Adding DampedOscillator code

[the-yash-rajput]

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it.
• All filenames are in PascalCase.
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 91.66667% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 77.85%. Comparing base (fb5a765) to head (98e11da).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...va/com/thealgorithms/physics/DampedOscillator.java	91.66%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@ Coverage Diff @@ ## master #6801 +/- ## ============================================ + Coverage 77.84% 77.85% +0.01%  - Complexity 6350 6360 +10  ============================================ Files 730 731 +1 Lines 21166 21190 +24 Branches 4139 4142 +3 ============================================ + Hits 16476 16498 +22  - Misses 4032 4034 +2  Partials 658 658 

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[the-yash-rajput]

@alxkm Please review and merge this PR.

[alxkm]

Looks good. Thank you for the contribution.