Arduino - Module 1.pdf

THINKLAB WORKSHOP DAY 1 – Arduino Introduction and Fundamentals 1

Outline  INTRODUCTION  GETTING STARTED WITH ARDUINO  INTERFACING FUNDAMENTALS  SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS 2

Microcontroller  “One-chip solution”  Highly integrated chip that includes all or most of the parts needed for a controller:  CPU  RAM  ROM  I/O Ports  Timer  Interrupt Control 4

What is Arduino?  Open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board and a development environment for writing software for the board  The Gizduino board is an Arduino clone based on Arduino Diecimila, which is based on the ATmega168 microprocessor  Arduino comes with its own open-source Integrated Development Environment (IDE) 5

Specifications  Microprocessor: ATmega168  Operating voltage: 5V  Input voltage (recommended): 7-12V  Input voltage (limits): 6-20V  Digital I/O Pins: 14 (6 provides PWM)  Analog Input Pins: 6  DC Current per pin: 40mA  Flash Memory: 16kB (2kB used by bootloader) 6

Why Arduino?  Inexpensive  Cross-platform  Simple, clear programming environment  Open-source and extensible software  Open-source and extensible hardware 7

Handling the Arduino  Never plug in the USB cable and the DC adapter at the same time!  Prevent the male pins from touching each other, as well as the leads, on the bottom of the board.  Best practice is to hold the boards on its sides/edges.  Another best practice is to unpower the board when adding or removing components or connecting or disconnecting modules. 9

Connect Arduino to PC  Connect the Gizduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED should turn on. 10

Launching Arduino IDE  Double click the Arduino application  Open the HelloWorld example found on your Thinklab examples folder 11

Setting-up Arduino IDE  Tools > Board menu and select Gizduino (mini) 12

Setting-up Arduino IDE  Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the Tools > Serial Port menu  Disconnect-reconnect the USB of the Arduino to find out which port to pick, or use the Device Manager 13

Uploading the Program  Click “Upload” to check the code and subsequently upload the sketch to your board  If upload is successful, the message “Done Uploading” will appear in the status bar 14

Uploading the Program  Click the Serial Monitor button 15

Uploading the Program  Select 9600  You should see Hello World! Printed  If it does, congratulations! You’ve gotten Arduino up and running! c: 16

What is a Sketch?  It is the unit of code that is uploaded to and run on an Arduino board  Example: HelloWorld code uploaded earlier 17

Bare Minimum  There are two special functions that are part of every Arduino sketch:  setup()  A function that is called once, when the sketch starts  Setting pin modes or initializing libraries are placed here  loop()  A function that is called over and over and is the heart of most sketches 19

 Grouping symbols  ( )  { }  “ “  Arithmetic symbols  +  -  *  /  %  Punctuation symbols  ;  ,  .  Comparators  =  <  >  &&  || Syntax and Symbols 20

Comments  Statements ignored by the Arduino when it runs the sketch  Used to give information about the sketch, and for people reading the code  Multi-line comment: /* <statement> */  Single-line comment: // 21

Variables  Place for storing a piece of data  Has a name, value, and type  int, char, float  Variable names may not start with a numerical character  Example:  int iamVariable = 9;  char storeChars;  float saveDecimal; 22

Variables  You may now refer to this variable by its name, at which point its value will be looked up and used  Example:  In a statement: Serial.println(105);  Declaring: int storeNum = 105;  We can instead write: Serial.println(storeNum); 23

Variables  Variable Scope  Global – recognized anywhere in the sketch  Local – recognized in a certain function only  Variable Qualifiers  CONST – make assigned variable value unchangeable  STATIC – ensure variable will only and always be manipulated by a certain function call  VOLATILE – load variable directly from RAM to prevent inaccuracy due to access beyond the control of the main code 24

Variables  Types  INT  UNSIGNED INT  LONG  UNSIGNED LONG  FLOAT  CHAR  BYTE  BOOLEAN 25

Variables  Type-cast Conversion – on-the-fly conversion of variables from its default type to another whilst not changing its original declared type  Syntax: variable_type(value)  Example  int(‘N’)  float(100) 26

Variables  Array – a collection of variables of the same type accessed via a numerical index  It is a series of variable instances placed adjacent in memory, and labeled sequentially with the index myArray[0] myArray[1] myArray[2] myArray[3] myArray[4] int myArray[5] 27

Control Structures  Series of program instructions that handle data and execute commands, exhibiting control  DECISIVE – exhibits control by decision making  RECURSIVE – exhibits control by continuous execution of commands  Control element manifests in the form of CONDITIONS 28

Control Structures  Syntax: if (condition) { // do something here } else { // do something here }  If-Else Statement  It allows you to make something happen or not depending on whether a given condition is true or not. 29

Control Structures void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); int test = 0; if (test == 1) { Serial.print(“Success”); } else { Serial.print(“Fail”); } } void loop() { } 30

Control Structures  Replace setup() code with this to show branching … Serial.print(“Score = “); Serial.println(test); if (test == 100) Serial.print(“Perfect! Magaling!”); else if (test >= 90) Serial.print(“Congrats! So close~”); else if (test >= 85) Serial.print(“Pwedeeee”); else if (test >= 80) Serial.print(“More effort”); else if (test >= 75) Serial.print(“Study harder!”); else Serial.print(“Nako summer na yan tsk tsk…”); 31

Control Structures  Syntax: switch (var) { case val01: // do something when var = val01 break; case val02: // do something when var = val02 break; default: // if no match, do default }  Switch-Case Statement  Depends on whether the value of a specified variable matches the values specified in case statements. 32

Control Structures void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); int test = 0; switch (test) { case 1: Serial.print(“Success”); break; case 0: Serial.print(“Fail”); break; } } void loop() { } 33

Control Structures  While Loop  Continue program until a given condition is true  Syntax: while (condition) { // do something here until condition becomes false } 34

Control Structures void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); int count = 0; while (count <= 2) { Serial.println(“Hello”); count++; } } void loop() { } 35

Control Structures  Do-While Loop  Same as While loop however this structure allows the loop to run once before checking the condition  Syntax: do { // do something here until condition becomes false } while (condition) ; 36

Control Structures void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); int count = 0; do { Serial.println(“Hello”); count++; } while (count <= 2); } void loop() { } 37

Control Structures  For Loop  Distinguished by a increment/decrement counter for termination  Syntax: for (start value; condition; operation) { // do something until condition becomes false } 38

Control Structures void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); int count = 0; for (count = 0; count <=5; count++) { Serial.println(“Hello”); } } void loop() { } 39

Control Structures  break;  Used to terminate a loop regardless of the state of the condition  Required in Switch-Case statements as an exit command 40

Control Structures  continue;  Used to skip loop iterations, bypassing the command(s) set  Note that the condition handle of the loop is still checked when using this command 41

Logic  Conditional AND  Symbolized by &&  Used when all conditions need to be satisfied.  Conditional OR  Symbolized by ||  Used when either of the conditions need to be satisfied. 42

Logic  Conditional NOT  Symbolized by !  Appends to other statements to invert its state 43

Logic Serial.begin(9600); int gupit = 0; int ahit = 0; if ((gupit == 1) && (ahit == 1)) Serial.println("Gwapong-gwapo! Pwede nang artista!"); else if ((gupit == 1) || (ahit == 1)) Serial.println("May kulang, pero pwede nang model"); else Serial.println("Eeeew mukhang gusgusin!"); 44

Math Commands  min(x, y) – returns the SMALLER of two numbers x and y  max(x, y) – returns the LARGER of two numbers x and y  constrain(x, A, B) – constrain a number x between a lower value A and a higher value B  map(x, A, B, C, D) – re-map a value x, whose ORIGINAL RANGE runs from A to B, to a NEW RANGE running from C to D 45

Math Commands  abs(x) – returns the ABSOLUTE VALUE of a number x  pow(x, y) – exponential function, returns x^y  sqrt(x) – returns the SQUARE ROOT of a number x 46

Timing Controls  delay()  Halts the sequence of execution during the time specified  Syntax: delay(milliseconds);  milliseconds = the time value in milliseconds 47

Timing Controls  millis()  Gives the number of milliseconds since the Arduino board began running the uploaded sketch  Syntax: variable = millis(); 48

Random Numbers  random()  Generates pseudo-random numbers  Syntax: random(min, max);  min = lower bound of random value, inclusive (optional)  max = upper bound of random value, exclusive 49

Random Numbers  randomSeed()  Varies the sequence of numbers at every start-up  Syntax: randomSeed(source); 50

Functions  Modular pieces of code that perform a defined task outside of the main program  Very useful to reduce repetitive lines of code due to multiple execution of commands  Has a name, type, and value – same as variables? 51

Initializing Serial  Serial.begin()  Initialize serial communication  Comonly placed at the setup function of your sketch  Syntax:  Serial.begin(baud)  baud: serial baud rate value to be used  e.g. 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 28800, 38400, 57600, 115200)  Ex. Serial.begin(9600); 54

Printing Lines using Serial  Serial.println()  Prints data to the Serial port as ASCII text  Syntax:  Serial.println(val)  val: the value to print, which can be any data type  Ex. Serial.println(“Hello World!”);  Displays Hello World! In Serial Monitor 55

void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { Serial.println(“Hello World!”); delay(1000); } Sample Code 56

Available Data from Serial  Serial.available()  Checks if there is data present on the line and returns the number of bytes to be read  Syntax:  Serial.available()  Ex. if (Serial.available() > 0) { … 57

Reading from Serial  Serial.read()  Returns the first byte of incoming serial data  Syntax:  variable = Serial.read();  variable can be either an int or a char 58

void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { if (Serial.available() > 0) { ReceivedByte = Serial.read(); Serial.print(ReceivedByte); delay(10); } } Sample Code 59

CONTACT DETAILS Landline: (02) 861-1531 Email: secretariat@thinklab.ph FB account: facebook.com/thinklab.secretariat FB page: facebook.com/thinklab.ph THANK YOU FOR COMING! 61

Arduino - Module 1.pdf

More Related Content

Similar to Arduino - Module 1.pdf

Recently uploaded

Arduino - Module 1.pdf