITERATION, RECURSION) ITERATION • A Loop is one or more instructions that the computer performs repeatedly. • Algorithm: Write the algorithm to print “1 to 5” Step1 : Start Step2 : Initialize the value of i as 1 Step3 : Print i and increment the value of i Step 4: Repeat the Step 3 until the value of i <=5. Step 5 : Stop 2/22/2022 40 Karpagam Institute of Technology
RECURSION • A function that calls itself is known as recursive function and the phenomenon is called as recursion. • Algorithm: Write an algorithm to find the factorial of a given number Main Program: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read n Step 3: Call the sub program as f=fact(n) Step 4 : print f value Step 5: Stop Sub Program: Step 1: If n==0 or n==1 return 1 to the main program otherwise go to step 2 Step 2: return n*fact(n-1) to main program 2/22/2022 41 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FINDING MINIMUM IN A LIST Step 1:Start Step 2: Read the list of numbers as L Step 3: Set Min to list[0] Step 4: For each number x in the list L, compare it to min Step 4a: If x is smaller, then assign min to x Step 5: Print min Step 6: Stop 2/22/2022 42 Karpagam Institute of Technology
GUESS AN INTEGER NUMBER IN A RANGE Step 1: Start Step 2: Generate a random number in between 1 and 100 Step 3: Get the guessed number from the user Step 4:If the random number is equal to the guessed number print guessing is correct. Step 5: Otherwise If the random number is greater than the guessed number print guessing is too high and go to step 7 Step 6: Otherwise print guessing is too high and go to step 7. Step 7: Stop 2/22/2022 43 Karpagam Institute of Technology
INSERT A CARD IN A LIST OF SORTED CARDS Step 1 - Start Step 2 - Read the list of sorted cards. Step 3 - If it is the first card, it is already sorted. return 1; Step 4 - Pick next card Step 5 - Compare with all cards in the sorted sub-list Step 6- Shift all the cards in the sorted sub-list that is greater than the value of the card to be inserted. Step 5 - Insert the card Step 6 - Repeat until list is sorted. Step 7 - Stop 2/22/2022 44 Karpagam Institute of Technology
TOWERS OF HANOI • Problem: • Tower of Hanoi is a mathematical puzzle with three rods and ‘n’ number of disks. • These disks are in different sizes and stacked upon in an ascending order, i.e the smaller one sits over the larger one. • The objective is to move all the disks to some another tower without violating the sequence of arrangement. 2/22/2022 45 Karpagam Institute of Technology
RULES TO BE FOLLOWED • Only one disk can be moved among the towers at any given time. • Only the “top” disk can be removed. • No large disk can sit over a small disk. 2/22/2022 46 Karpagam Institute of Technology
2/22/2022 47 Karpagam Institute of Technology
VIDEO TUTORIAL S.NO TOPIC LINK 1 Minimum in a list https://youtu.be/5Y1rxCMY_jU 2 Insert a Card in a list of Sorted Cards https://youtu.be/Mow8rdOKrbY 3 Guess an integer number in a range https://youtu.be/pmDKRJdqT1E 4 Tower of Hanoni https://youtu.be/hKUwLe7bpwo 2/22/2022 48 Karpagam Institute of Technology
SUMMARY OF UNIT I • Algorithm, Flow chart, Pseudo code • Building Blocks of an Algorithm • Algorithmic Problem Solving Technique • Simple Strategies for developing an algorithm • Illustrative Problems for developing an algorithms 2/22/2022 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 49 2/22/2022 49
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS S.NO QUESTIONS BLOOMS LEVEL 1 Apply the rules of an algorithm and pseudocode to find whether the given number is positive, negative and zero. K3 2 Apply the rules of an algorithm and pseudocode to find the factorial of a given number using recursion. K3 3 Write a pseudo code for converting celsius of a given value into fahrenheit. K3 4 Develop a flow chart for performing Towers of Hanoi operation. K5 5 Design a flow chart for calculating simple interest K5 2/22/2022 50 Karpagam Institute of Technology
QUIZ-TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe crZ0M-AnDkGI5HOSpzjHrHiDacakocv_-u2K s_zul55YF0w/viewform 2/22/2022 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 51 2/22/2022 51
UNIT II DATA, EXPRESSIONS, STATEMENTS SYLLABUS: Python interpreter and interactive mode; values and types: int, float, boolean, string, and list; variables, expressions, statements, Tuple assignment, precedence of operators, comments; modules and functions, function definition and use, flow of execution, parameters and arguments; Illustrative programs: exchange the values of two variables, circulate the values of n variables, distance between two points. 2/22/2022 52 2/22/2022 52 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PYTHON INTERPRETER AND INTERACTIVE MODE INTERACTIVE MODE PROGRAMMING: • Interactive mode is a command line shell which gives immediate feedback for each statement. • In this mode, the prompts for the next command usually have three greater-than signs (>>>). • Example- A sample interactive session: >>> 5 5 >>> print(5*7) 35 >>> "hello" * 4 'hellohellohellohello' 2/22/2022 53 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PYTHON INTERPRETER AND INTERACTIVE MODE CONTD.. SCRIPT/INTERPRETER MODE PROGRAMMING • In script mode, execution of the script begins and continues until the script is finished. • Example: 2/22/2022 54 Karpagam Institute of Technology
VALUES AND TYPES • VALUE – refers to the basic things in a program works which can be like a letter or a number. • TYPE - refers to the data type, which is used to find the type of data. Following are the various basic types of a value: 2/22/2022 55 Karpagam Institute of Technology S.NO TYPES EXAMPLE OF VALUES 1 Int 10,100,-256,789656 2 Float 3.14,2.56789,-21.9 3 Boolean True or False 4 String “Hai” or ‘Hi’ 5 List [0,1,2,3,4] 6 Tuple (0,1,2,3,4) 7 Dictionaries {1: “Hai”, 2: “Welcome”}
VALUES AND TYPES CONTD.. • INTEGER- it is represented by a whole number. >>>type(3) <type ‘int’> • FLOAT-Numbers with a decimal point >>>type(3.2) <type 'float'> • BOOLEAN-it is represented by TRUE or FALSE >>> bool(1) True >>> bool(0) False >>>type(2>3) <class ‘bool’> 2/22/2022 56 Karpagam Institute of Technology
VALUES AND TYPES CONTD.. • STRING - values with quotes like single, double, triple >>>type('17') <type 'str'> • LIST- collection of elements in square bracket [ ] >>>a=[1,2,3] >>>type(a) <tupe ‘list’> • TUPLE - collection of elements in paranthesis ( ) >>>a=(1,2,3) >>>type(a) <type ‘tuple’> • DICTIONARY – Collection of elements in curly braces { } with key:value pair >>>a={1: “hai”, 2: “welcome”} >>>type(a) <type ‘dict’> 2/22/2022 57 Karpagam Institute of Technology
VARIABLES • Variables are defined as reserved memory locations to store values. Rules for Naming Variables • Variable names can contain letters, symbols like underscore (__) and numbers. • They begin with a letter not numbers. • Both uppercase and lowercase letters are used. • Keywords cannot be used as variable names. • Example for valid identifier • abc, xy12, good_start • Example for non-valid identifier • 12xy, x$y 2/22/2022 58 Karpagam Institute of Technology
EXPRESSIONS • An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators. • Examples: –17 –x –x + 17 2/22/2022 59 Karpagam Institute of Technology
STATEMENTS • Each and every instruction or line in the program is called as statements. • Example: A=10 #assignment statement B=20 #assignment statement C=A+B #assignment statement print(C) #print statement Output : 30 #output statement 2/22/2022 60 Karpagam Institute of Technology
TUPLE ASSIGNMENT • Python has a very powerful tuple assignment feature that allows a tuple of variables on the left of an assignment to be assigned values from a tuple on the right of the assignment. • For example, to swap a and b: a=10 b=20 temp = a a = b b = temp • Tuple assignment solves this problem neatly: (a,b) = (b,a) 2/22/2022 61 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS ORDER OF OPERATIONS: • When more than one operator appears in an expression, the order of evaluation depends on the rules of precedence. • The acronym PEMDAS is a useful way to remember the rules: – Parentheses have the highest precedence • 2 * (3-1) is 4, and • (1+1)**(5-2) is 8. - Exponentiation has the next highest precedence • 2**1+1 is 3, not 4, and • 3*1**3 is 3, not 27. 2/22/2022 62 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS CONTD.. • Multiplication and Division have the same precedence, which is higher than Addition and Subtraction, which also have the same precedence. – 2*3-1 is 5, not4, and – 6+4/2 is 8, not 5. • Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except exponentiation). – So in the expression degrees / 2 * pi, the division happens first and the result is multiplied by pi. 2/22/2022 63 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS CONTD.. Operator Description ** Exponentiation raise to the power ~ ,+,- Complement, unary plus and minus *, /, %, // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division +, - Addition and subtraction >> , << Right and left bitwise shift & Bitwise 'AND' ^, | Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR' <=, <, >, >= Comparison operators <>, ==, != Equality operators =, %=, /=, //=, -=, +=, *=, **= Assignment operators is, is not Identity operators in, not in Membership operators not or and Logical operators 2/22/2022 64 Karpagam Institute of Technology
COMMENTS • Comment is a piece of program text that the interpreter ignores but that provides useful documentation to programmers. • Comments start with the # symbol Example: # compute the sum of two numbers C=A+B • In this case, the comment appears on a line by itself. We can also put comments at the end of a line C=A+B #sum of two numbers 2/22/2022 65 Karpagam Institute of Technology
MODULES AND FUNCTIONS • Module is a file consisting of Python code. • A module can define functions, classes and variables. Example: a="Dora" def print_func(a): print ("Hello : ", a) return print_func(a) Output: Hello : Dora 2/22/2022 66 Karpagam Institute of Technology
MODULES AND FUNCTIONS CONTD.. • The modules can be imported by the following ways:  The import statement  The from...import Statement  The from...import * Statement 2/22/2022 67 Karpagam Institute of Technology
MODULES AND FUNCTIONS CONTD.. The import statement • We can use any Python source file as a module by executing an import statement in some other Python source file. • The import has the following syntax, import module1, module2, …….moduleN Example- import math print(math.sqrt(4)) Output 2.0 2/22/2022 68 Karpagam Institute of Technology
MODULES AND FUNCTIONS CONTD.. The from….import statement • In Python’s from statement, lets us import specific attributes from a module into the current namespace. • The from…import statement has the following syntax, from modname import name1, name2,…nameN Example- moduleAccess.py from sample import a,b print(a.A()) print(b.B()) Output: Hai Hello 2/22/2022 69 Karpagam Institute of Technology a.py def A(): print(“Hai”) b.py def B(): print(“Hello”) sample.py
MODULES AND FUNCTIONS CONTD.. The from….import* statement • It is also possible to import all names from a module into the current namespace by using the following import statement, from modname import* • This provides an easy way to import all the items from a module into the current namespace. 2/22/2022 70 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FUNCTION DEFINITION AND USE FUNCTION  Function is a block of code, that are executed when it is called.  Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and parentheses ( ).  Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses.  The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.  The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an expression to the caller.  A return statement with no arguments is the same as return None. 2/22/2022 71 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FUNCTION DEFINITION AND USE CONTD.. Syntax- def functionname( parameters ): function_suite return[expression] Example- def printme(str): print (str) return 2/22/2022 72 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FUNCTION DEFINITION AND USE CONTD.. USES OF FUNCTION- It makes the program size smaller. It involves the concept of modularity. 2/22/2022 73 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FLOW OF EXECUTION  The order in which statements are executed, which is called the flow of execution.  Execution always begins at the first statement of the program.  Statements are executed one at a time, in order from top to bottom.  During function call, the arguments in the actual parameters are assigned to the formal parameters. 2/22/2022 74 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FLOW OF EXECUTION CONTD.. 2/22/2022 75 Karpagam Institute of Technology
FLOW OF EXECUTION CONTD.. Example- a=10 b=20 def sum(c,d): e=c+d return e print("Result is :",sum(a,b)) Output: 30 2/22/2022 76 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTS • Parameters provide the data communication between calling function and called function. Two types:  Actual parameter -This is the argument which is used in function call.  Formal parameter - This is the argument which is used in function definition. 2/22/2022 77 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTS CONTD.. ARGUMENTS - refers to the value. Types of Arguments  Required arguments  Keyword arguments  Default arguments  Variable-length arguments 2/22/2022 78 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTS CONTD.. REQUIRED ARGUMENTS  Required arguments are the arguments passed to a function in correct positional order. Example def sum(a,b): c=a+b return c print("Result is:", sum(10,20)) Output: 30 2/22/2022 79 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTS CONTD.. KEYWORD ARGUMENTS  Here, the caller identifies the arguments by the parameter name. Example def sum(a,b): c=a+b return c print("Result is:", sum(a=10,b=20)) Output: 30 2/22/2022 80 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTS CONTD.. DEFAULT ARGUMENT:  Default argument is an argument that assumes a default value if a value is not provided in the function call for that argument. Example def sum(a=10,b): c=a+b return c print("Result is:", sum(20)) Output: 30 2/22/2022 81 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTS CONTD.. VARIABLE-LENGTH ARGUMENT  This is used to process a function with more argument. Syntax for a function with variable length argument, def functionname([formal_args,]*var_args_tuple): function_suite return[expression] 2/22/2022 82 Karpagam Institute of Technology
PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTS CONTD.. Example for Variable-length Argument def printinfo( arg1,*vartuple): print ("Output is: ") print ( arg1) for var in vartuple: print (var) return; printinfo(10) printinfo(70,60,50) Output 10 Output 70 60 50 2/22/2022 83 Karpagam Institute of Technology
EXCHANGE THE VALUE OF TWO VARIABLES With Temporary Variable x = input("Enter value of x:") y = input("Enter value of y:") temp = x x = y y = temp print('The value of x after swapping:',x) print('The value of y after swapping:',y) Output Enter value of x: 67 Enter value of y: 45 The value of x after swapping: 45 The value of y after swapping: 67 2/22/2022 84 Karpagam Institute of Technology
EXCHANGE THE VALUE OF TWO VARIABLES CONTD.. Without Temporary Variable x = input("Enter value of x:") y = input("Enter value of y:") x= x + y y = x - y x = x - y print('The value of x after swapping:',x) print('The value of y after swapping:',y) Output Enter value of x: 67 Enter value of y: 45 The value of x after swapping: 45 The value of y after swapping: 67 2/22/2022 85 Karpagam Institute of Technology
CIRCULATE THE VALUES OF N NUMBERS def circulate(A,N): for i in range of(0,N): j=len(A)-1 while j>0: temp=A[j] A[j]=A[j-1] A[j-1]=temp j=j-1 print(‘Circulationt’,A) return A=[91,92,93,94,95] n=int(input(“Enter n:”)) circulate(A,n) Output n=2 Circulation 95,91,92,93,94 Circulation 94,95,91,92,93 2/22/2022 86 Karpagam Institute of Technology
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS import math x1=int(input("Enter the X-Coordinate of first point")) y1=int(input("Enter the Y-Coordinate of first point")) x2=int(input("Enter the X-Coordinate of Second point")) y2=int(input("Enter the Y-Coordinate of Second point")) distance = math.sqrt( ((x1-x2)**2)+((y1-y2)**2) ) print(distance) Output Enter the X-Coordinate of first point 4 Enter the Y-Coordinate of first point 0 Enter the X-Coordinate of Second point 6 Enter the Y-Coordinate of Second point 6 6.324555320336759 2/22/2022 87 Karpagam Institute of Technology
VIDEO TUTORIAL S.No Topic Link 1 Interpreter and Interactive mode https://youtu.be/3lvgY5V8494 2 Operator and it's types with their Precedence https://youtu.be/ljaw6cUobtU 3 Circulate the value of n numbers using slicing operator https://youtu.be/1Y46EaJAQ4c 4 Distance between two points https://youtu.be/qeZ5kiKJe7c 2/22/2022 88 Karpagam Institute of Technology
SUMMARY  Python Interpreter and Interactive mode  Values and Data types  Operators and its Precedence  Modules and Functions  Function Parameters and Arguments  Illustrative Problems 2/22/2022 89 Karpagam Institute of Technology
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS S.No Questions Blooms Level 1 Write a Python programs to check whether the given number is palindrome or not K3 2 Apply the concept of Modules for airlines system K3 3 Distinguish between Interpreter mode and Interactive mode K4 4 Develop a Python program for finding Fibonacci sequence of n numbers using function with recursion K5 2/22/2022 90 Karpagam Institute of Technology
QUIZ - TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • https://forms.gle/uP745eEsYzko6Y2U9 2/22/2022 91 Karpagam Institute of Technology
UNIT III CONTROL FLOW, FUNCTIONS SYLLABUS Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional (if), alternative (if-else), chained conditional (if-elif-else); Iteration: state, while, for, break, continue, pass; Fruitful functions: return values, parameters, local and global scope, function composition, recursion; Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module; Lists as arrays. Illustrative programs: square root, gcd, exponentiation, sum an array of numbers, linear search, binary search. 2/22/2022 92 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 2/22/2022 92
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION A Boolean expression is a expression that results in either true or false. It uses the == operator which compares two operands and procedures true if both are equal otherwise false. 93 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
CONTROL FLOW • It is a statement that determines the control flow of a set of instructions., (ie) it decides the sequence in which the instructions in a program are to be executed. • It can either comprise of one or more instructions. Three fundamental control statements are  Sequential  Selection  Iterative control 94 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
TYPES OF DECISION CONTROL STATEMENTS 95 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
SELECTION OR CONDITIONAL BRANCHING STATEMENT • The decision control statements usually jumps from one part of the code to another depending on whether a particular condition is satisfied or not. • Python selection statements are:  If statement  If-else statement  If-elif-else statement  Nested-if statement 96 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
ITERATIVE STATEMENTS • Iterative statements are decision control statements that are used to repeat the execution of a list of statements. The following are the types of iterative statements.  while loop  for loop 97 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
WHILE LOOP • The while loop provides a mechanism to repeat one or more statements while a particular condition is true. • Syntax: Statement X while (condition): Statements block 98 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
FLOWCHART FOR WHILE LOOP 99 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE FOR WHILE LOOP num = 1 while num < 10: print(num) num = num + 3 Ouput: 1 4 7 100 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE FOR WHILE LOOP WITH ELSE STATEMENT num = 10 while num > 6: print(num) num = num-1 else: print("loop is finished") Output: 10 9 8 7 loop is finished 101 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
FOR LOOP • It provides a mechanism to repeat a task until a particular condition is true. • It is known as determinate or definite loop because the programmer knows exactly how many times the loop will repeat. Syntax 1: for loop_control_var in sequence: Statement block 102 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
FOR LOOP CONTD.. Syntax 2: for variable in range(beg,end,[step]): Statements 103 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
FLOWCHART OF FOR LOOP 104 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE OF FOR LOOP numbers = [1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 20] sq = 0 for val in numbers: sq = val * val print(sq) 105 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022 Output: 1 4 16 36 121 400
RANGE( ) IN FOR LOOP • range(n): generates a set of whole numbers starting from 0 to (n-1). For example: range(8) is equivalent to [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] • range(start, stop): generates a set of whole numbers starting from start to stop-1. For example: range(5, 9) is equivalent to [5, 6, 7, 8] 106 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
RANGE( ) IN FOR LOOP CONTD.. • range(start, stop, step_size): The default step_size is 1 which is why when we didn’t specify the step_size, the numbers generated are having difference of 1. However by specifying step_size we can generate numbers having the difference of step_size. For example: range(1, 10, 2) is equivalent to [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] 107 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE OF FOR LOOP WITH RANGE( ) sum = 0 for val in range(1, 6): sum = sum + val print(sum) Output: 15 108 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE OF FOR LOOP WITH ELSE BLOCK for val in range(5): print(val) else: print("The loop has completed execution") Output: 0 1 2 3 4 The loop has completed execution 109 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
BREAK STATEMENT • The break statement is used to terminate the execution of the loop. • When a compiler encounters a break statement, the control passes to the statement that follows the loop in which the break statement appears. • Syntax:- break 110 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
FLOWCHART FOR BREAK STATEMENT 111 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE FOR BREAK STATEMENT # program to display all the elements before number 88 for num in [11, 9, 88, 10, 90, 3, 19]: print(num) if(num==88): print("The number 88 is found") print("Terminating the loop") break 112 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022 Output:- 11 9 88 The number 88 is found Terminating the loop
CONTINUE STATEMENT • The continue statement can only appear in the body of a loop. • When a compiler encounters a continue statement, then the rest of the statement s in the loop are skipped and the control is unconditionally transferred to the loop-continuation portion of the nearest loop. • Syntax: continue 113 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
FLOWCHART FOR CONTINUE STATEMENT 114 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE FOR CONTINUE STATEMENT # program to display only odd numbers for num in [20, 11, 9, 66, 4, 89, 44]: if (num%2 == 0): continue print(num) 115 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022 Output 11 9 89
PASS STATEMENT • The pass statement acts as a placeholder and usually used when there is no need of code but a statement is still required to make a code syntactically correct. • Example:- for num in [20, 11, 9, 66, 4, 89, 44]: if num%2 == 0: pass else: print(num) Output: 11 9 89 116 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
STRINGS • String is a sequence of characters. • String may contain alphabets, numbers and special characters. • String value must be enclosed within either single quotes or within double quotes. • String is immutable in nature. (i.e)., once created cannot be able to edit when it is stored in a variable. Example: Letter = “A” Name = ‘python’ 117 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
READING STRING VALUE FROM THE USER: • Using input( ) function we can read string value from the user. Syntax: Variable_name=input(“Enter the values”) Example: Name=input(“Enter the name”) print(“Welcome”,name) Output: Enter the name: python Welcome python 118 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
INDEX OPERATION: • Each character can be accessed through index operator. Syntax: String_variable_name[index] • Index value starts at zero and last index value is(length of the string-1) Example: 119 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
STRING OPERATIONS 120 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
CONCATENATION OF TWO OR MORE STRINGS • Joining of two or more strings into a single one is called concatenation. Syntax: String2=string1+string2 Example: str1 = 'Hello' str2 ='World!' print('str1 + str2 = ', str1 + str2) Output: Hello World! 121 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
REPETITION OPERATOR(*): • It is used to concatenate the same string multiple times. Syntax: String2=String1*integer value Example: str1 = 'Hello' print('str1 * 3 =', str1 * 3) Output: HelloHelloHello 122 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
STRING SLICING • Slicing operations is used to select/return /slice the particular substring based on user requirements. • A segment of the string is called slice. Syntax: String_variable_name[start:end:step value] • Here all the parameters/variables are optional • The default value for start is zero and end is end-1 • The default value for step is 1. 123 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE FOR STRING SLICING var1 = 'Hello World!’ var2 = "Python Programming" print "var1[0]: ", var1[0] print "var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5] Output: H ytho 124 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
STRING COMPARISON: • We can compare two strings by using comparison operators such as ==,!=,<,<=,>,>=. • Python compares strings based on their corresponding ASCII values. • For ‘a’ASCII value is 97 and ‘A’ASCII value is 65. 125 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
EXAMPLE FOR STRING COMPARISON str1=”green” str2=”glow” print(“is both string are equal:”, str1==str2) print(“is both string are not equal:”, str1!=str2) print(“is str1>str2:”,str1>str2) print(“is str1>str2:”,str1<str2) 126 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022 Output:- is both string are equal:False is both string are not equal:True is str1>str2:True is str1>str2:False
STRING ITERATION: • We can us for loop to traverse all the characters in the string sequentially. • Syntax1: for var_name in string_varaible_name: statements • Syntax2: for var_name in range(initial, final,step value): statements 127 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
PROGRAM TO COUNT THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS IN A STRING str=input(“enter any string:”) count=0 for letter in str: if(letter): count=count+1 print(“total number of characters in string is:”, count) Output: Enter any string:python Total number of characters in string is:6 128 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
COUNT THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS IN A STRING USING RANGE FUNCTION str=input(“enter any string:”) count=0 for letter in range(0,len(str)+1,1): if(letter): count=count+1 print(“total number of characters in string is:”, count) Output: Enter any string: python Total number of characters in string is:6 129 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
STRING IMMUTABILITY • Strings are immutable in nature. • We cannot edit the string value once it is assigned to variable. • If we try to assign or replace a value in the string, it displays an error message that str is not a mutable object. Program: str= “welcome” print(str[3]) str[3]= “c”# assigning value c to index 3 place print(str) Output: c Traceback (most recent call last): str[3]=”c’# assigning value c to index 3 place TypeError:’str’ object does not support item assignment 130 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
STRING MODULES • String modules contain a number of functions to process standard python string. • This can be done by importing string function. Syntax: import string 131 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
LIST AS ARRAY: • Array is a collection of similar data items that are stored under a common name. • Python is not providing array data type rather than it provides a LIST. Implementing array in python one-dimensional list: • Arrays can be implemented as one dimensional list. • Ex: Price_list=[70,80,90,93.5,30.456] 132 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
MINIMUM VALUE IN THE LIST WITHOUT USING INBUILT FUNCTION: price_list=[70,80,90,93.5,30.456] min=price_list[0] for min_value in price_list: if min>min_value: min=min_value print(“minimum value in the list is:”,min) OUTPUT: minimum value in the list is:34.56 133 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
IMPLEMENTING ARRAY IN PYTHON AS TWO- DIMENSIONAL LIST: Example: Two_dim_array_list=[[1,2],[3,4]] Program: two_dim=[[1,2],[3,4]] print(“original 2 dimensional list:”) for i in range(len(two_dim)): for j in range(len(two_dim[i])): print(two_dim[i][j],end=“”) print(“n”) 134 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
SQUARE ROOT OFA GIVEN NUMBER: num=float(input("Enter a Number")) num_sqrt=num**0.5 print("The square root of %0.3f is %0.3f"%(num,num_sqrt)) Output-- 135 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
GCD OF TWO NUMBERS def gcd(a, b): if(b==0): return a else: return gcd(b, a%b) a=int(input("Enter First number")) b=int(input("Enter Second number")) GCD=gcd(a, b) print("GCD is:") print(GCD) 2/22/2022 136 Karpagam Institute of Technology
EXPONENTIATION import math # This will import math module print ("math.pow(100,2): ", math.pow(100,2)) print ("math.pow(100,-2): ",math.pow(100,-2)) print ("math,pow(2,4): ",math.pow(2,4)) print ("math.pow(3,0): ",math.pow(3,0)) 137 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
SUM AN ARRAY NUMBERS def listsum(numlist): sum=0 for i in numberlist: sum=sum+i return sum print(listsum([1,3,5,9])) Output: 18 138 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
LINEAR SEARCH my_data=[89,45,9,21,34] num=int(input(“Enter search num:”)) for i in range (0, len(my_data)): if num==my_data[i]: print(“Item is located at position=,”i) else: print(“Item not found”) 139 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
BINARY SEARCH list=[10,20,30,40] x=int(input(“Enter the element to search:”) first=0 last=len(list-1) while(first<=last): mid=(first+last)//2 if(x==list[mid]): print(“The element is found at the index:”,mid) break elif(x<list[mid]): last=mid-1 else: first=mid+1 else: print(“The element is not found in the list”) 140 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
VIDEO TUTORIAL S.NO TOPIC LINK 1 Boolean Values and Operators https://youtu.be/7vy_GffZZTg 2 Loops in Python https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= zFvoXxeoosI 3 Fruitful Functions https://youtu.be/hMGc19ZYzDM 4 Strings in Python https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= QGLNQwfTO2w 5 Linear Search https://youtu.be/fHMXsGkN5cg 2/22/2022 141 Karpagam Institute of Technology
SUMMARY • Python branching statements • Python looping statements • Strings and its methods. • Illustrative Programs 2/22/2022 Karpagam Institute of Technology 142
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS S.NO QUESTIONS BLOOMS LEVEL 1 Write a Python program to check whether a given number is a perfect number K3 2 Write a Python program to calculate the number of words and number of characters present in a string K3 3 Write a Python code to count the occurrences of each word in a given string sequence K3 4 Develop a Python code to check whether a string is palindrome or not K5 5 Develop a Python program to detect whether two strings are anagrams K5 2/22/2022 143 Karpagam Institute of Technology
QUIZ-TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc Yn1TS4wfhudU0CgVwuCGlEZPQmchmz1_l av0Q2oiONI8Gbw/viewform 2/22/2022 Karpagam Institute of Technology 144
THANK YOU 2/22/2022 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 145 2/22/2022 145

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Problem Solving and Python Programming

  • 1.
    KARPAGAM INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE - 105 Course Code with Name : GE8151 - Problem Solving and Python Programming Staff Name / Designation : A.Mahalakshmi / Assistant Professor Department : Information Technology Year / Semester : I / I Department of Information Technology
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    UNIT I -ALGORITHMIC PROBLEM SOLVING SYLLABUS: Algorithms, building blocks of algorithms (statements, state, control flow, functions), notation(pseudo code, flow chart, programming language), algorithmic problem solving, simple strategies for developing algorithms (iteration, recursion). Illustrative problems: find minimum in a list, insert a card in a list of sorted cards, guess an integer number in a range, Towers of Hanoi. 2/22/2022 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 2 2/22/2022 2
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    ALGORITHMS • Step-by-step procedureto solve a problem. 2/22/2022 3 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    CHARACTERISTICS OF ANALGORITHM • The instructions should be in a ordered manner. • The instructions must be simple and concise. • They must not be ambiguous. • The algorithm must completely and definitely solve the problem. 2/22/2022 4 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    ADVANTAGES OF ALGORITHM Easy to understand.  Programs can be easily developed. 2/22/2022 5 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    Write the algorithmto find the sum and average of given 2 numbers. Step1 : Start Step2 : Read values of A and B Step3 : Calculate SUM =A+B Step4 : Calculate AVERAGE = (SUM/2) Step5 : Print Values of SUM and AVERAGE Step6 : Stop 2/22/2022 6 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    BUILDING BLOCKS OFALGORITHMS Statement State Control Flow Functions 2/22/2022 7 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    STATEMENT • Statement isa single action in a computer. • In a computer statements might include some of the following actions, Input data-information given to the program Process data-perform operation on a given input Output data-processed result 2/22/2022 8 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    STATE • Transition fromone process to another process under specified condition within a time is called state. 2/22/2022 9 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    CONTROL FLOW • Theprocess of executing the individual statements in a given order is called control flow. • The control can be executed in three ways  Sequence  Selection  Iteration 2/22/2022 10 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    SEQUENCE • All theinstructions are executed one after another is called sequence execution. • Example: Sum of two numbers: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the values of a and b Step 3: calculate c=a+b Step 4: Display c Step 5: Stop 2/22/2022 11 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    SELECTION • Selection executionis based upon the condition. • If the conditional test is true, one part of the program will be executed. • Otherwise, it will execute the other part of the program. 2/22/2022 12 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    Write an algorithmto check whether he is eligible to vote? Step 1: Start Step 2: Get age Step 3: if age >= 18 print “Eligible to vote” Step 4: else print “Not eligible to vote” Step 6: Stop 2/22/2022 13 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    ITERATION • Set ofstatements are executed again and again based upon conditional test. • Write an algorithm to print all ‘n’ natural numbers Step 1: Start Step 2: get n value. Step 3: initialize i=1 Step 4: if (i<=n) go to step 5 else go to step 7 Step 5: Print i value and increment i value by 1 Step 6: go to step 4 Step 7: Stop 2/22/2022 14 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FUNCTIONS • Function isa sub program which consists of block of code(set of instructions) that performs a particular task. • Algorithm for addition of two numbers using function Main function Step 1: Start Step 2: Call the function add( ) Step 3: Stop Sub function Step 1: Function start Step 2: Get a, b Values Step 3: add c=a+b Step 4: Print c Step 5: Return 2/22/2022 15 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FLOW CHART • Pictorialrepresentation of an algorithm. • Since it is a visual representation, it helps to understand the logic of the program. 2/22/2022 16 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    Draw a flowchartto find the sum and average of given two numbers. 2/22/2022 17 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    Draw a flowchartto find the smallest of given two numbers. 2/22/2022 18 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PSEUDOCODE • Pseudo codeonly describes the logic to develop a program and it can be translated to any computer language code. • Keywords should be highlighted by capitalizing them. • Using Keywords:  Input : READ, OBTAIN, GET  Output : PRINT, DISPLAY, SHOW  Compute : COMPUTE, CALCULATE, DETERMINE  Initialize : SET, INITIALIZE  Add one : INCREMENT, BUMP 2/22/2022 19 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    Write a pseudocode to accept two numbers from the keyboard and calculate the sum and product of them, also display the result on the monitor screen. BEGIN READ A, B CALCUALTE Sum=A+B DISPLAY Sum END 2/22/2022 20 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE • Computerprogramming languages are used to communicate instructions to a computer.  Interpreted Programming Languages  Functional Programming Languages  Compiled Programming Languages  Procedural Programming Languages  Scripting Programming Languages  Markup Programming Languages  Logic-Based Programming Languages  Concurrent Programming Languages  Object-Oriented Programming Languages 2/22/2022 21 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. InterpretedProgramming Languages • An interpreted language execute instructions directly, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions. • Examples: APL, BASIC, ICI, J, Lisp, Lua, M, Pascal, Perl, Python, Ruby, S-Lang, spin 2/22/2022 22 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. FunctionalProgramming Language: • They focus on the application of functions. • Many functional programming languages are bound to mathematical calculations. Examples:- • ML, Joy, Kite, Clean, OPAL, Q 2/22/2022 23 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. CompiledProgramming Languages • A compiled language is a programming language whose implementations are typically compilers. • Examples: Ada, ALGOL, C, C++, C#, COBOL, etc. 2/22/2022 24 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. ProceduralProgramming Languages • Procedural (imperative) programming implies specifying the steps that the programs should take to reach to an intended state. • Examples: Bliss, ChucK, CLIST, HyperTalk, Modula-2, Oberon, Component, Pascal, MATLAB, PL/C, PL/I, Rapira, RPG 2/22/2022 25 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. ScriptingLanguages • Scripting languages are programming languages that control an application. • Examples: AppleScript, BeanShell, ColdFusion, F-Script, JASS, PHP, VBScript, Windows PowerShell 2/22/2022 26 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. MarkupLanguages • A markup language is an artificial language that uses annotations to text that define how the text is to be displayed. • Examples: Curl, SGML, HTML, XML, XHTML 2/22/2022 27 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Logic-basedProgramming Languages • Logic programming is a type of programming paradigm which is largely based on formal logic. • Examples: ALF, Fril, Janus, Oz, Poplog, Prolog, ROOP 2/22/2022 28 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. ConcurrentProgramming Languages: • It is a computer programming technique, which executes the operation concurrently – either within single computer or across number of systems. Examples: • ABCL, Concurrent Pascal, E, Joule, SALSA, Pict, SR, etc. 2/22/2022 29 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTD.. Object-OrientedProgramming Languages • Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects”, which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. • Examples: IO, Slate, Self, Scala, Prograph, Oxygene, Moto, MOO, Lava, BETA, Agora 2/22/2022 30 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    ALGORITHMIC PROBLEM SOLVING ➢Understandingthe problem ➢Ascertain the capabilities of the computational device ➢Exact /approximate solution ➢Decide on the appropriate data structure ➢Algorithm design techniques ➢Methods of specifying an algorithm ➢Proving an algorithms correctness ➢Analyzing an algorithm 2/22/2022 31 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM •The problem given should be clearly and completely understood. 2/22/2022 32 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    DETERMINING THE CAPABILITIESOF THE COMPUTATIONAL DEVICE • After understanding the problem, speed and memory availability of the device are to be noted. 2/22/2022 33 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    EXACT /APPROXIMATE SOLUTION •Once algorithm is devised, it is necessary to show that how it computes answer for all the possible legal inputs. • Examples of Exact solution problems are i) Computing addition of 2 numbers. ii) Find the given number is prime or not. Examples of Approximate solution problems where an exact solution cannot be obtained are i) Finding a square root of number. ii) Solutions of non linear equations. 2/22/2022 34 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    DECIDE ON THEAPPROPRIATE DATA STRUCTURE • Data type is a well defined collection of data with the well defined set of operations on it. • A data structure is basically a group of data elements. • The Elementary data structures are as follows,  List: Allows fast access of data  Sets: Treat data as element of a set. Allows application of operations such as intersection, Union and equivalence.  Dictionaries: Allows data to be stored as a key value pair. 2/22/2022 35 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    ALGORITHM DESIGN TECHNIQUES •Creating an algorithm is an art. • By mastering these design strategies, it will become easier to devise new and useful algorithms. 2/22/2022 36 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    METHODS OF SPECIFYINGAN ALGORITHM • Use of natural language or pseudocode. • Flow Chart 2/22/2022 37 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PROVING AN ALGORITHMS CORRECTNESS •It is necessary to prove that algorithm computes solutions for all the possible valid input. 2/22/2022 38 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCEOF ALGORITHMS • An algorithm is analyzed to measure its performance in terms of CPU time and memory space required to execute that algorithm. 2/22/2022 39 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    SIMPLE STRATEGIES FORDEVELOPING ALGORITHMS (ITERATION, RECURSION) ITERATION • A Loop is one or more instructions that the computer performs repeatedly. • Algorithm: Write the algorithm to print “1 to 5” Step1 : Start Step2 : Initialize the value of i as 1 Step3 : Print i and increment the value of i Step 4: Repeat the Step 3 until the value of i <=5. Step 5 : Stop 2/22/2022 40 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    RECURSION • A functionthat calls itself is known as recursive function and the phenomenon is called as recursion. • Algorithm: Write an algorithm to find the factorial of a given number Main Program: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read n Step 3: Call the sub program as f=fact(n) Step 4 : print f value Step 5: Stop Sub Program: Step 1: If n==0 or n==1 return 1 to the main program otherwise go to step 2 Step 2: return n*fact(n-1) to main program 2/22/2022 41 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FINDING MINIMUM INA LIST Step 1:Start Step 2: Read the list of numbers as L Step 3: Set Min to list[0] Step 4: For each number x in the list L, compare it to min Step 4a: If x is smaller, then assign min to x Step 5: Print min Step 6: Stop 2/22/2022 42 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    GUESS AN INTEGERNUMBER IN A RANGE Step 1: Start Step 2: Generate a random number in between 1 and 100 Step 3: Get the guessed number from the user Step 4:If the random number is equal to the guessed number print guessing is correct. Step 5: Otherwise If the random number is greater than the guessed number print guessing is too high and go to step 7 Step 6: Otherwise print guessing is too high and go to step 7. Step 7: Stop 2/22/2022 43 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    INSERT A CARDIN A LIST OF SORTED CARDS Step 1 - Start Step 2 - Read the list of sorted cards. Step 3 - If it is the first card, it is already sorted. return 1; Step 4 - Pick next card Step 5 - Compare with all cards in the sorted sub-list Step 6- Shift all the cards in the sorted sub-list that is greater than the value of the card to be inserted. Step 5 - Insert the card Step 6 - Repeat until list is sorted. Step 7 - Stop 2/22/2022 44 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    TOWERS OF HANOI •Problem: • Tower of Hanoi is a mathematical puzzle with three rods and ‘n’ number of disks. • These disks are in different sizes and stacked upon in an ascending order, i.e the smaller one sits over the larger one. • The objective is to move all the disks to some another tower without violating the sequence of arrangement. 2/22/2022 45 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    RULES TO BEFOLLOWED • Only one disk can be moved among the towers at any given time. • Only the “top” disk can be removed. • No large disk can sit over a small disk. 2/22/2022 46 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    VIDEO TUTORIAL S.NO TOPICLINK 1 Minimum in a list https://youtu.be/5Y1rxCMY_jU 2 Insert a Card in a list of Sorted Cards https://youtu.be/Mow8rdOKrbY 3 Guess an integer number in a range https://youtu.be/pmDKRJdqT1E 4 Tower of Hanoni https://youtu.be/hKUwLe7bpwo 2/22/2022 48 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    SUMMARY OF UNITI • Algorithm, Flow chart, Pseudo code • Building Blocks of an Algorithm • Algorithmic Problem Solving Technique • Simple Strategies for developing an algorithm • Illustrative Problems for developing an algorithms 2/22/2022 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 49 2/22/2022 49
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    ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS S.NO QUESTIONSBLOOMS LEVEL 1 Apply the rules of an algorithm and pseudocode to find whether the given number is positive, negative and zero. K3 2 Apply the rules of an algorithm and pseudocode to find the factorial of a given number using recursion. K3 3 Write a pseudo code for converting celsius of a given value into fahrenheit. K3 4 Develop a flow chart for performing Towers of Hanoi operation. K5 5 Design a flow chart for calculating simple interest K5 2/22/2022 50 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    QUIZ-TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE •https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe crZ0M-AnDkGI5HOSpzjHrHiDacakocv_-u2K s_zul55YF0w/viewform 2/22/2022 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 51 2/22/2022 51
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    UNIT II DATA,EXPRESSIONS, STATEMENTS SYLLABUS: Python interpreter and interactive mode; values and types: int, float, boolean, string, and list; variables, expressions, statements, Tuple assignment, precedence of operators, comments; modules and functions, function definition and use, flow of execution, parameters and arguments; Illustrative programs: exchange the values of two variables, circulate the values of n variables, distance between two points. 2/22/2022 52 2/22/2022 52 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PYTHON INTERPRETER ANDINTERACTIVE MODE INTERACTIVE MODE PROGRAMMING: • Interactive mode is a command line shell which gives immediate feedback for each statement. • In this mode, the prompts for the next command usually have three greater-than signs (>>>). • Example- A sample interactive session: >>> 5 5 >>> print(5*7) 35 >>> "hello" * 4 'hellohellohellohello' 2/22/2022 53 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PYTHON INTERPRETER ANDINTERACTIVE MODE CONTD.. SCRIPT/INTERPRETER MODE PROGRAMMING • In script mode, execution of the script begins and continues until the script is finished. • Example: 2/22/2022 54 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    VALUES AND TYPES •VALUE – refers to the basic things in a program works which can be like a letter or a number. • TYPE - refers to the data type, which is used to find the type of data. Following are the various basic types of a value: 2/22/2022 55 Karpagam Institute of Technology S.NO TYPES EXAMPLE OF VALUES 1 Int 10,100,-256,789656 2 Float 3.14,2.56789,-21.9 3 Boolean True or False 4 String “Hai” or ‘Hi’ 5 List [0,1,2,3,4] 6 Tuple (0,1,2,3,4) 7 Dictionaries {1: “Hai”, 2: “Welcome”}
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    VALUES AND TYPESCONTD.. • INTEGER- it is represented by a whole number. >>>type(3) <type ‘int’> • FLOAT-Numbers with a decimal point >>>type(3.2) <type 'float'> • BOOLEAN-it is represented by TRUE or FALSE >>> bool(1) True >>> bool(0) False >>>type(2>3) <class ‘bool’> 2/22/2022 56 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    VALUES AND TYPESCONTD.. • STRING - values with quotes like single, double, triple >>>type('17') <type 'str'> • LIST- collection of elements in square bracket [ ] >>>a=[1,2,3] >>>type(a) <tupe ‘list’> • TUPLE - collection of elements in paranthesis ( ) >>>a=(1,2,3) >>>type(a) <type ‘tuple’> • DICTIONARY – Collection of elements in curly braces { } with key:value pair >>>a={1: “hai”, 2: “welcome”} >>>type(a) <type ‘dict’> 2/22/2022 57 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    VARIABLES • Variables aredefined as reserved memory locations to store values. Rules for Naming Variables • Variable names can contain letters, symbols like underscore (__) and numbers. • They begin with a letter not numbers. • Both uppercase and lowercase letters are used. • Keywords cannot be used as variable names. • Example for valid identifier • abc, xy12, good_start • Example for non-valid identifier • 12xy, x$y 2/22/2022 58 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    EXPRESSIONS • An expressionis a combination of values, variables, and operators. • Examples: –17 –x –x + 17 2/22/2022 59 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    STATEMENTS • Each andevery instruction or line in the program is called as statements. • Example: A=10 #assignment statement B=20 #assignment statement C=A+B #assignment statement print(C) #print statement Output : 30 #output statement 2/22/2022 60 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    TUPLE ASSIGNMENT • Pythonhas a very powerful tuple assignment feature that allows a tuple of variables on the left of an assignment to be assigned values from a tuple on the right of the assignment. • For example, to swap a and b: a=10 b=20 temp = a a = b b = temp • Tuple assignment solves this problem neatly: (a,b) = (b,a) 2/22/2022 61 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS ORDEROF OPERATIONS: • When more than one operator appears in an expression, the order of evaluation depends on the rules of precedence. • The acronym PEMDAS is a useful way to remember the rules: – Parentheses have the highest precedence • 2 * (3-1) is 4, and • (1+1)**(5-2) is 8. - Exponentiation has the next highest precedence • 2**1+1 is 3, not 4, and • 3*1**3 is 3, not 27. 2/22/2022 62 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORSCONTD.. • Multiplication and Division have the same precedence, which is higher than Addition and Subtraction, which also have the same precedence. – 2*3-1 is 5, not4, and – 6+4/2 is 8, not 5. • Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except exponentiation). – So in the expression degrees / 2 * pi, the division happens first and the result is multiplied by pi. 2/22/2022 63 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORSCONTD.. Operator Description ** Exponentiation raise to the power ~ ,+,- Complement, unary plus and minus *, /, %, // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division +, - Addition and subtraction >> , << Right and left bitwise shift & Bitwise 'AND' ^, | Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR' <=, <, >, >= Comparison operators <>, ==, != Equality operators =, %=, /=, //=, -=, +=, *=, **= Assignment operators is, is not Identity operators in, not in Membership operators not or and Logical operators 2/22/2022 64 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    COMMENTS • Comment isa piece of program text that the interpreter ignores but that provides useful documentation to programmers. • Comments start with the # symbol Example: # compute the sum of two numbers C=A+B • In this case, the comment appears on a line by itself. We can also put comments at the end of a line C=A+B #sum of two numbers 2/22/2022 65 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    MODULES AND FUNCTIONS •Module is a file consisting of Python code. • A module can define functions, classes and variables. Example: a="Dora" def print_func(a): print ("Hello : ", a) return print_func(a) Output: Hello : Dora 2/22/2022 66 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    MODULES AND FUNCTIONSCONTD.. • The modules can be imported by the following ways:  The import statement  The from...import Statement  The from...import * Statement 2/22/2022 67 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    MODULES AND FUNCTIONSCONTD.. The import statement • We can use any Python source file as a module by executing an import statement in some other Python source file. • The import has the following syntax, import module1, module2, …….moduleN Example- import math print(math.sqrt(4)) Output 2.0 2/22/2022 68 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    MODULES AND FUNCTIONSCONTD.. The from….import statement • In Python’s from statement, lets us import specific attributes from a module into the current namespace. • The from…import statement has the following syntax, from modname import name1, name2,…nameN Example- moduleAccess.py from sample import a,b print(a.A()) print(b.B()) Output: Hai Hello 2/22/2022 69 Karpagam Institute of Technology a.py def A(): print(“Hai”) b.py def B(): print(“Hello”) sample.py
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    MODULES AND FUNCTIONSCONTD.. The from….import* statement • It is also possible to import all names from a module into the current namespace by using the following import statement, from modname import* • This provides an easy way to import all the items from a module into the current namespace. 2/22/2022 70 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FUNCTION DEFINITION ANDUSE FUNCTION  Function is a block of code, that are executed when it is called.  Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and parentheses ( ).  Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses.  The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.  The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an expression to the caller.  A return statement with no arguments is the same as return None. 2/22/2022 71 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FUNCTION DEFINITION ANDUSE CONTD.. Syntax- def functionname( parameters ): function_suite return[expression] Example- def printme(str): print (str) return 2/22/2022 72 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FUNCTION DEFINITION ANDUSE CONTD.. USES OF FUNCTION- It makes the program size smaller. It involves the concept of modularity. 2/22/2022 73 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FLOW OF EXECUTION The order in which statements are executed, which is called the flow of execution.  Execution always begins at the first statement of the program.  Statements are executed one at a time, in order from top to bottom.  During function call, the arguments in the actual parameters are assigned to the formal parameters. 2/22/2022 74 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FLOW OF EXECUTIONCONTD.. 2/22/2022 75 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    FLOW OF EXECUTIONCONTD.. Example- a=10 b=20 def sum(c,d): e=c+d return e print("Result is :",sum(a,b)) Output: 30 2/22/2022 76 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTS •Parameters provide the data communication between calling function and called function. Two types:  Actual parameter -This is the argument which is used in function call.  Formal parameter - This is the argument which is used in function definition. 2/22/2022 77 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTSCONTD.. ARGUMENTS - refers to the value. Types of Arguments  Required arguments  Keyword arguments  Default arguments  Variable-length arguments 2/22/2022 78 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTSCONTD.. REQUIRED ARGUMENTS  Required arguments are the arguments passed to a function in correct positional order. Example def sum(a,b): c=a+b return c print("Result is:", sum(10,20)) Output: 30 2/22/2022 79 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTSCONTD.. KEYWORD ARGUMENTS  Here, the caller identifies the arguments by the parameter name. Example def sum(a,b): c=a+b return c print("Result is:", sum(a=10,b=20)) Output: 30 2/22/2022 80 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTSCONTD.. DEFAULT ARGUMENT:  Default argument is an argument that assumes a default value if a value is not provided in the function call for that argument. Example def sum(a=10,b): c=a+b return c print("Result is:", sum(20)) Output: 30 2/22/2022 81 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTSCONTD.. VARIABLE-LENGTH ARGUMENT  This is used to process a function with more argument. Syntax for a function with variable length argument, def functionname([formal_args,]*var_args_tuple): function_suite return[expression] 2/22/2022 82 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    PARAMETERS AND ARGUMENTSCONTD.. Example for Variable-length Argument def printinfo( arg1,*vartuple): print ("Output is: ") print ( arg1) for var in vartuple: print (var) return; printinfo(10) printinfo(70,60,50) Output 10 Output 70 60 50 2/22/2022 83 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    EXCHANGE THE VALUEOF TWO VARIABLES With Temporary Variable x = input("Enter value of x:") y = input("Enter value of y:") temp = x x = y y = temp print('The value of x after swapping:',x) print('The value of y after swapping:',y) Output Enter value of x: 67 Enter value of y: 45 The value of x after swapping: 45 The value of y after swapping: 67 2/22/2022 84 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    EXCHANGE THE VALUEOF TWO VARIABLES CONTD.. Without Temporary Variable x = input("Enter value of x:") y = input("Enter value of y:") x= x + y y = x - y x = x - y print('The value of x after swapping:',x) print('The value of y after swapping:',y) Output Enter value of x: 67 Enter value of y: 45 The value of x after swapping: 45 The value of y after swapping: 67 2/22/2022 85 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    CIRCULATE THE VALUESOF N NUMBERS def circulate(A,N): for i in range of(0,N): j=len(A)-1 while j>0: temp=A[j] A[j]=A[j-1] A[j-1]=temp j=j-1 print(‘Circulationt’,A) return A=[91,92,93,94,95] n=int(input(“Enter n:”)) circulate(A,n) Output n=2 Circulation 95,91,92,93,94 Circulation 94,95,91,92,93 2/22/2022 86 Karpagam Institute of Technology
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    DISTANCE BETWEEN TWOPOINTS import math x1=int(input("Enter the X-Coordinate of first point")) y1=int(input("Enter the Y-Coordinate of first point")) x2=int(input("Enter the X-Coordinate of Second point")) y2=int(input("Enter the Y-Coordinate of Second point")) distance = math.sqrt( ((x1-x2)**2)+((y1-y2)**2) ) print(distance) Output Enter the X-Coordinate of first point 4 Enter the Y-Coordinate of first point 0 Enter the X-Coordinate of Second point 6 Enter the Y-Coordinate of Second point 6 6.324555320336759 2/22/2022 87 Karpagam Institute of Technology
  • 88.
    VIDEO TUTORIAL S.No TopicLink 1 Interpreter and Interactive mode https://youtu.be/3lvgY5V8494 2 Operator and it's types with their Precedence https://youtu.be/ljaw6cUobtU 3 Circulate the value of n numbers using slicing operator https://youtu.be/1Y46EaJAQ4c 4 Distance between two points https://youtu.be/qeZ5kiKJe7c 2/22/2022 88 Karpagam Institute of Technology
  • 89.
    SUMMARY  Python Interpreterand Interactive mode  Values and Data types  Operators and its Precedence  Modules and Functions  Function Parameters and Arguments  Illustrative Problems 2/22/2022 89 Karpagam Institute of Technology
  • 90.
    ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS S.No QuestionsBlooms Level 1 Write a Python programs to check whether the given number is palindrome or not K3 2 Apply the concept of Modules for airlines system K3 3 Distinguish between Interpreter mode and Interactive mode K4 4 Develop a Python program for finding Fibonacci sequence of n numbers using function with recursion K5 2/22/2022 90 Karpagam Institute of Technology
  • 91.
    QUIZ - TESTYOUR KNOWLEDGE • https://forms.gle/uP745eEsYzko6Y2U9 2/22/2022 91 Karpagam Institute of Technology
  • 92.
    UNIT III CONTROLFLOW, FUNCTIONS SYLLABUS Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional (if), alternative (if-else), chained conditional (if-elif-else); Iteration: state, while, for, break, continue, pass; Fruitful functions: return values, parameters, local and global scope, function composition, recursion; Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module; Lists as arrays. Illustrative programs: square root, gcd, exponentiation, sum an array of numbers, linear search, binary search. 2/22/2022 92 Karpagam Insitute of Technology 2/22/2022 92
  • 93.
    BOOLEAN EXPRESSION A Booleanexpression is a expression that results in either true or false. It uses the == operator which compares two operands and procedures true if both are equal otherwise false. 93 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 94.
    CONTROL FLOW • Itis a statement that determines the control flow of a set of instructions., (ie) it decides the sequence in which the instructions in a program are to be executed. • It can either comprise of one or more instructions. Three fundamental control statements are  Sequential  Selection  Iterative control 94 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 95.
    TYPES OF DECISIONCONTROL STATEMENTS 95 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 96.
    SELECTION OR CONDITIONALBRANCHING STATEMENT • The decision control statements usually jumps from one part of the code to another depending on whether a particular condition is satisfied or not. • Python selection statements are:  If statement  If-else statement  If-elif-else statement  Nested-if statement 96 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 97.
    ITERATIVE STATEMENTS • Iterativestatements are decision control statements that are used to repeat the execution of a list of statements. The following are the types of iterative statements.  while loop  for loop 97 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 98.
    WHILE LOOP • Thewhile loop provides a mechanism to repeat one or more statements while a particular condition is true. • Syntax: Statement X while (condition): Statements block 98 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 99.
    FLOWCHART FOR WHILELOOP 99 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 100.
    EXAMPLE FOR WHILELOOP num = 1 while num < 10: print(num) num = num + 3 Ouput: 1 4 7 100 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 101.
    EXAMPLE FOR WHILELOOP WITH ELSE STATEMENT num = 10 while num > 6: print(num) num = num-1 else: print("loop is finished") Output: 10 9 8 7 loop is finished 101 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 102.
    FOR LOOP • Itprovides a mechanism to repeat a task until a particular condition is true. • It is known as determinate or definite loop because the programmer knows exactly how many times the loop will repeat. Syntax 1: for loop_control_var in sequence: Statement block 102 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 103.
    FOR LOOP CONTD.. Syntax2: for variable in range(beg,end,[step]): Statements 103 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 104.
    FLOWCHART OF FORLOOP 104 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 105.
    EXAMPLE OF FORLOOP numbers = [1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 20] sq = 0 for val in numbers: sq = val * val print(sq) 105 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022 Output: 1 4 16 36 121 400
  • 106.
    RANGE( ) INFOR LOOP • range(n): generates a set of whole numbers starting from 0 to (n-1). For example: range(8) is equivalent to [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] • range(start, stop): generates a set of whole numbers starting from start to stop-1. For example: range(5, 9) is equivalent to [5, 6, 7, 8] 106 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 107.
    RANGE( ) INFOR LOOP CONTD.. • range(start, stop, step_size): The default step_size is 1 which is why when we didn’t specify the step_size, the numbers generated are having difference of 1. However by specifying step_size we can generate numbers having the difference of step_size. For example: range(1, 10, 2) is equivalent to [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] 107 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 108.
    EXAMPLE OF FORLOOP WITH RANGE( ) sum = 0 for val in range(1, 6): sum = sum + val print(sum) Output: 15 108 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 109.
    EXAMPLE OF FORLOOP WITH ELSE BLOCK for val in range(5): print(val) else: print("The loop has completed execution") Output: 0 1 2 3 4 The loop has completed execution 109 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 110.
    BREAK STATEMENT • Thebreak statement is used to terminate the execution of the loop. • When a compiler encounters a break statement, the control passes to the statement that follows the loop in which the break statement appears. • Syntax:- break 110 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 111.
    FLOWCHART FOR BREAKSTATEMENT 111 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 112.
    EXAMPLE FOR BREAKSTATEMENT # program to display all the elements before number 88 for num in [11, 9, 88, 10, 90, 3, 19]: print(num) if(num==88): print("The number 88 is found") print("Terminating the loop") break 112 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022 Output:- 11 9 88 The number 88 is found Terminating the loop
  • 113.
    CONTINUE STATEMENT • Thecontinue statement can only appear in the body of a loop. • When a compiler encounters a continue statement, then the rest of the statement s in the loop are skipped and the control is unconditionally transferred to the loop-continuation portion of the nearest loop. • Syntax: continue 113 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 114.
    FLOWCHART FOR CONTINUESTATEMENT 114 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 115.
    EXAMPLE FOR CONTINUESTATEMENT # program to display only odd numbers for num in [20, 11, 9, 66, 4, 89, 44]: if (num%2 == 0): continue print(num) 115 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022 Output 11 9 89
  • 116.
    PASS STATEMENT • Thepass statement acts as a placeholder and usually used when there is no need of code but a statement is still required to make a code syntactically correct. • Example:- for num in [20, 11, 9, 66, 4, 89, 44]: if num%2 == 0: pass else: print(num) Output: 11 9 89 116 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 117.
    STRINGS • String isa sequence of characters. • String may contain alphabets, numbers and special characters. • String value must be enclosed within either single quotes or within double quotes. • String is immutable in nature. (i.e)., once created cannot be able to edit when it is stored in a variable. Example: Letter = “A” Name = ‘python’ 117 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 118.
    READING STRING VALUEFROM THE USER: • Using input( ) function we can read string value from the user. Syntax: Variable_name=input(“Enter the values”) Example: Name=input(“Enter the name”) print(“Welcome”,name) Output: Enter the name: python Welcome python 118 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 119.
    INDEX OPERATION: • Eachcharacter can be accessed through index operator. Syntax: String_variable_name[index] • Index value starts at zero and last index value is(length of the string-1) Example: 119 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 120.
  • 121.
    CONCATENATION OF TWOOR MORE STRINGS • Joining of two or more strings into a single one is called concatenation. Syntax: String2=string1+string2 Example: str1 = 'Hello' str2 ='World!' print('str1 + str2 = ', str1 + str2) Output: Hello World! 121 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 122.
    REPETITION OPERATOR(*): • Itis used to concatenate the same string multiple times. Syntax: String2=String1*integer value Example: str1 = 'Hello' print('str1 * 3 =', str1 * 3) Output: HelloHelloHello 122 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 123.
    STRING SLICING • Slicingoperations is used to select/return /slice the particular substring based on user requirements. • A segment of the string is called slice. Syntax: String_variable_name[start:end:step value] • Here all the parameters/variables are optional • The default value for start is zero and end is end-1 • The default value for step is 1. 123 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 124.
    EXAMPLE FOR STRINGSLICING var1 = 'Hello World!’ var2 = "Python Programming" print "var1[0]: ", var1[0] print "var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5] Output: H ytho 124 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 125.
    STRING COMPARISON: • Wecan compare two strings by using comparison operators such as ==,!=,<,<=,>,>=. • Python compares strings based on their corresponding ASCII values. • For ‘a’ASCII value is 97 and ‘A’ASCII value is 65. 125 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 126.
    EXAMPLE FOR STRINGCOMPARISON str1=”green” str2=”glow” print(“is both string are equal:”, str1==str2) print(“is both string are not equal:”, str1!=str2) print(“is str1>str2:”,str1>str2) print(“is str1>str2:”,str1<str2) 126 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022 Output:- is both string are equal:False is both string are not equal:True is str1>str2:True is str1>str2:False
  • 127.
    STRING ITERATION: • Wecan us for loop to traverse all the characters in the string sequentially. • Syntax1: for var_name in string_varaible_name: statements • Syntax2: for var_name in range(initial, final,step value): statements 127 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 128.
    PROGRAM TO COUNTTHE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS IN A STRING str=input(“enter any string:”) count=0 for letter in str: if(letter): count=count+1 print(“total number of characters in string is:”, count) Output: Enter any string:python Total number of characters in string is:6 128 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 129.
    COUNT THE NUMBEROF CHARACTERS IN A STRING USING RANGE FUNCTION str=input(“enter any string:”) count=0 for letter in range(0,len(str)+1,1): if(letter): count=count+1 print(“total number of characters in string is:”, count) Output: Enter any string: python Total number of characters in string is:6 129 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 130.
    STRING IMMUTABILITY • Stringsare immutable in nature. • We cannot edit the string value once it is assigned to variable. • If we try to assign or replace a value in the string, it displays an error message that str is not a mutable object. Program: str= “welcome” print(str[3]) str[3]= “c”# assigning value c to index 3 place print(str) Output: c Traceback (most recent call last): str[3]=”c’# assigning value c to index 3 place TypeError:’str’ object does not support item assignment 130 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 131.
    STRING MODULES • Stringmodules contain a number of functions to process standard python string. • This can be done by importing string function. Syntax: import string 131 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 132.
    LIST AS ARRAY: •Array is a collection of similar data items that are stored under a common name. • Python is not providing array data type rather than it provides a LIST. Implementing array in python one-dimensional list: • Arrays can be implemented as one dimensional list. • Ex: Price_list=[70,80,90,93.5,30.456] 132 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 133.
    MINIMUM VALUE INTHE LIST WITHOUT USING INBUILT FUNCTION: price_list=[70,80,90,93.5,30.456] min=price_list[0] for min_value in price_list: if min>min_value: min=min_value print(“minimum value in the list is:”,min) OUTPUT: minimum value in the list is:34.56 133 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 134.
    IMPLEMENTING ARRAY INPYTHON AS TWO- DIMENSIONAL LIST: Example: Two_dim_array_list=[[1,2],[3,4]] Program: two_dim=[[1,2],[3,4]] print(“original 2 dimensional list:”) for i in range(len(two_dim)): for j in range(len(two_dim[i])): print(two_dim[i][j],end=“”) print(“n”) 134 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 135.
    SQUARE ROOT OFAGIVEN NUMBER: num=float(input("Enter a Number")) num_sqrt=num**0.5 print("The square root of %0.3f is %0.3f"%(num,num_sqrt)) Output-- 135 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 136.
    GCD OF TWONUMBERS def gcd(a, b): if(b==0): return a else: return gcd(b, a%b) a=int(input("Enter First number")) b=int(input("Enter Second number")) GCD=gcd(a, b) print("GCD is:") print(GCD) 2/22/2022 136 Karpagam Institute of Technology
  • 137.
    EXPONENTIATION import math #This will import math module print ("math.pow(100,2): ", math.pow(100,2)) print ("math.pow(100,-2): ",math.pow(100,-2)) print ("math,pow(2,4): ",math.pow(2,4)) print ("math.pow(3,0): ",math.pow(3,0)) 137 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 138.
    SUM AN ARRAYNUMBERS def listsum(numlist): sum=0 for i in numberlist: sum=sum+i return sum print(listsum([1,3,5,9])) Output: 18 138 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 139.
    LINEAR SEARCH my_data=[89,45,9,21,34] num=int(input(“Enter searchnum:”)) for i in range (0, len(my_data)): if num==my_data[i]: print(“Item is located at position=,”i) else: print(“Item not found”) 139 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 140.
    BINARY SEARCH list=[10,20,30,40] x=int(input(“Enter theelement to search:”) first=0 last=len(list-1) while(first<=last): mid=(first+last)//2 if(x==list[mid]): print(“The element is found at the index:”,mid) break elif(x<list[mid]): last=mid-1 else: first=mid+1 else: print(“The element is not found in the list”) 140 Karpagam Institute of Technology 2/22/2022
  • 141.
    VIDEO TUTORIAL S.NO TOPICLINK 1 Boolean Values and Operators https://youtu.be/7vy_GffZZTg 2 Loops in Python https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= zFvoXxeoosI 3 Fruitful Functions https://youtu.be/hMGc19ZYzDM 4 Strings in Python https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= QGLNQwfTO2w 5 Linear Search https://youtu.be/fHMXsGkN5cg 2/22/2022 141 Karpagam Institute of Technology
  • 142.
    SUMMARY • Python branchingstatements • Python looping statements • Strings and its methods. • Illustrative Programs 2/22/2022 Karpagam Institute of Technology 142
  • 143.
    ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS S.NO QUESTIONSBLOOMS LEVEL 1 Write a Python program to check whether a given number is a perfect number K3 2 Write a Python program to calculate the number of words and number of characters present in a string K3 3 Write a Python code to count the occurrences of each word in a given string sequence K3 4 Develop a Python code to check whether a string is palindrome or not K5 5 Develop a Python program to detect whether two strings are anagrams K5 2/22/2022 143 Karpagam Institute of Technology
  • 144.
    QUIZ-TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE •https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc Yn1TS4wfhudU0CgVwuCGlEZPQmchmz1_l av0Q2oiONI8Gbw/viewform 2/22/2022 Karpagam Institute of Technology 144
  • 145.
    THANK YOU 2/22/2022 KarpagamInsitute of Technology 145 2/22/2022 145