HTML5 and XHTML2

HTML5, XHTML2 Learning from history how to drive the future of the Web

Michael(tm) Smith mike@w3.org http://people.w3.org/mike sideshowbarker on Slideshare, Twitter, etc.

W3C “Interaction” domain • HTML Working Group • Web Applications Working Group • CSS Working Group • SVG Working Group • ...

From 1997 through the end of 2006, work on HTML within the W3C focused exclusively on the XHTML dialect.

From June 2004 to March 2007, work on the (non-XHTML) HTML language took place outside of the W3C.

About HTML5 (and HTML forms)...

HTML5 in the words of the W3C HTML WG...

HTML design principles http://w3.org/TR/html-design-principles/

HTML design principles • Support existing content • Ensure interoperability • Precisely deﬁne UA behavior • Handle errors (non-draconically) • Evolution not revolution

“Draconically”= “Draconian”= “catch fire and fail”

XHTML2 in the words of the W3C XHTML WG...

XHTML2 Design Aims http://w3.org/TR/xhtml2/introduction.html#aims

XHTML2 Design Aims • Use existing XML facilities rather than duplicating them (implies namespace support) • Less scripting (vs declarative approach) • Integration with Semantic Web

What does “declarative” mean?

Declarative programming success story: SVG (XSLT also? XForms?)

HTML5 and XHTML2 in contrast...

Things HTML5 doesn’t do • Does not favor XML facilities • Does not avoid scripting • Does not consider integration with the SemWeb a priority • No arbitrary namespaces

Things XHTML2 doesn’t do • Does not support existing content in the same way that HTML5 does • Does not precisely define UA behavior • Does not handle errors non- draconically (uses “catch fire and fail” error handling)

Important point: XHTML2 is a different language than XHTML1

...“different language” in that XHTML2 does not fully support existing XHTML1 content (not backward compatible)

A representative statement about the difference in philosophy: “HTML is the assembly language of the Web.”

Important point: in some cases HTML5 offers a choice of both declarative and scripting approaches.

Which of these are errors? • Well-formed XML: <input disabled="disabled"> • Empty attribute: <input disabled> • Without quotes: <input value=yes> • Single quotes: <input type='checkbox'> • Double quotes: <input name="be evil">

This is a real error <i><b>misnested tags</i></b>

HTML5 parsers can handle real errors interoperably and gracefully.

Why is it important to handle errors?

More than 93% of Alexa Top 500 sites contain HTML conformance errors.

(About draconian error handling in XML) I think users and application builders should have a choice with what they do with invalid data... I therefore plan to continue to provide it even if the spec says that this is non-conforming. April 1997 ◦ I think users and application builders should have a choice with what they do with invalid data. I cannot see how a user or application builder can be disadvantaged by being provided with this choice, and I therefore plan to continue to provide it even if the spec says that this

After careful consideration, the HTML Working Group has decided that the goals for the next generation of forms are incompatible with preserving backwards compatibility with browsers designed for earlier versions of HTML. August 1999

W3C has no intention to extend HTML 4 as such. Instead, further work is focusing on a reformulation of HTML in XML November 1999

...while the ancestry of XHTML 2 comes from HTML 4, XHTML 1.0, and XHTML 1.1, it is not intended to be backward compatible with its earlier versions August 2002

XHTML 2.0 seems to me the live proof that something is going wrong at W3C... I strongly suggest dropping all XHTML 2.0 efforts in favor of a new “xHTML 5.0” language. Clearly a successor to HTML 4, feature-oriented, made for the web. December 2002

The W3C had so far failed to address a need in the Web community: There is no language for Web applications... I intend to do something about this (hopefully within a W3C context, although that will depend on the politics of the situation). January 2004

The dream of a new web, based on XHTML+SVG+SMIL+XForms, is just that — a dream... The best way to help the Web is to incrementally improve the existing web standards... so that web content authors can actually deploy new formats interoperably. June 2004

We need to specify error handling behavior to ensure interoperability “even in the face of documents that do not comply to the letter of the specifications”.

Authors will write invalid content regardless of what we spec. So the spec states “what authors must not do, and then tells implementors what they must do when an author does it anyway”.

It is necessary to evolve HTML incrementally. The attempt to get the world to switch to XML, including quotes around attribute values and slashes in empty tags and namespaces all at once didn’t work... October 2006

more HTML history http://esw.w3.org/topic/HTML/history

HTML5 has a major focus on facilitating use of a browser as a Web application platform (or Web application runtime environment).

XHTML2 has a major focus on providing a general- purpose document language declarative mechanisms for enabling interactive features.

HTML5 support • speciﬁc native browser support being implemented by all major browser vendors • most recent WD: 2009

XHTML2 support • no speciﬁc client-side native browser support from any major browser vendor • … but possible to “bolt on” some level of support using CSS+JS • most recent WD: 2006

HTML5 is the only HTML dialect that will be natively supported in browsers on the client side.

XHTML2 will likely remain useful more as a choice for authoring and storing documents on the server side and down- transforming them to HTML+JS.

HTML5 defines HTML as an abstract language with two standard syntaxes supported by browsers: • a text/html syntax, with parsing rules defined by the HTML5 spec • an XML syntax, with parsing rules defined by the XML spec

Similarly, applications can potentially represent HTML in memory in any number of ways.

However, there’s only one standard in-memory representation supported by browsers: The W3C DOM. The HTML5 spec precisely defines the DOM representation that browsers must use to represent HTML content in memory.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/ DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

HTML5 features that work in browsers now

• canvas element: scriptable image • video and audio elements: embed interactive video and audio easily, without plugins • new form attributes & APIs, for client-side form validation & new native form widgets in browsers

• API for ofﬂine Web applications: ApplicationCache • APIs for client-side data storage per-session (sessionStorage) and persistently across sessions (localStorage and client-side SQL database storage)

• postMessage() mechanism for cross-document messaging • API for native drag-and-drop (without need for script library) • native getElementsByClassName • more...

• accesskey and spellcheck • keygen element • how to handle SVG in text/html • Web Storage, Web Sockets, Server-Sent Events moved out

• Mozilla development build (Mineﬁeld) with conformant HTML5 parser (same parser as validator.nu) • incremental updates/reﬁnements being made to validator.nu code

Somewhat related work outside of the core HTML5 effort...

• Web Workers • SVG in Opera, Mozilla, WebKit • CSS transforms/animations • CSS3 Selectors • CSS3 Selectors API

• XMLHttpRequest level 1 and 2 • Cross-Origin Resource Sharing • Geolocation API • native JSON support in browsers • JavaScript 3.1 “Harmony”

HTML5 and XHTML2

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