# The function below will convert any binary string to the octal equivalent. def bin_to_octal(bin_string: str) -> str: if not all(char in "01" for char in bin_string): raise ValueError("Non-binary value was passed to the function") if not bin_string: raise ValueError("Empty string was passed to the function") oct_string = "" while len(bin_string) % 3 != 0: bin_string = "0" + bin_string bin_string_in_3_list = [ bin_string[index : index + 3] for index in range(len(bin_string)) if index % 3 == 0 ] for bin_group in bin_string_in_3_list: oct_val = 0 for index, val in enumerate(bin_group): oct_val += int(2 ** (2 - index) * int(val)) oct_string += str(oct_val) return oct_string if __name__ == "__main__": print(bin_to_octal("1111")) print(bin_to_octal("101010101010011")) print(bin_to_octal("0000")) 

17 52523 00