c programming control structure looping.ppt

of Lecture C Lesson 3: Conditions and Loops Unit 1: The if Statement

of Lecture C The if Statement • The Java if statement has the following syntax: if (boolean-condition) statement; • If the Boolean condition is true, the statement is executed; if it is false, the statement is skipped • This provides basic decision making capabilities

of Lecture C Tempreture class Temperature { static final int THRESHOLD = 65; public static void main(String[] args) { InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor(); int temperature = input.requestInt(“Enter the temperature:”); System.out.println(“Current temperature “+ temperature); if (temperature < THRESHOLD) System.out.println(“It’s cold in here!”); } }

of Lecture C If statement flow diagram if (condition) statement; condition statement true

of Lecture C Boolean Expressions • The condition of an if statement must evaluate to a true or false result • Java has several equality and relational operators: • More complex Boolean expressions are also possible Operator Meaning == equal to != not equal to < less than <= less than or equal to > greater than >= greater than or equal to

of Lecture C Block Statements • Several statements can be grouped together into a block statement • Blocks are delimited by braces • A block statement can be used wherever a statement is called for in the Java syntax if (boolean-condition){ statement1; statement2; … }

of Lecture C Example - Temperature2 class Temperature2 { static final int THRESHOLD = 65; public static void main(String[] args) { InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor(); int temperature = input.requestInt(“Enter the temperature:”); System.out.println(“Current temperature “+ temperature); if (temperature < THRESHOLD) { System.out.println(“It’s cold in here!”); System.out.println(“But we’ll survive.”); } } }

of Lecture C If .. Else Statement • An else clause can be added to an if statement to make it an if-else statement: if (condition) statement1; else statement2; • If the condition is true, statement1 is executed; if the condition is false, statement2 is executed

of Lecture C Example - Temperature3 class Temperature3 { static final int FREEZING_POINT = 32; public static void main(String[] args) { InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor(); int temperature = input.requestInt(“Enter temperature:”); if (temperature <= FREEZING_POINT) System.out.println(“It’s freezing!”); else System.out.println(“Above freezing.”); } }

of Lecture C If/else flow diagram if (condition) statement1; else statement2; condition statement2 true statement1

of Lecture C Nested If statements • Since an “If” statement is a statement, it can appear inside another if statement. if (condition1) if (condition2) statement; • It can also appear in an “else” clause if (condition1) statement1; else if (condition2) statement2;

of Lecture C Nested If Example // Reads 2 integers and compares them class CompareExample { public static void main(String[] args) { InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor(); int a = input.requestInt(“First number:”); int b = input.requestInt(“Second number:”); if (a != b){ if (a > b) System.out.println(a+” is greater”); else System.out.println(b+” is greater”); }else System.out.println(“the numbers are equal”); } }

of Lecture C Checking your Input • When requesting input from the user, keep in mind that the input may be invalid. • It is good practice to check the validity of user input int numberOfItems = input.requestInt(“Enter number of items:”); if (numberOfItems < 0) { System.out.println( “Number of items must be positive!”); } else { double price = numberOfItems * ITEM_PRICE; System.out.println(“The total price is:“ +price); }

of Lecture C Lesson 3: Conditions and Loops Unit 2: Boolean Expressions

of Lecture C Logical Operators • Boolean expressions may be combined using logical operators • There are three logical operators in Java: • They all take Boolean operands and produce Boolean results • Logical NOT is unary (one operand), but logical AND and OR are binary (two operands) Operator Operation ! Logical NOT && Logical AND || Logical OR

of Lecture C Logical NOT • The logical NOT is also called logical negation or logical complement • If a is true, !a is false; if a is false, then !a is true • Logical expressions can be shown using truth tables a !a false true true false

of Lecture C Logical AND • The expression a && b is true if both a and b are true, and false otherwise • Truth tables show all possible combinations of all terms a b a && b false false false false true false true false false true true true

of Lecture C Logical OR • The expression a || b is true if a or b or both are true, and false otherwise a b a || b false false false false true true true false true true true true

of Lecture C Logical Operators • Logical operators are used to form more complex logical expressions • Logical operators have precedence relationships between themselves and other operators if (a<1 || a%2!=0) System.out.println( “The input should be an even even number!”);

of Lecture C Logical Operators • Full expressions can be evaluated using truth tables a < 1 a%2!=0 a<1 || a%2=0 false false false false true false true false false true true true

of Lecture C Boolean variables • Boolean expressions can be assigned to Boolean variables • Boolean variables are Boolean expressions boolean b, c; b = (x > 17); c = (x>17) && (x<60); boolean b, c; b = (x > 17); c = b && (x<60); if (c) System.out.println(“x is in range”);

of Lecture C Example - RightTriangle // Receives the length of the edges of a triangle // and determine if this is a right triangle class RightTriangle { public static void main(String[] args) { InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor(); float a = input.requestInt(“Edge1:”); float b = input.requestInt(“Edge2:”); float c = input.requestInt(“Hypotenuse:”); boolean test = a*a+b*b == c*c; if (test) System.out.println(“It’s a right triangle”); else System.out.println(“It’s not a right triangle”); } }

of Lecture C Lesson 3: conditions and loops Unit C3: The while Statement

of Lecture C The while statement • A while statement has the following syntax: while (condition) statement; • If the condition is true, the statement is executed; then the condition is evaluated again • The statement is executed over and over until the condition becomes false • If the condition of a while statement is false initially, the statement is never executed • Therefore, we say that a while statement executes zero or more times

of Lecture C While statement flow diagram while (condition) statement; condition statement true

of Lecture C Example - Counter // Counts from 1 to 5 class Counter { static final int LIMIT = 5; public static void main(String[] args) { int count = 1; while (count <= LIMIT) { System.out.println(count); count = count + 1; } System.out.println(“done”); } }

of Lecture C Examples - Factors // Gets an integer and prints its factors class FactorsExample { public static void main(String[] args) { InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor(); int a = input.requestInt(“Enter a number:”); int i = 1; System.out.println(“The divisors of “+a+” are:”); while (i <= a) { if (a%i == 0) { System.out.println(i); } i = i + 1; } } }

of Lecture C Infinite Loops • The body of a while loop must eventually make the condition false • If not, it is an infinite loop, which will execute until the user interrupts the program • This is a common type of logical error -- always double check that your loops will terminate normally

of Lecture C Example - Forever // This program contains an infinite loop class Forever { static final int LIMIT = 25; public static void main(String[] args) { int count = 1; while (count <= LIMIT) { System.out.println(count); count = count - 1; } } }

of Lecture C Lesson 3: conditions and loops Unit 4: More conditionals

of Lecture C The Conditional Operator • Java has a conditional operator that evaluates a Boolean condition that determines which of two expressions is evaluated • The result of the chosen expression is the result of the entire conditional operator • Its syntax is: condition ? expression1 : expression2 • If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; if it is false, expression2 is evaluated

of Lecture C The Conditional Operator • It is similar to an if-else statement, except that it is an expression that returns a value • For example: • If a is greater that b, then a is assigned to max; otherwise, b is assigned to max • The conditional operator is ternary, meaning it requires three operands int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

of Lecture C The Conditional Operator • Another example: • If count equals 1, "Dime" is printed, otherwise "Dimes" is printed System.out.println ("Your change is " + count + ((count == 1) ? "Dime" : "Dimes”));

of Lecture C Another Selection Statement • The if and the if-else statements are selection statements, allowing us to select which statement to perform next based on some Boolean condition • Another selection construct, called the switch statement, provides another way to choose the next action • The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts to match the result to one of a series of values • Execution transfers to statement list associated with the first value that matches

of Lecture C The switch Statement • The syntax of the switch statement is: switch (expression) { case value1: statement-list1 case value2: statement-list2 case … }

of Lecture C The switch Statement • The expression must evaluate to an integral value, such as an integer or character • The break statement is usually used to terminate the statement list of each case, which causes control to jump to the end of the switch statement • A default case can be added to the end of the list of cases, and will execute if no other case matches

of Lecture C The switch Statement /** * A client that enables you to connect to the * bank server and make remote banking operations... */ public class BankClient { public static final int VIEW_BALANCE = 1; public static final int VIEW_SAVINGS = 2; public static final int CASH_TRANSFER = 3; public static final int VIEW_LAST_OPERATIONS = 4; // ...

of Lecture C The switch Statement // Inside the main loop of the client: int option = InputRequestor.requentInt(“Enter your choice:”); switch(option) { case VIEW_BALANCE: showBalance(); break; case VIEW_SAVINGS: showSavings(); break; default: output.showMessage(“No such option!”); }

of Lecture C Lesson 3: conditions and loops Unit 5: Shorthand Operators

of Lecture C Shorthand Operators • Many operations are very commonly used • Java has shorthand notations for these  increment and decrement operators  assignment operators x = x + 1; sum = sum + x;

of Lecture C The Increment and Decrement Operators • The increment operator (++) adds one to its integer or floating point operand • The decrement operator (--) subtracts one • The statement is essentially equivalent to count++; count = count + 1;

of Lecture C The Increment and Decrement Operators • The increment and decrement operators can be applied in prefix (before the variable) or postfix (after the variable) form • When used alone in a statement, the prefix and postfix forms are basically equivalent. That is, is equivalent to count++; ++count;

of Lecture C The Increment and Decrement Operators • When used in a larger expression, the prefix and postfix forms have a different effect • In both cases the variable is incremented (decremented) • But the value used in the larger expression depends on the form Expressions Operation Value Of expression count++ add 1 old value ++count add 1 new value count-- subtract 1 old value --count subtract 1 new value

of Lecture C The Increment and Decrement Operators • If count currently contains 45, then assigns 45 to total and 46 to count • If count currently contains 45, then assigns the value 46 to both total and count total = count++; total = ++count;

of Lecture C The Increment and Decrement Operators • If sum contains 25, what does this statement print? • Prints the following result: 25 27 27 27 • sum contains 26 after the line is complete System.out.println (sum++ + " " + ++sum + " " + sum + " " + sum--);

of Lecture C Assignment Operators • Often we perform an operation on a variable, then store the result back into that variable • Java provides assignment operators that simplify that process • For example, the statement is equivalent to sum += value; sum = sum + value;

of Lecture C Assignment Operators • There are many such assignment operators, always written as op= , such as: Operator Example Equivalent to += x+=y x = x + y -= x-=y x = x - y *= x*=y x = x * y /= x/=y x = x / y %= x%=y x = x % y

of Lecture C Assignment Operators • The right hand side of an assignment operator can be a complete expression • The entire right-hand expression is evaluated first, then combined with the additional operation • Therefore result /= total-MIN; is equivalent to result /= total-MIN; result = result / (total-MIN);

of Lecture C Lesson 3: conditions and loops Unit C6: More Repetition

of Lecture C More Repetition Constructs • In addition to while loops, Java has two other constructs used to perform repetition:  the do statement  the for statement • Each loop type has its own unique characteristics • You must choose which loop type to use in each situation

of Lecture C The do Statement • The do statement has the following syntax: do statement while (condition); • The statement is executed until the condition becomes false • It is similar to a while statement, except that its termination condition is evaluated after the loop body

of Lecture C The do Statement • The key difference between a do loop and a while loop is that the body of the do loop will execute at least once • If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the body of the loop is never executed • Another way to put this is that a while loop will execute zero or more times and a do loop will execute one or more times

of Lecture C Do Statement Example // Gets an integer and prints its factors class AvgExample { public static void main(String[] args){ InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor(); double x, sum=0, count=-1; do { x = input.RequestDouble(“Next number:”); sum += x; count++; } while (x != 0); // 0 is a flag indicating end of input System.out.println(“The average is “+sum/count); } }

of Lecture C The do Statement flow diagram statement condition false true

of Lecture C The for Statement • Many loops have a common pattern, captured by the for statement • The syntax of the for loop is for (intialization; condition; increment) statement; • This is equivalent to initialization; while (condition) { statement; increment; }

of Lecture C The for Statement: examples • Examples: for (int count=1; count < 75; count++) { System.out.println (count); } for (int num=1; num <= max; num = num * 2) { System.out.println (“Next power of 2: “ + num); }

of Lecture C The for Statement • The initialization is always performed once • The condition of a for statement is tested prior to executing the loop body (like in the while statement) • Therefore, a for loop will execute zero or more times • For loops are well suited for cases where the number of iterations is known beforehand • The increment is executed after each iteration of the loop

of Lecture C Omitting parts in a for Statement • Each expression in the header of a for loop is optional  If the initialization is left out, no initialization is performed  If the condition is left out, it is always considered to be true, and therefore makes an infinite loop  If the increment is left out, no increment operation is performed • Both semi-colons are always required for (;;) {// an infinite loop System.out.println (“beep”); } // compute a value count for (; count < max ; count ++ ) { System.out.println (count); }

of Lecture C The for Statement flow diagram statement condition false true initialization increment

of Lecture C Multiplication Table Example class MultiplicationTable { public static void main(String[] args){ for(int j=1 ; j <= 10 ; j++) { for(int k=1 ; k <= 10 ; k++) System.out.print(j*k); System.out.println(); } } }

of Lecture C The break and continue statements • The break statement, which we used with switch statements, can also be used inside a loop • When the break statement is executed, control jumps to the statement after the loop (the condition is not evaluated again) • A similar construct, the continue statement, can also be executed in a loop • When the continue statement is executed, control jumps to the end of the loop and the condition is evaluated

of Lecture C Break and Continue Example class AvgExample2 { public static void main(String[] args){ InputRequestor in = new InputRequestor(); double x, sum = 0; count = 0; while(true){ x = in.RequestDouble(); if (x == 0) break; if (x < 0) { System.out.println(“Only positive numbers!”); continue; } sum += x ; count ++ ; } // continued on next page

of Lecture C Break and Continue Example (2) System.out.println(“The average is “+sum/count); } }

of Lecture C Why do We Need Indentation? class Mystery { public static void main(String[] args) { InputRequestor in = new InputRequestor(); int dimension = in.requestInt(“Please enter the dimension”); for (int j = 0; j < dimension; j++) { for (int k = 1; k < dimension - j; k++) { System.out.print(" "); } for (int k = 0; k < j; k++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); }}}

c programming control structure looping.ppt

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c programming control structure looping.ppt