IT22101 Programming for Problem Solvingunit-2.ppt

INTRODUCTION TO C 1 N.Rajkumar

Steps in learning C Character Set Programs Instructions Tokens 2 N.Rajkumar

C Character Set C Character Set Execution Character Set Source Character Set Special Characters Digits Alphabets Escape Sequence White Spaces 3 N.Rajkumar

C Character Set (Cont) • Source Character Set – It is used to construct the statements in the program. • Executable Character Set – These characters are employed at the time of execution i.e. they have effects only when the program is being executed. 4 N.Rajkumar

Source Character Set Letters a to z ,A to Z Digits 0 to 9 Special Characters ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = | { } [ ] etc,. White Spaces Blank Space ,Horizontal tab, New line, Vertical tab etc,. 5 N.Rajkumar

Special characters • Comma , • Period or dot . • Semicolon ; • Colon : • Apostrophe ‘ • Quotation mark “ • Exclamation mark ! • Vertical bar | • Back Slash • Tilde ~ • Underscore - • Dollar $ • Question mark ? 6 N.Rajkumar

• Ampersand & • Caret ^ • Asterisk * • Minus - • Addition + • Lesser than < • Greater than > • Parenthesis () • Bracket [] • Braces {} • Percentage % • Hash # • Equal to = • At the rate @ 7 N.Rajkumar

Executable Character Set Characters Escape Sequence Back Space b Horizontal Space t Vertical Space v Newline n 8 N.Rajkumar

C Tokens • The smallest element in the C language is the token. • It may be a single character or a sequence of characters. 9 N.Rajkumar

C Tokens (Cont) C Tokens Identifiers Eg:main, avg Keywords Eg: int, for operators Eg: + - Strings Eg: “ab” spI symbol Eg: # $ % Constants Eg:17, 15.5 10 N.Rajkumar

Executing a C Program Creating the Program Compilation Linking Execution 11 N.Rajkumar

Executing a C Program (Cont) • Enter the program in a C editor. • Save the program (File  Save) or F2. Use the extension .c for saving the file. Eg: sample.c • Compile the program(Compile  Compile) or Alt+F9. • Run the program(Run  Run) or Ctrl+F9. 12 N.Rajkumar

Structure of C program DOCUMENTATION SECTION PREPROCESSOR SECTION DEFINITION SECTION GLOBAL DECLARATION SECTION main() { Declaration part; Executable Part; } sub program section { Body of the subprogram; } 13 N.Rajkumar

• Documentation Section – It contains the comment lines. • Preprocessor Section – It is used to link library files. • Global Declaration Section – The Global declaration section comes at the beginning of the program and they are visible to all parts of the program. • Declaration Section – It describes the data to be used within the function. • Executable Part – It contains the valid statements. 14 N.Rajkumar

C Programs  C program may have many functions.  One and only one of the functions MUST BE named main.  main is the starting point for the program.  main and other functions in a program are divided into two sections, declaration section and statement section. 15 N.Rajkumar

Preprocessor Directives • Special instructions to the preprocessor that tells how to prepare the program for compilation • E.g: include : tells the processor to include information from selected libraries known as header files e.g. <stdio.h> 16 N.Rajkumar

Comments (Program documentation)  The compiler simply ignores comments when it translates the program into executable code.  To identify a comments, C uses opening /* and closing */ comment tokens. 17 N.Rajkumar

Comments (Cont)  Comments can appear anywhere in a program.  Comments are also found wherever it is necessary to explain a point about a code.  Comments cannot be nested in C i.e. you cannot have comments inside comments. 18 N.Rajkumar

C program /* Example program in C*/ Comments # include <stdio.h>Preprocessor Section #include<conio.h> Global Declaration void main () { Local declaration printf (“Hello World! n”); Statements getch(); } Output : Hello World 19 N.Rajkumar

C Tokens • Identifiers • Keywords • Constants • Operators • Special symbols 20 N.Rajkumar

Identifiers • Identifiers are names given to various program elements such as variables, functions and arrays etc,. • Eg: #define N 10 #define a 15 Here N and a are user defined identifiers. 21 N.Rajkumar

Rules for naming identifier • First character must be alphabetic or underscore. • Must consist only of alphabetic characters, digits, or underscores. • Only the first 31 characters of an identifier are significant and are recognized by the compiler. • Cannot use a keywords or reserved word (e.g. main, include, printf & scanf etc.). • No space are allowed between the identifiers etc,. • C is case sensitive, e.g. My_name  my_name. 22 N.Rajkumar

Examples of Valid and Invalid Names Valid Names Invalid Names a a1 $sum /* $ is illegal */ student_name stdntNm 2names /* Starts with 2 */ _aSystemName _anthrSysNm stdnt Nmbr /* no spaces */ TRUE FALSE int /* reserved word */ 23 N.Rajkumar

Variables • Variable is an identifier that is used to represent some specified type of information. • Eg: x=3 • Here x is variable. 24 N.Rajkumar

Keywords • It is a reserved words. • Cannot be used for anything else. • Examples: – int – while – for etc,. 25 N.Rajkumar

Keywords Auto register Continue Double typedef For Int Char signed Struct extern void Break return Default Else union Goto Long Const sizeof Switch Float do Case short If Enum unsigned Static While 26 N.Rajkumar

Constants • It is an entity whose value does not changes during the execution. • Eg: x=3 • Here 3 is a constant. 27 N.Rajkumar

Types • Numeric constants • Character constant 28 N.Rajkumar

Constants Constants Character Constants Numeric Constants Real Constant Integer Constant String Constant Single Character Constant 29 N.Rajkumar

Numeric constants Integer constants • It is formed using a sequence of digits. Decimal - 0 to 9 . Octal - 0 to 7. Hexa - 0 to 9 ,A to F Eg: 10,75 etc. 30 N.Rajkumar

Rules for defining Integer Constant • It must have atleast one digit. • Decimal point are not allowed. • No blank space or commas are allowed. • It can be either positive or negative. Etc,. 31 N.Rajkumar

Numeric constants Real constants • It is formed using a sequence of digits but it contain decimal point. • length, height, price distance measured in real number Eg: 2.5, 5.11, etc. 32 N.Rajkumar

Character constants Single character constant – A character constant is a single character they also represented with single digit or a single special symbol which is enclosed in single quotes. – Eg: ‘a’, ‘8’,’_’etc. 33 N.Rajkumar

Character constants String constants • String constant are sequence of characters enclosed with in double quote. • Eg: “Hello” ,”444”,”a” etc,. 34 N.Rajkumar

Operators • An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on the operands. • Eg: a + b + is an operator. a,b are operands. 35 N.Rajkumar

Data Types  A Data type is the type of data that are going to access within the program. 36 N.Rajkumar

DATA TYPES DATA TYPES PRIMARY DERIVED USER DERIVED CHARACTER INTEGER REAL Array, Function, Pointer Structure, union …. char short int, int, long int Float, double long double 37 N.Rajkumar

integer  A number without a fraction part : integral number.  C supports three different sizes of the integer data type :  short int  int  long int 38 N.Rajkumar

Floating Point  A floating-point type is a number with a fractional part, e.g. 56.78  Floating point numbers are stored using 4 Byte.  Types  Float  Double  long double 39 N.Rajkumar

character • Character are generally stored using 8 bits(1 Byte) of the internal storage. 40 N.Rajkumar

void  The void type has no values and no operations.  Both the set of values and the set of operations are empty. 41 N.Rajkumar

Variable Declaration  To create a variable, you must specify the type and then its identifier :  Integer int a; a=10; int a=10; int a,b; a=10; b=5; int a=10,b=5; 42 N.Rajkumar

Variable Declaration  To create a variable, you must specify the type and then its identifier :  Float float a; a=10.5; float a=10.5; float a,b; a=10.5; b=5.5; float a=10.5,b=5.5; 43 N.Rajkumar

Variable Declaration  To create a variable, you must specify the type and then its identifier :  Character char a; a=‘x’; char a=‘x’; char a,b; a=‘x’; b=‘y’; char a=‘x’,b=‘y’; 44 N.Rajkumar

Variable Declaration  To create a variable, you must specify the type and then its identifier :  String char a[6]; a=“NAFEES”; char a[6]=“NAFEES”; Representation of string a N a[0] A a[1] F a[2] E a[3] E a[4] S a[5] 45 N.Rajkumar

Entire Data types in c: Data type Size(bytes) Range Format string Char 1 128 to 127 %c Unsigned char 1 0 to 255 %c Short or int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 %i or %d Unsigned int 2 0 to 65535 %u Long 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647 %ld Unsigned long 4 0 to 4294967295 %lu Float 4 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38 %f or %g Double 8 1.7 e-308 to 1.7 e+308 %lf Long Double 10 3.4 e-4932 to 1.1 e+4932 %lf 46 N.Rajkumar

Basic C programs #include<stdio.h>//program to display given data #include<conio.h> void main() { int a=10; float b=10.88; char c=‘$’; char d[6]=“Nafees”; clrscr(); printf(“Integer value : %dn”,a); printf(“Float value : %fn”,b); printf(“Character : %cn”,c); printf(“String : %s”,d); getch(); } OUTPUT Integer value : 10 Float value : 10.88 Character : $ String : Nafees 47 N.Rajkumar

Basic C programs #include<stdio.h>//program to display given data from user #include<conio.h> void main() { int a; float b; char c; char d[6]; clrscr(); printf(“Enter a integer value : “); scanf(“%d”,&a); printf(“Enter a float value : “); scanf(“%f”,&b); printf(“Enter a character : “); scanf(“%c”,&c); printf(“Enter a string : “); scanf(“%s”,d); OUTPUT Enter a integer value :12 Enter a float value : 5.34 Enter a character : h Enter a string : Nafees Integer value : 12 Float value : 5.34 Character : h String : Nafees printf(“Integer value : %dn”,a); printf(“Float value : %fn”,b); printf(“Character : %cn”,c); printf(“String : %s”,d); getch(); } 48 N.Rajkumar

Types of Operator 1. Arithmetic operator 2. Relational operator 3. Logical operator 4. Assignment operator 5. Short hand assignment operator 6. Increment or decrement operator(unary) 7. Comma operator 8. Conditional operator 49 N.Rajkumar

Arithmetic operator • It is used to carry out arithmetic operations NAME OPERATOR ADDITION + SUBTRACTION - MULTIPLICATION * DIVISION / MODULUS (REMAINDER) % 50 N.Rajkumar

SAMPLE PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> // Header File #include <conio.h> void main ( ) /* main is the starting of every c program */ { int a=5,b=2; //Local Declaration clrscr( ); printf(“Addition : %dn”,(a+b)); printf(“Subtraction : %dn”,(a-b)); printf(“Multiplication : %dn”,(a*b)); printf(“Division : %dn”,(a/b)); printf(“Modulus(remainder): %d”,(a%b)); getch( ); } OUTPUT Addition : 7 Subtraction : 3 Multiplication : 10 Division :2 Modulus(remainder):1 51 N.Rajkumar

Division operator on Different Data Type Operation Result Example int/int int 5/2 = 2 int/real real 5/2.0 = 2.5 real/int real 5.0/2 = 2.5 real/real real 5.0/2.0 = 2.5 52 N.Rajkumar

Relational operator • It is used to compare two or more operands and returns 1 if true else return 0 NAME OPERATOR Less than < Less than or equal to <= Greater than > Greater than or equal to >= Equal to == Not equal to != 53 N.Rajkumar

Relational Operator… #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { clrscr(); printf(“n5!=3:%d”,(5!=3)); printf(“n5<=3:%d”,(5<=3)); printf(“n5>=3:%d”,(5>=3)); printf(“n5<7 :%d”,(5<7)); printf(“n5>4 :%d”,(5>4)); getch(); } OUTPUT 5!=3 : 1 5<=3 : 0 5>=3 : 1 5<7 : 1 5>4 : 1 54 N.Rajkumar

Logical operator • It is used to perform logical operations NAME OPERATOR AND && OR || NOT ! 55 N.Rajkumar

Sample program #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { clrscr( ); printf(“n(5<=8)&&(4>=2):%d”,((5<=8)&&(4>=2))); printf(“n(5>=3)||(6<4):%d”,((5>=3)||(6<4))); printf(“n!(7==7):%d”,!(7==7)); getch( ); } OUTPUT (5<=8)&&(4>=2) : 1 (5>=3)||(6<4) : 1 !(7==7) : 0 56 N.Rajkumar

Assignment operator • It is used to assign a value or expression etc to a variable. • Eg: a =10.(assignment operator ‘=‘ assigns value 10 to variable a. a = b a = b + c etc,. 57 N.Rajkumar

Shorthand Assignment Operator 58 N.Rajkumar

Increment & Decrement Operator NAME OPERATOR Increment operator ++ Decrement operator -- Pre Increment Post Increment int a=10; ++a Now value of a is 11 int a=10; a++ Now value of a is 11 Pre decrement Post decrement int a=10; --a Now value of a is 9 int a=10; a-- Now value of a is 9 59 N.Rajkumar

Increment & Decrement Operator #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b; clrscr(); printf(“Enter a & b value : n”); scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b); printf(“Value of a & b before increment : %d %dn”,a,b); printf(“Value of a & b after increment : %d %dn”,a++,b++); printf(“Value of a & b after decrement : %d %dn”,a--,b—); getch(); } 60 N.Rajkumar

Increment & Decrement Operator OUTPUT Enter a & b value : 6 9 Value of a & b before increment : 6 9 Value of a & b after increment : 7 10 Value of a & b after decrement : 5 8 61 N.Rajkumar

Conditional Operator (or) Ternary Operator • It is used to checks the condition and execute the statement depending on the condition. • Eg: C = a > b ? a:b 62 N.Rajkumar

Sample Program #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { int a=5,b=8,c; clrscr( ); c = a>b?a:b; //Conditional operator printf(" n The Larger Value is %d",c); getch( ); } OUTPUT The Larger Value is 8 63 N.Rajkumar

Output The Larger Value is 8 OUTPUT The Larger Value is 8 64 N.Rajkumar

Special Operator • comma operator ( , ) EX: int a,b; 65 N.Rajkumar

Expression • An expression represent data item such as variable, constant are interconnected using operators. • Eg: Expression C Expression a + b + c a + b + c a2+b2 a*a + b*b 66 N.Rajkumar

Precedence Operator High * , / , % Low + , - 67 N.Rajkumar

Type Conversion • Converting the type of an expression from one type to another type. Eg: x = (int)10.45 68 N.Rajkumar

Sample Program #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { int c; clrscr( ); c=(int)10.45; printf("nOutput is:%d",c); getch( ); } OUTPUT Output is:10 69 N.Rajkumar

PROGRAM CONTROL STRUCTURES • Depending upon the sequence of the execution of statements, the control structures are categorized as follows: • Categories: • Sequential structure – In which instructions are executed in sequence. • Selection structure – In which instruction are executed based on the result of some condition. • Iteration structure – In which instruction are executed repeatedly. 70 N.Rajkumar

Sequential STRUCTURE • It allows the program to flow in sequence START Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement N STOP 71 N.Rajkumar

SELECTION STRUCTURE • It allows the program to make a choice from alternative paths. • C provide the following selection structures – if statement – if … else statement – Nested if … else statement 72 N.Rajkumar

if Statement Syntax if (condition is true) { Statements; } If condition False True Statements 73 N.Rajkumar

if…else Statement Syntax if (condition) { True statements; } else { False statements; } If Condition True False True statements False statements 74 N.Rajkumar

Nested if…else Condition 1 Statements Condition 2 Statements Condition 3 Statements Statements TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE 75 N.Rajkumar

Nested if…else Syntax IF (condition1) { statements; } else if (condition2) { statements; } else if (condition3) { statements; } else { statements; } 76 N.Rajkumar

Iteration structure • It is used to execute some instructions several time based on some condition. – while – do…while – for 77 N.Rajkumar

while Loop Syntax . while (condition) { . Body of the loop; . } Body of The loop condition False True 78 N.Rajkumar

do…while Loop Syntax do { Body of the loop }while (condition); Body of The loop condition False True 79 N.Rajkumar

for loop Syntax for (initialization; test condition; Increment/Decrement) { Body of the loop } 80 N.Rajkumar

for loop Initialization condition False Body of the loop Inc / Decrement 81 N.Rajkumar

Nested for loop Syntax for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec) { for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec) { Body of the loop } } 82 N.Rajkumar

DECISION MAKING & BRANCHING • if statement • if else statement • Nested if else statement • switch statement • Conditional statement • goto statement • break statement • continue statement Selection statements Unconditional statements 83 N.Rajkumar

if statement (Simple if) Syntax if (condition is true) { Statements; } 84 N.Rajkumar

if statement (Simple if) #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { int a; clrscr( ); printf("nEnter a number:"); scanf("%d",&a); if(a>10) { printf(" n a is greater than 10"); } getch( ); } OUTPUT Enter the number: 12 a is greater than 10 85 N.Rajkumar

if else statement Syntax if (condition is true) { Statements; } else { Statements; } 86 N.Rajkumar

if else statement #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { int a; clrscr( ); printf("nEnter a number:"); scanf("%d",&a); if(a>10) { printf(" n a is greater than 10"); } else { printf(" n a is not greater than 10"); } getch( ); } OUTPUT Enter the number: 12 a is greater than 10 Enter the number: 1 a is not greater than10 87 N.Rajkumar

Nested if else statement Syntax if (condition is true) { Statements; } else if (condition is true) { Statements; } else if (condition is true) { Statements; } else { Statements; } 88 N.Rajkumar

Nested if else statement #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int m1,m2,m3; float avg; printf("nEnter the marks:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&m1,&m2,&m3); avg=(m1+m2+m3)/3; printf("n The average is:%f",avg); printf("n The Grade is:"); if(avg>=60) { printf("First class"); } 89 N.Rajkumar

else if(avg>=50) { printf("Second class"); } else if(avg>=35) { printf("Third class"); } else { printf("Fail"); } getch(); } OUTPUT Enter the marks:65 75 70 The average is:70.00 The Grade is: First class 90 N.Rajkumar

Nested if else #include <stdio.h> //Program to find leap year #include<conio.h> void main() { int year; printf("Enter a year to check if it is a leap year : n"); scanf("%d", &year); if ( year%400 == 0) printf("%d is a leap year.n", year); else if ( year%100 == 0) printf("%d is not a leap year.n", year); else if ( year%4 == 0 ) printf("%d is a leap year.n", year); else printf("%d is not a leap year.n", year); getch(); } OUTPUT Enter a year to check if it is a leap year :2012 2012 is a leap year 91 N.Rajkumar

switch statement Syntax switch (expression) { case constant 1: block1; break; case constant 2: block2; break; . . default : default block; break; } Case 1 Case 2 Default case Switch 92 N.Rajkumar

switch statement #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c,n; clrscr(); printf("nEnter the value of a,b:n"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("nMENU"); printf("n1.ADDn2.SUBn3.MULTIPLYn4.EXIT"); printf("nEnter the choice:"); scanf("%d",&n); 93 N.Rajkumar

switch(n) { case 1: c=a+b; printf("nThe result of Addition is:%d",c); break; case 2: c=a-b; printf("nThe result of Subtraction is:%d",c); break; 94 N.Rajkumar

case 3: c=a*b; printf("nThe result of Multiplication is:%d",c); break; case 4: exit(0); break; default: printf(“Wrong Choice”); } getch(); } OUTPUT Enter the value of a,b: 5 6 MENU 1.ADD 2.SUB 3.MULTIPLY 4.EXIT Enter the choice:1 The result of Addition is:11 95 N.Rajkumar

Conditional Statement • It uses conditional operator (?) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n; printf(“Enter a number : “); scanf(“%d”,&n); (n%2==0)?printf(“even”):printf(“odd”); getch(); } OUTPUT Enter a number : 3 odd 96 N.Rajkumar

goto statement • When a goto statement is encountered, the control is transferred to the label. goto label; ………… ………… ………… label: ………… 97 N.Rajkumar

goto statement #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x; clrscr(); printf(“Enter a number to find odd or even no : “); scanf(“%d”,&x); if(x%2==0) goto even; else goto odd; 98 N.Rajkumar

goto statement even: printf(“%d is an even no”,x); return; odd: printf(“%d is an odd no”,x); return; OUTPUT Enter a number to find odd or even no :5 5 is an odd no 99 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b; clrscr(); printf(“Enter two value to subtract : n”); scanf(“n%d%d”,&a,&b); if(a>b) { printf(“Subtracted value is : %dn”,(a-b)); } else { break; } } OUTPUT Enter two value to subtract : 5 3 Subtracted value is : 2 When break statement is encountered inside any block or loop, control automatically passes to the first statement after the block or loop break statement 100 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a; clrscr(); for(a=1;a<=10;a++) { if((a==5)||(a==7)) continue; else printf(“%dn”,a); } } OUTPUT 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 Continue statement terminates the current loop iteration & persist the loop with next iteration continue statement 101 N.Rajkumar

• Loop: –A loop is defined as a block of statements which are repeatedly executed for certain no of times. • Types of Loops in C –while loop –do while loop –for loop(simple & nested) Looping Statements 102 N.Rajkumar

• It is an entry controlled loop works only when the condition is true • Syntax: while (condition) { . Body of the loop; . } while loop 103 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to print even no #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i; printf(“Enter the limit : “); scanf(“%d”,&n); i=1; while (i<=n) { if(i%2==0) { printf(“%dt”,i); } i++; } } while loop OUTPUT Enter the limit : 10 2 4 6 8 10 104 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to calculate factorial of given no #include<conio.h> void main() { int i=1,fact=1,n; printf("nEnter the Number:"); scanf("%d",&n); while(i<=n) { fact =fact *i; i++; } printf("n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact); getch(); } while loop OUTPUT Enter the Number:3 The value of 3! is: 6 105 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to reverse a number and to check #include<conio.h>// whether it is palindrome or not void main() { int n,rev=0;` clrscr(); printf(“Enter a number to reverse : “); scanf(“%d”,&n); while(n!=0) { rev=rev*10; rev=rev+(n%10); n=n/10; } printf(“Reverse of given no is : %dn”,rev); while loop OUTPUT Enter a number to reverse : 452 Reverse of given number is : 254 Not Palindrome if(n==rev) { printf(“Palindrome”); } else { printf(“Not Palindrome”); } getch(): } 106 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to find sum of digits #include<conio.h> void main() { int r=0,sum=0,n; printf("nEnter the no:"); scanf("%d",&n); while(n>0) { r=n%10; sum=sum+r; n=n/10; } printf("sum of the digits is:%d",sum); getch(): } while loop OUTPUT Enter the no:156 sum of the digits is:12 107 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to find armstrong number #include<conio.h> void main() { int r=0,sum=0,n,a; printf("nEnter the number:"); scanf("%d",&n); a=n; while(n>0) { r=n%10; sum=sum+r*r*r; n=n/10; } if(a==sum) printf("nIt is an armstrong number"); else printf("nIt is not an armstrong number"); getch(); } OUTPUT Enter the number:153 It is an armstrong number 108 N.Rajkumar

• It is an exit controlled loop. It proceeds its first iteration without checking the loop condition and proceeds next iteration by checking the condition. • Syntax: do { . Body of the loop; . }while (condition); do while loop 109 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to print even no #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i; printf(“Enter the limit : “); scanf(“%d”,&n); i=1; do { if(i%2==0) { printf(“%dt”,i); } i++; }while (i<=n); } do while loop OUTPUT Enter the limit : 10 2 4 6 8 10 110 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to calculate factorial of given no #include<conio.h> void main() { int i=1,fact=1,n; printf("nEnter the Number:"); scanf("%d",&n); do { fact =fact *i; i++; }while (i<=n); printf("n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact); getch(); } do while loop OUTPUT Enter the Number:3 The value of 3! is: 6 111 N.Rajkumar

do while loop //program to generate fibonacci series OUTPUT Enter the range : 10 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c,r; clrscr(); printf(“Enter the range : “); scanf(“%d”,&r); a=0,b=1; printf(“%d”,a); printf(“n%d”,b); printf(“n”); c=0; do { c=a+b; if(c<=r) printf(“%dn”,c); a=b; b=c; }while(c<=r); getch(); } 112 N.Rajkumar

for loop Syntax: for (initialization; test condition; Increment/Decrement) { Body of the loop } 113 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to generate number from 1 to n #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,n; printf("nEnter the limit : "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { printf(“%dn”,i); } getch(); } for loop OUTPUT Enter the limit : 5 1 2 3 4 5 114 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to calculate factorial of given no #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,fact=1,n; printf("nEnter the Number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { fact =fact *i; } printf("n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact); getch(); } for loop OUTPUT Enter the Number:3 The value of 3! is: 6 115 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to generate given multiplication table #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,tab,n,res; printf("nEnter the multiplication table:"); scanf("%d",&tab); printf("nEnter the limit of multiplication table:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { res=i*tab; printf("%d * %d : %dn”,i,tab,res); } getch(); } for loop OUTPUT Enter the multiplication table : 2 Enter the limit of multiplication table : 4 1 * 2 : 2 2 * 2 : 4 3 * 2 : 6 4 * 2 : 8 116 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h>//program to calculate student marks & average using for loop #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,s1,s2,s3,s4,s5,tot; float avg; clrscr(); printf(“Enter no of students : ”); scanf(“%d”,&n); printf(“Enter marks of five subjects : n”) for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { printf(“Enter student %d marksn”,i); scanf(“%d%d%d%d%d”,&s1,&s2,&s3,&s4,&s5); tot=s1+s2+s3+s4+s5; avg=tot/5; printf(“Total : %dnAverage : %f”,tot,avg); } getch(); } for loop 117 N.Rajkumar

• Definition of prime number: – A natural number greater than one has not any other divisors except 1 and itself. In other word we can say which has only two divisors 1 and number itself. – For example: 5. Their divisors are 1 and 5. for loop 118 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h>//program to check whether the given no is prime or not #include<conio.h> void main() { int n, i, c = 0; printf("Enter a number :"); scanf("%d", &n); for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { if (n % i == 0) { c++; } } if (c == 2) printf(“Given no is a Prime number"); else printf(“Given no is not a Prime number"); getch(); } for loop OUTPUT Enter a number : 7 Given no is a Prime number 119 N.Rajkumar

Nested for loop Syntax for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec) { for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec) { Body of the loop } } 120 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to generate numbers in triangle #include<conio.h> void main() { int i`,j,n; printf("nEnter the limit : "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf(“%d”,i); } printf(“n”); } getch(); } Nested for loop OUTPUT Enter the limit : 5 1 22 333 4444 55555 121 N.Rajkumar

#include<stdio.h> //program to generate stars(*) in triangle #include<conio.h> void main() { int I,j,n; printf("nEnter the limit : "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf(“*”); } printf(“n”); } getch(); } Nested for loop OUTPUT Enter the limit : 5 * ** *** **** ***** 122 N.Rajkumar

Swapping without using third variable #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { int a,b; clrscr( ); printf(" nEnter the value of a:"); scanf("%d",&a); printf(" nEnter the value of b:"); scanf("%d",&b); 124 N.Rajkumar

a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b; printf(" nThe value of a is:%d",a); printf(" nThe value of b is:%d",b); getch( ); } Output: Enter the value of a:5 Enter the value of b:6 The value of a is:6 The value of b is:5 125 N.Rajkumar

Quadratic Equation #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include<math.h> void main ( ) { int a,b,c,d,r1,r2; clrscr( ); printf(" nEnter the value of a:"); scanf("%d",&a); printf(" nEnter the value of b:"); scanf("%d",&b); printf(" nEnter the value of c:"); scanf("%d",&c); d=b*b-4*a*c; 126 N.Rajkumar

if(d>=0) { r1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a); r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a); printf(" nThe roots are %d,%d",r1,r2); } else { printf(" nThe roots are imaginary"); } getch( ); } 127 N.Rajkumar

Output Enter the value of a:4 Enter the value of b:5 Enter the value of c:6 The roots are imaginary 128 N.Rajkumar

IT22101 Programming for Problem Solvingunit-2.ppt

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