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C++ programming languages lectures
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- 2. 2 • Computer programming •Why programming? • Instructions andProgram • Low level, High level and Middle level programming languages • Source Code and Object Code • Language Translators • Compiler • Interpreter • Assembler • Why language translators?
- 3. 3 • Difference betweencompiler and interpreter • Bug and Debugging
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- 5. 5 • It isthe process of giving instructions (commands) to the computer to do a meaningful task. • It is an act of teaching the computer on how to do a task. • The art and science of creating instructions for a computer to follow. • Creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something.
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- 8. 8 • Like thehumans, we can teach the computer through communicating with it using a particularlanguage. • The language that computer understands is machine language, also called as binary language. Machine language is the language of 0s and 1s. • We give detailed instructions to the computer to solve a particular task. Programming is the term that refers to teaching, instructing or giving commands to thecomputer.
- 9. 9 • Programming ismore about problem solving skills than writing the code itself. • Programming teaches you how to understand, analyze and solve the problems. It enhances your analytical reasoning abilities and helps you cope with daily real life problems as well. • Hence learning to program is important because it develops analytical and problem solvingabilities.
- 10. 10 • The personwho gives the instructions (commands) to the computer is known as theprogrammer. • Aperson who designs and writes computer programs.
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- 12. 12 • Instruction isany command given to the computer. • For example: 1) Add two variables Aand B 2) Display result 3) Read file • Each of these is the individual instruction to the computer.
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- 14. 14 • Program isa set (collection) of instruction to do a meaningful task. • Asequence of instructions that are interpreted and executed by a computer. It can be made of a single or hundred of instructions. • For example: In order to teach the computer on how to calculate average of three numbers? We need to give multiple instructions to the computer to do the task.
- 15. 15 Instruction1: Get firstnumber from the user and store it in Avariable Instruction2: Get second number from the user and store it in B variable Instruction3:Get third number from the user and store it in Cvariable Instruction4:Add A,B,Cand store the result in SUMvariable Instruction5: Divide SUMby 3 and store result in AVGvariable Instruction6:Display AVGvariable • Instructions 1-6 are used to solve a single task. This collection of instruction is known as a program.
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- 17. 17 • Aprogramming languageis an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a computer. • Aprogramming language is a notation for writing programs. • Avocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specifictasks.
- 18. 18 • Each languagehas a unique set of keywords (special words that it understands) and a special syntax (format) for organizing program instructions. • There are many programming languages. For example: • GWBasic • C • C++ • JAVA • Pascal • COBOL • Python • C#
- 19. 19 • There arethree types of programming languages:
- 20. 20 Machine(Computer) Human(Programmer) LANGUAGE Alanguage whichis closer to machine (computer)
- 21. 21 • Alow levellanguage is one which is closer to the machine (computer). • It is easier for machines to understand and difficult for humans to understand. • It is faster in execution as compared to high and middle level languages.
- 22. 22 • Two ofthe types of low level languages are:
- 23. 23 • It isone of the low level language. • It is the language of 0s and 1s. • Machine languages are the only languages directly understood by the computers. • While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers (0s and 1s).
- 24. • It isthe native language of the machines (computers). • Here all the instructions are written as code of binary sequence. For example: • In order to do addition, the code is: 10010001 • In order to decrement a number by one, the code is: 11011011 • In order to move data from one place to another, the code is: 10000111 24
- 25. 25 • There arehundreds of instructions and each instruction has a binary code. • Is it possible to remember all the codes of hundreds of instruction? • Obviously not! Hence machine language almost impossible to understand.
- 26. 26 • Machine languageprogram example: 10010010 11001010 01001010 11110101 00000101 00101000 11101010 10101010
- 27. 27 • Assembly languageis same as machine language but uses English like words to represent individual operations. • For example: Instead of binary codes it uses : ADD,MOV,SUB,INC • Assembly language is also a low-level language. • It is easier than the machine language but still it is very difficult to control a larger program using assembly.
- 28. 28 • As assemblylanguage contains English like words, which will not be understood by the computer (because it only understands 0s and 1s) • Atranslator first converts the assembly language program into machine language program. • Translator used with assembly language is called Assembler.
- 29. 29 • Assembly languageprogram example: MVI A, 05h MVI B, 9Ah ADDB INC A STA 8200 h HLT
- 30. 30 Machine(Computer) Human(Programmer) LANGUAGE Alanguage whichis closer to human (programmer)
- 31. 31 • Ahigh levellanguage is one which is closer to the human (programmer). • It is easier for humans to understand and difficult for machines to understand. • It is slower in execution as compared to low level languages.
- 32. 32 • Like assemblylanguage, it also uses English like words for the operations. • For example: for, if, else, break, continue, while,include, using, import • It is more easier than assembly language.
- 33. 33 • Some ofthe high level programming languages are: • GWBasic • C++ • JAVA • Pascal • COBOL • Python • C# • VisualBasic • J# • Ruby • PHP
- 34. 34 • High levellanguage programexample: int main() { int a = 5; int b = 6; if(a > b) cout<<“First number is greater.”; else cout<<“Second number is greater.”; }
- 35. 35 Machine(Computer) Human(Programmer) LANGUAGE Alanguage whichis some how closer to machine as well as human
- 36. 36 • Amiddle levellanguage is one which is closer to machine (computer) as well as to human (programmer). • Alanguage that has the features of both low level and high level languages. • More formally, a high level language that allows you to write low level programs in it is called as middle level language.
- 37. 37 • Some ofthe middle level programming languages are: • C • IBMPL/S(ProgrammingLanguage/Systems) • BCPL(BasicCombinedProgramming Language) • BLISS(Bill'sLanguageforImplementingSystem Software)
- 38. 38 Source Code • Theset of instructions written in any language other than machine language is called as sourcecode. • It is not directly understood by the machine (computer). Object Code • The set of instructions written in machine language is called as object code. It is also known as machinecode. • It is the only code which is directly understood by the machine (computer).
- 39. 39 Source Code • Itis in the form of text. • It is human readable. • It is generated by human (programmer). • It is input to the language translator. Object Code • It is in the form of binary numbers. • It is machine (computer) readable. • It is generated by the language translator. • It is the output of the language translator.
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- 41. 41 • Language translatoris a program that converts the source code in to the object code. Source Code Object Code CONVERT Language Translator Translator
- 42. 42 • Computer onlyunderstands object code (machine code). • It does not understand any source code. • There must be a program that converts source code in to the object code so that the computer can understand it. • The language translator is one which does this job. • The programmer writes the source code and then translator converts it in machine readable format (object code).
- 43. 43 • There arethree types of language translator:
- 44. 44 • Assembler isthe language translator that converts assembly language code in to the object code (machine code). Assembly Source Code Object Code CONVERT Assembler
- 45. 45 • Compiler isthe language translator that converts high level language code in to the object code (machine code). • It converts the whole code at a time. High-Level Source Code Object Code CONVERT Compiler
- 46. 46 Line 1 :Instruction 1 Line 2: Instruction 2 Line 3: Instruction 3 Line 4: Instruction 4 Line 5 : Instruction 5 Program Line 1 : Instruction 1 Line 2: Instruction 2 Line 3: Instruction 3 Line 4: Instruction 4 Line 5 : Instruction 5 Readwhole Program Convertwhole programintoobject code Execute 1 2 3 4
- 47. 47 • Interpreter isthe language translator that converts high level language code in to the object code (machine code). • It converts the code line by line. High-Level Source Code Object Code CONVERT Interpreter
- 48. 48 Line 1 :Instruction 1 Line 2: Instruction 2 Line 3: Instruction 3 Line 4: Instruction 4 Line 5 : Instruction 5 Program 1 ReadLine1 ReadLine2 ReadLine3 ReadLine4 ReadLine5 Convertintoobject code Convertintoobject code Convert in to object code Convert in to object code Convertintoobject code Execute Execute Execute Execute 2 Execute 3 4 5 6
- 49. Compiler • Itconverts whole code at a time. • It is faster. • Requires more memory. • Errors are displayed after entire program is checked. • Example: C, C++, JAVA. Interpreter • It converts the code line by line. • It is slower. • Requires less memory. • Errors are displayed for every instruction interpreted (if any). • Example: GW BASIC, Ruby, Python 49
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- 51. 51 • An erroror defect occurred inside a computer program or hardware that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways is called as a bug. • Most of the bugs arise from mistakes and errors made by programmer in sourcecode.
- 52. 52 • The termbug was used by Grace Hopper in 1946. • Hopper used to work on Mark II computer, there some error occurred in the system. The cause of the error was a moth (bug) trapped in a relay creating short circuit. • That caused the term bug to be coined.
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- 54. 54 • It isthe process of finding and fixing the bugs (errors) in the program. • It is the process of removing errors. • The programmer manually does this by examining the source code.