Operators in C Programming

C Language Operators Engr. Qazi Shahzad Ali

C Language Operators  Arithmetic Operators  Increment Operator  Decrement Operator  Relational Operator  Logical Operator  Equality Operator  Assignment Operator  Conditional Operator  Arithmetic expression 2

1-Arithmetic Operators Operator Symbol Example Multiplicatio n * a*b Division / a/b Addition + a+b Subtraction - a-b Modulus % a%b 3

Example for integers: Exampl e Result a*b 30 a/b 3 a+b 13 a-b 7 a%b 1 a=10 b=3 4

Example for floating point variable: Exampl e Result a*b 25.0 a/b 6.25 a+b 14.5 a-b 10.5 a%b NA a=12.5 b=2.0 5

Example for Character: Example Result C1 80 c1+c2 164 c1+c2+5 169 c1+c2+ ‘5’ 217 Char C1, C2 C1=‘T’ C2=‘P’ The ASCII code of ‘5’ is 53 6

2-Increment & Decrement Operators: Operator Symbol Example Increment ++ a++ or ++a Decrement -- a-- or --a 7

2-Increment & Decrement Operators: Operator Symbol Example Increment ++ a++ or ++a Decrement -- a-- or --a 8

3-Relational Operators (use in decision making) Operator Symbo l Example less than < a<b greater than > a>b less than or equal <= a<=b greater than or equal >= a>=b equal == a==b Not equal != a!=b9

Example: i=1, j=2, k=3 Expression Meaning Value i<j Correct 1 (i+j)>=k Correct 1 (j+k) > (i+5) wrong 0 K!=3 wrong 0 J==2 Correct 1 10

4-Logical Operator Operator Symbol Example AND && a<b && c>b OR || a<b || c>b NOT ! !(a<b) 11

Example: integer=i=7, float=f=5.5, character=c=‘w’ Expression Meaning Value (i>=6)&&(c==‘w’) Correct 1 (i>6)||(c==119) Correct 1 (f<11)&&(i>100) wrong 0 (c!=‘p’)||(i+f)<=10 Correct 1 12

Operant Result x y !x !y x&&y x||y 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Non- zero 1 0 0 1 Non- zero 0 0 1 0 1 Non- zero Non- zero 0 0 1 1 Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT 13

Example: i=7, f=5.5 Expression Alternative expression Meanings f>5 correct 1 !(f>5) wrong 0 i<=3 wrong 0 !(i<=3) correct 1 i>(f+1) correct 1 !(i>(f+1)) wrong 0 14

Bitwise Operator Operator Symbol Example AND & a&b OR | (Pipe) a|b Exclusive OR ^ (Caret) a^b Complement ~ (Tilde) ~a Right Shift >> a>>b Left Shift << a<<b 15

Address and Indirection Operator: Operator Symbol Example Address & addr=&var Indirection * Value=*addr 16

Memory Location: 3 i 6552 4 Location Name Value at Location Location Number 17

Conditional Operator Generic Expression Example result=(expression) ? Value1: value 2; max=(a>b) ? a:b; If the expression is true (other than 0) then value 1 will be assigned to variable “result” If the expression is false (equal to 0) then value 2 will be assigned to variable “result” 18

Sizeof Operator: Generic Expression Example sizeof () sizeof(int), sizeof (struct emp) 19

Algebraic Expression: Algebraic Expression C Expression a x b- c x d A *b-c*d (m+n)(a+b) (m+n)*(a+b) 3x2+2x+5 3*x*x+2*x+5 a+b+c/d+e (a+b+c)/(d+e) [2by/d+1-x/3(z+y)] 2*b*y/(d+1)-x/3*(z+y) 20

Assignment Operators Operator Symbol Example Equal(assign the value, different from ==) = a=b addition += a+=b (same as a=a+b) subtraction -= a-=b (same as a=a-b) multiplication *= a*=b (same as a=a*b) division /= a/+b (same as a=a/b) remainder %= a%=b (same as a=a%b) Bitwise AND &= a&=b (same as a=a&b) Bitwise inclusive OR |= a|=b (same as a=a|b) Bitwise exclusive OR ^= a^=b (same as a=a^b) Left shift <<= a<<=2 (same as a=<<2) Right shift >>= a>>=3 (same as a=>>3) 21

Example: Assignment Operator Expression Alternative expression Variable 1+= variable 2 Variable 1=variable1 +variable 2 Variable 1-= variable 2 Variable 1=variable1 -variable 2 Meanings: The variable 1 on left side will add value of variable 2 on right side and the resultant new value will be assign to variable 1 22

Integer and Float Conversions: 24

Escape Sequence: Escape sequence is used in the printf() function to do something to the output. Escape Sequence Effect a Beep sound, alarm b Backspace f Form feed (for printing) n New line r Carriage return (move the curser to beginning of current line) t Tab v Vertical tab Backslash (to print at output) ” Used to print (“) sign ’ Used to print (‘) sign 27

Format Specifier Tells the printf() function the format of the output to be printed put No Format Specifier Output Type Output Example 1 %d or %i Signed decimal integer (short) 76 2 %u Unsigned decimal integer (short) 76 3 %o Unsigned octal integer 134 4 %x Unsigned hexadecimal (small letter) 9c 5 %X Unsigned hexadecimal (capital letter) 9C 6 %f Integer including decimal point 76.0000 7 %e Signed floating point (using e notation) 7.6000e+01 8 %E Signed floating point (using E notation) 7.6000E+01 9 %g The shorter between %f and %e 76 10 %G The shorter between %f and %E 76 11 %c Single Character (both for signed & unsigned) ‘7’ 12 %s String “76” 28

Filed–Width Specifiers: With the help of this Interpretation of a variable’s type Width of the field Number of decimal places printed Justification 29

Example # 1: Field-Width Specifer: A g e i s 3 3 . A g e i s 3 3 . A g e i s 3 3 . printf(“Age is %2d.”, age); printf(“Age is %4d.”, age); printf(“Age is %6d.”, age); 30

Example # 2: Field-Width Specifer: main() { Float temp=27.25; printf(“The temperature is %f.”, temp); } Output: The Temperature is 27.250000 main() { Float temp=27.25; printf(“The temperature is %.2f.”, temp); } Output: The Temperature is 27.25 31

Study the following example: main() { printf(“%.1f%8.1f%8.1fn”,3.0,12.5,523.3); printf(“%.1f%8.1f%8.1fn”,300.0,1200.5,52300.3); } What will be the output?? 32

Output of Previous Example:  output 3.0 12.5 523.3 300.0 1200.5 52300.3 In other way 3 . 0 1 2 . 5 5 2 3 . 3 3 0 0 . 0 1 2 0 0 . 5 5 2 3 0 0 . 3 8 8 8 8 33

Study the following example: main() { printf(“%-.1f%-8.1f%-8.1fn”,3.0,12.5,523.3); printf(“%-.1f%-8.1f%-8.1fn”,300.0,1200.5,52300.3); } What will be the output?? 34

Output of Previous Example:  output In other way 3 . 0 1 2 . 5 5 2 3 . 3 3 0 0 . 0 1 2 0 0 . 5 5 2 3 0 0 . 3 8 8 8 8 300.0 1200.5 52300.3 3.0 12.5 523.3 35

Explanation: %8.1f % 8 . 1 f Signals format specification field width # of digits to the right of decimal Indicates decimal-format floating point 36

Scanf and Assignment: scanf: It is used to save the function input into its relavent variable. Assignment operator: Its takes answer of a statement and saves into other variable 37

Hierarchy of Operation: Priority operator Description 1st * / % multiplication, division , modular division 2nd + - addition , subtraction 3rd = Assignment 38

Associativity of operators  When two expression contains two operators of equal priority the tie between them is settled using the associativity of the operators . 1. Left to right (left operand must be unambiguous) 2. Right to left (right operand must be unambiguous) Means it must not be involved in evaluation of any other sub-expression Example: a=3/2*5 39

Example: a=3/2*5 Operator left right remark / 3 2 or 2*5 Left operand is unambiguous , Right is not * 3/2 or 2 5 Right operand is unambiguous , Left is not Meanings: Since both have / and * have L to R associativity and Only / has unambiguous, left operand (necessary condition for L to R associativity is performed earlier. 40

Operator Associativity Chart 44

Evaluation: kk=3/2*4+3/8+3 Solution:  kk=3/2*4+3/8+3  kk=1*4+3/8+3 operation : /  kk=4+3/8+3 operation : *  kk=4+0+3 operation : /  kk=4+3 operation : +  kk=7 operation : + 45

46 Solve the Question i=2*3/4+4/4+8-2+5/8

Evaluation Exercise:  i=2*3/4+4/4+8-2+5/8 Solution:  i=2*3/4+4/4+8-2+5/8  i=6/4+4/4+8-2+5/8 operation : *  i=1+4/4+8-2+5/8 operation : /  i=1+1+8-2+5/8 operation : /  i=1+1+8-2+0 operation : /  i=2+8-2+0 operation : +  i=10-2+0 operation : +  i=8+0 operation : -  i=8 operation : + 47

Operators in C Programming

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