Introduction to Embedded Systems with Arduino

Introduction to Embedded Systems with Arduino

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  preencoded.png Introduction to Embedded Systems Anembedded system is a specialized combination of hardware and software designed to perform a specific function within a larger system. Unlike general purpose computers, these systems are dedicated to particular tasks and optimized for efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Embedded systems typically use either microprocessors or microcontrollers as their core processing units, each offering distinct advantages depending on the application requirements and complexity.
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  preencoded.png Embedded Systems inDaily Life Kitchen Appliances Microwave ovens, washing machines, and dishwashers use embedded systems to control timing, temperature, and operational sequences. Entertainment Smart TVs and streaming devices rely on embedded systems for user interfaces, content processing, and network connectivity. Wearables Fitness trackers and smartwatches monitor health metrics, track activities, and provide notifications through embedded technology. Automotive Modern vehicles contain dozens of embedded systems controlling everything from engine management to entertainment and safety features.
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  preencoded.png Applications Across Industries ConsumerElectronics Smartphones, tablets, gaming consoles, and home automation systems rely on embedded technology for seamless user experiences. Healthcare Medical devices like pacemakers, insulin pumps, and diagnostic equipment use embedded systems for precise, life-critical operations. Industrial Automation Manufacturing equipment, robotics, and process control systems depend on embedded solutions for efficiency and safety. Internet of Things Smart sensors, connected devices, and IoT networks utilize embedded systems to collect, process, and transmit data.
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  preencoded.png Characteristics of EmbeddedSystems The main characteristics of an embedded system are that they are: ✓ Specialized (i.e. they have a limited function) ✓ Microprocessor or Microcontroller based ✓ Space-constrained ✓ Made to contain data storage (memory) ✓ Both hardware and software based Hardware Components Hardware components of embedded systems include (but are not limited to) the following: A power supply: power supply systems for embedded technology can be standard 5VDC for 1.8VDC for ultra-low power applications, which is provided by wall adapters or batteries. The amount of power required will depend on the intended application (although embedded systems are prominently low-power). Microprocessor/microcontroller: the processor inside an embedded system is the central powerhouse that performs all of the computing operations. Microprocessors come in 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit architectures depending on the processing needs of the intended applications. System memory: data storage units for embedded systems include read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), and an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). ROM is used for storing the source code for the program in question, while RAM is for storing temporary data. EEPROM is a unique, non-volatile memory system used to store erasable or reprogrammable data. An input/output (I/O) setup: input and output for an embedded system can be via ports on a microcontroller or a sensor. Their primary function is to provide a means for interaction with the system. An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC): ASICs provide functionalities that are suited to specific applications. For instance, we can have an ASIC for gas or temperature detection or voice recognition. These components typically have dedicated power supplies, processors, and/or displays that are separate from the rest of the embedded system.
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  preencoded.png Characteristics of EmbeddedSystems Software Components Software components of embedded systems include (but are not limited to) the following: A text editor: a text editor is used to write source code that instructs the embedded system to carry out specific functions within an application. The source code of embedded systems is often written in low-level programming languages, such as C/C++ or Python A compiler/an assembler: the compiler or assembler receives source code from the text editor and converts it into instructions that are machine-readable. Linkers: linkers are programs that unify strings of code that are saved in several files within a single program for execution. A software library: a software library is a collection of non- volatile resources, such as configuration data, scripts, documentation, pre-written codes, etc. that are utilised by software programs. A debugger: a debugger is a tool used to check source codes for bugs or other errors. It scans through lines of code and identifies portions that contain syntax errors, runtime errors, and more, and highlights each accordingly. Debugging is a crucial part of the quality assurance stage of embedded systems design.
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  preencoded.png Microprocessor vs Microcontroller AspectMicroprocessor Microcontroller Architecture CPU only, requires external components CPU + memory + peripherals integrated Memory External RAM and ROM needed Built-in flash, RAM, and EEPROM Cost Higher due to external components Lower for simple applications Power Consumption Higher power requirements Optimized for low power operation Applications Computers, servers, complex systems Embedded systems, IoT devices
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  preencoded.png Popular Microcontroller Families 8051Family Classic 8-bit architecture developed by Intel. Widely used in educational settings and simple control applications. Known for its straightforward instruction set and extensive documentation. PIC Family Microchip's popular line offering various performance levels. Features low power consumption and integrated peripherals. Commonly used in consumer electronics and automotive applications. AVR Family Atmel's RISC-based controllers known for ease of programming. Powers Arduino platforms and offers excellent development tools. Popular in hobbyist and educational projects. ARM Cortex High-performance 32-bit processors used in smartphones and advanced embedded systems. Offers superior processing power and energy efficiency for complex applications.
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  preencoded.png Understanding RISC Architecture What isRISC? RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) is a processor design philosophy that emphasizes simplicity and efficiency. Unlike CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) processors, RISC uses a smaller set of simple instructions that execute quickly. Key Benefits of RISC: • Simpler instruction set enables faster execution • Reduced complexity leads to lower power consumption • Easier to optimize for specific applications • More predictable performance characteristics • Cost-effective manufacturing and development RISC Simple instructions Fast execution Low power CISC Complex instructions Variable timing Higher power
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  preencoded.png Introduction to AVRMicrocontrollers AVR microcontrollers, developed by Atmel (now part of Microchip), represent a family of 8-bit RISC processors known for their ease of use and robust performance. The AVR architecture combines the simplicity of RISC design with practical features needed for embedded applications. Why AVR is Popular: • Excellent development tools and documentation • Wide range of peripherals and memory options • Strong community support through Arduino platform • Cost-effective for educational and commercial use • Reliable performance in various environments Note: The ATmega328P, used in Arduino Uno, exemplifies AVR's balance of functionality and simplicity, making it ideal for learning embedded systems programming. B a s i c A V R M i c r o c o n t r o l l e r B o a r d
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  preencoded.png ATmega328P Key Features 8 BitRISC Architecture optimized for efficient instruction execution 32KB Flash Memory Program storage with 10,000 write/erase cycles 2KB SRAM Volatile memory for variables and stack operations 1KB EEPROM Non-volatile storage for configuration data 23 I/O Pins General-purpose digital input/output capabilities 6 ADC Channels 10-bit analog-to-digital conversion Additional features include SPI, I2C, USART communication protocols, multiple timers, PWM outputs, watchdog timer, and flexible operating voltage from 1.8V to 5.5V for various power supply configurations.
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  preencoded.png ATmega328P Pinout Overview PowerPins VCC (power supply), GND (ground), AVCC (analog power), and AREF (analog reference voltage) for stable operation. Digital I/O Pins PD0-PD7, PB0-PB7, and PC0-PC5 provide digital input/output functionality with configurable pull-up resistors. Analog Inputs PC0-PC5 (A0-A5) serve as 10-bit ADC inputs for reading analog sensors and voltage levels. Communication Dedicated pins for UART (PD0, PD1), SPI (PB2-PB5), and I2C (PC4, PC5) protocols enable device connectivity. ATmega328P without Arduino Board
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  preencoded.png Programming with ArduinoIDE Development Process The ATmega328P is programmed using the Arduino IDE, which provides a user-friendly environment for writing, compiling, and uploading code. The IDE converts C/C++ code into machine language that the microcontroller can execute. 01 Write Code Create program using Arduino's simplified C/C++ syntax 02 Compile IDE converts code into HEX file format 03 Upload Transfer program to microcontroller via USB LED Blink Example This simple program demonstrates the basic structure: setup() runs once to configure pin 13 as output, while loop() repeatedly turns the LED on for one second, then off for one second. Function Runs When? Used For setup() Once at start Initialization (pin modes, setup code) loop() Repeats forever Main program logic