Spring tutorial

Spring MVC Framework with Example June 23, 2007 Spring MVC, Web Frameworks 1) Introduction The Spring MVC provides rich functionality for building robust Web Applications and it is available as a separate module in the Distribution. As a pre-requisite, readers are advised to go through the introductory article on Spring Framework Introduction to Spring Framework. The Spring MVC Framework is architected and designed in such a way that every piece of logic and functionality is highly configurable. Also Spring can integrate effortlessly with other popular Web Frameworks like Struts, WebWork, Java Server Faces and Tapestry. It means that you can even instruct Spring to use any one of the Web Frameworks. More than that Spring is not tightly coupled with Servlets or Jsp to render the View to the Clients. Integration with other View technologies like Velocity, Freemarker, Excel or Pdf is also possible now. This article provides an introduction over the various components that are available in the Spring MVC for the Web Tier. Specifically the major Core Components like Dispatcher Servlet, Handler Mappings, Controller, Model, View and View Resolver along with the appropriate Api are discussed briefly. Finally the article will conclude by presenting a Sample Application. also read:  Spring Interview Questions  Spring Framework Books (recommended)  JSF Interview Questions  Introduction to Spring MVC 2) The Spring Workflow Before taking a look over the various Components that are involved in the Spring MVC Framework, let us have a look on the style of Spring Web Flow. 1. The Client requests for a Resource in the Web Application. 2. The Spring Front Controller, which is implemented as a Servlet, will intercept the Request and then will try to find out the appropriate Handler Mappings. 3. The Handle Mappings is used to map a request from the Client to its Controller object by browsing over the various Controllers defined in the Configuration file. 4. With the help of Handler Adapters, the Dispatcher Servlet will dispatch the Request to the Controller. Page 1 of 21

5. The Controller processes the Client Request and returns the Model and the View in the form of ModelAndView object back to the Front Controller. 6. The Front Controller then tries to resolve the actual View (which may be Jsp, Velocity or Free marker) by consulting the View Resolver object. 7. Then the selected View is rendered back to the Client. Let us look into the various Core Components that make up the Spring Web Tier. Following are the components covered in the next subsequent sections. 3) Dispatcher Servlet The Dispatcher Servlet as represented by org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet, follows the Front Controller Design Pattern for handling Client Requests. It means that whatever Url comes from the Client, this Servlet will intercept the Client Request before passing the Request Object to the Controller. The Web Configuration file should be given definition in such a way that this Dispatcher Servlet should be invoked for Client Requests. Following is the definition given in the web.xml to invoke Spring’s Dispatcher Servlet. web.xml 1 2 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 3 <web-app version="2.4"> 4 5 <servlet> <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name> 6 <servlet-class> 7 org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet 8 </servlet-class> 9 <load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup> 10 </servlet> 11 <servlet-mapping> 12 <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name> 13 <url-pattern>*.*</url-pattern> 14 </servlet-mapping> 15 16</web-app> 17 Look into the definition of servlet-mapping tag. It tells that whatever be the Client Request (represented by *.* meaning any Url with any extension), invoke the Servlet by name 'dispatcher'. In our case, the ‘dispatcher’ servlet is nothing but an instance of type 'org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet'. Closing associated term with the Dispatcher Servlet is the Application Context. An Application Context usually represents a set of Configuration Files that are used to provide Configuration Information to the Application. The Application Context is a Xml file that contain various Bean Definitions. By default the Dispatcher Servlet will try to look for a file by name <servlet-name>-servlet.xml in the WEB-INF directory. So, in our case the Servlet will look for a file name called dispatcher-servlet.xml file in the WEB-INF directory. Page 2 of 21

It is wise sometimes to split all the Configuration information across multiple Configuration Files. In such a case we have to depend on a Listener Servlet called Context Loader represented by org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener. 1 <web-app> 2 3 <listener> 4 <listener-class> 5 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 6 </listener-class> </listener> 7 8</web-app> 9 By default, this Context Listener will try to look for the Configuration File by name 'applicationContext.xml' in the '/WEB-INF' directory. But with the help of the parameter 'contextConfigLocation' the default location can be overridden. Even multiple Configuration Files each containing separate piece of Information is also possible. web.xml 1 2 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 3 <web-app version="2.4"> 4 <listener> 5 <listener-class> 6 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 7 </listener-class> 8 </listener> 9 10 <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> 11 <param-value>/WEB-INF/contacts.xml, /WEB-INF/resources.xml</param-value> 12 </context-param> 13 14</web-app> 15 The above definition instructs the Framework to look and load for the Configuration Files by name 'contacts.xml' and 'resources.xml' in the WEB-INF directory. 4) Handler Mappings When the Client Request reaches the Dispatcher Servlet, the Dispatcher Servlet tries to find the appropriate Handler Mapping Object to map between the Request and the Handling Object. A Handler Mapping provides an abstract way that tell how the Client’s Url has to be mapped to the Handlers. Four concrete variation of Handler Mapping are available. They are defined as follows  BeanNameUrl HandlerMapping  CommonsPathMap HandlerMapping  ControllerClassName HandlerMapping  SimpleUrl HandlerMapping Page 3 of 21

All the above Handler Mapping objects are represented as BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping, CommonsPathMapHandlerMapping, ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping and SimpleUrlHandlerMapping in the org.springframework.web.servlet package respectively. Let us see the functionalities and the differences in usage one by one. 4.1) BeanNameUrl HandlerMapping This is the simplest of the Handler Mapping and it is used to map the Url that comes from the Clients directly to the Bean Object. In the later section, we will see that the Bean is nothing but a Controller object. For example, consider that the following are the valid Url in a Web Application that a Client Application can request for. 1http://myserver.com/eMail/showAllMails 2 3http://myserver.com/eMail/composeMail 4 5 6http://myserver.com/eMail/deleteMail Note that the Url (excluding the Application Context) in the above cases are 'showAllMails', 'composeMail' and 'deleteMail'. This means that the Framework will look for Bean Definitions with Identifiers ‘showAllMails’, ‘composeMail’ and ‘deleteMail’. Consider the following Xml code snippet in the Configuration file, 1 2 <beans> 3 4 <bean name="/showAllMails.jsp" class="com.javabeat.net.ShowAllMailsController"> 5 </bean> 6 7 <bean name="/composeMail.jsp" 8 class="com.javabeat.net.ComposeMailController"> 9 </bean> 10 <bean name="/ deleteMail.jsp" 11 class="com.javabeat.net.DeleteMailController"> 12 </bean> 13 14</beans> 15 So, in BeanNameUrl Handler Mapping, the Url of the Client is directly mapped to the Controller. To enable this kind of Handler Mapping in the Application, the Configuration file should have a similar kind of definition like the following, 1<beans> 2 3 … <bean id="beanNameUrl" 4 class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping"/> 5 … 6 7</beans> Page 4 of 21

8 4.2) CommonsPathMap HandlerMapping This is a rarely used Handler Mapping in which case, the name of the Url to which the Controller has to be mapped is specified directly in the Source file of the Controller. Considering the previous example, if we want to map ‘showAllMails’, ‘composeMail’ and ‘deleteMail’ to Controllers namely ShowAllMailsController, ComposeMailController and DeleteMailController, then the mapping information must be specified in the form of meta-data in the source files inside the Javadoc comments. Consider the following Controller Definitions, 1 2 /** 3 *@@ org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.commonsattributes. 4 *PathMap("/showAllMails.jsp") 5 */ 6 public class ShowAllMailsController{ } 7 8 /** 9 *@@ org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.commonsattributes. 10*PathMap("/composeMail.jsp") 11*/ 12public class ComposeMailController{ } 13 14/** 15*@@ org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.commonsattributes. 16*PathMap("/deleteMail.jsp") 17*/ 18public class DeleteMailController { } 19 20 The attribute must point to org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.commonsattributes.PathMap. By defining Controllers in this way, one more additional compilation step is needed. That is to make the availability of this attribute in the Class files, this Java Source has to be compiled with the Commons Attribute Compiler which comes along with the Spring Distribution. As before, to enable this kind of mapping , the Configuration File should have an entry similar to this, 1<beans> 2 3 <bean id="metaHandlerMapping" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler. 4 metadata.CommonsPathMapHandlerMapping"/> 5 6</beans> 7 4.3) ControllerClassName HandlerMapping In this kind of Handler Mapping, the name of the Controller is taking directly from the Url itself with slight modifications. For example, let us assume that the Client request ends with Url as shown below, Page 5 of 21

1http://myserver.com/emailApp/showInbox.jsp 2 3http://myserver.com/emailApp/showDeletedItems.jsp And as such, we have a Controller definition by name ShowController as follows, ShowController.java 1public class ShowController{ 2} Also the Configuration file is made to activate this kind of Handler Mapping by making the following definition, 1<beans> 2 3 <bean id="controllerClassName" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler. 4 metadata.ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping"/> 5 6</beans> The first thing the Framework does it, it will traverse through the List of Controllers defined in the Configuration File and perform these actions. For the Controller ShowController, then Framework will remove the Controller String and then lowercase the first letter. In our case the string now becomes show. Now whatever Client Request matches the pattern /show*, then the ShowController will be invoked. 4.4) SimpleUrl HandlerMapping This is the Simplest of all the Handler Mappings as it directly maps the Client Request to some Controller object. Consider the following Configuration File, 1 2 <bean id="simpleUrlMapping" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping"> 3 4 <property name="mappings"> 5 <props> 6 <prop key="/showAllMails.jsp">showController</prop> 7 <prop key="/composeMail.jsp">composeController</prop> 8 <prop key="/deleteMail.jsp">deleteController</prop> </props> 9 </property> 10 11</bean> 12 The set of mappings is encapsulated in the 'property' tag with each defined in a 'prop' element with the 'key' attribute being the Url, the value being the Identifier of the Controller Objects. Note that the Beans for the above Identifiers should be defined somewhere in the Configuration File. 5) Handler Adapters Page 6 of 21

It is important to understand that the Spring Framework is so flexible enough to define what Components should be delegated the Request once the Dispatcher Servlet finds the appropriate Handler Mapping. This is achieved in the form of Handler Adapters. If you remember in the Spring Work flow section, that it is mentioned once the Dispatcher Servlet chooses the appropriate Handler Mapping, the Request is then forwarded to the Controller object that is defined in the Configuration File. This is the default case. And this so happens because the Default Handler Adapter is Simple Controller Handler Adapter (represented by org.springframework.web.servlet.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter), which will do the job of the Forwarding the Request from the Dispatcher to the Controller object. Other types of Handler Adapters are Throwaway Controller HandlerAdapter (org.springframework.web.servlet.ThrowawayControllerHandlerAdapter) and SimpleServlet HandlerAdapter (org.springframework.web.servlet.SimpleServletHandlerAdapter). The Throwaway Controller HandlerAdapter, for example, carries the Request from the Dispatcher Servlet to the Throwaway Controller (discussed later in the section on Controllers) and Simple Servlet Handler Adapter will carry forward the Request from the Dispatcher Servlet to a Servlet thereby making the Servlet.service() method to be invoked. If, for example, you don’t want the default Simple Controller Handler Adapter, then you have to redefine the Configuration file with the similar kind of information as shown below, 1<bean id="throwawayHandler" class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.throwaway. 2 ThrowawayControllerHandlerAdapter"/> 3 4or 5 6<bean id="throwawayHandler" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.throwaway. SimpleServletHandlerAdapter"/> 7 8 Even, it is possible to write a Custom Handler Adapter by implementing the HandlerAdapter interface available in the org.springframework.web.servlet package. 6) Controller Controllers are components that are being called by the Dispatcher Servlet for doing any kind of Business Logic. Spring Distribution already comes with a variety of Controller Components each doing a specific purpose. All Controller Components in Spring implement the org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller interface. This section aimed to provide the commonly used Controllers in the Spring Framework. The following are the Controller Components available in the Spring Distribution.  SimpleFormController  AbstractController  AbstractCommandController  CancellableFormController  AbstractCommandController  MultiActionController  ParameterizableViewController  ServletForwardingController  ServletWrappingController  UrlFilenameViewController Page 7 of 21

The following section covers only on AbstractController, AbstractCommandController, SimpleFormController and CancellableFormController in detail. 6.1) Abstract Controller If one wants to implement Custom Controller Component right from the scratch, then instead of implementing the Controller interface, extending AbstractController can be preferred as it provides the basic support for the GET and the POST methods. It is advised that only for simple purpose, this type of extensions should be used. The purpose may be as simple as returning a resource to the Client upon request without having the need to examine the Request Parameters or other Stuffs. For example, consider the following piece of code, MySimpleController.java 1public class MySimpleController extends AbstractController{ 2 3 public void handleRequestInternal(HttpServletRequest request, 4 HttpServletResponse response){ 5 6 return new ModelAndView("myView"); 7 8 } } 9 Note that the Dispatcher Servlet will call the handleRequest() method by passing the Request and the Response parameters. The implementation just returns a ModelAndView (discussed later) object with myView being the logical view name. There are Components called View Resolvers whose job is to provide a mapping between the Logical View Name and the actual Physical Location of the View Resource. For the time being, assume that somehow, myView is mapped to myView.jsp. So, whenever the Dispatcher Servlet invokes this MySimpleController object, finally myView.jsp will be rendered back to the Client. 6.2) Abstract Command Controller The concept of Command Controller comes into picture when the Business Logic depends upon the values that are submitted by the User. Instead of depending on the Servlet Api to get the Request Parameter Values and other session Objects, we can depend on this Abstract Command Controller to take those pieces of Information. For example consider the following code snippet which has a simple business logic telling that, depending on the existence of username, display the form success.jsp or failure.jsp MySimpleController.java 1 public class MySimpleController extends AbstractCommandController{ 2 public MySimpleController(){ 3 setCommandClass(UserInfo.class); 4 } 5 6 public void handle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, 7 Object command){ 8 9 UserInfo userInfo = (UserInfo)command; if ( exists(userInfo.getUserName){ 10 return new ModelAndView("success"); 11 }else{ Page 8 of 21

12 return new ModelAndView("failure"); 13 } } 14 15 private boolean exits(String username){ 16 // Some logic here. 17 } 18} 19 20 21 Note that the Client Parameters (username , in this case) is encapsulated in a simple Class called UserInfo which is given below. The value given by the Client for the username field will be directly mapped to the property called username in the UserInfo. In the Constructor of the MySimpleController class, we have mentioned the name of the Command Class which is going to hold the Client Request Parameters by calling the setCommandClass() method. Also note that in the case of Command Controller, the method that will be called by the Dispatcher Servlet will be handle() which is passed with the Command object apart from the Request and the Response objects. UserInfo.java 1public class UserInfo{ 2 3 private String username; 4 // Getters and Setters here. 5 6} 6.3) Simple Form Controller Asking the User to fill in a Form containing various information and submitting the form normally happens in almost every Web Application. The Simple Form Controller is exactly used for that purpose. Let us give a simple example to illustrate this. Assume that upon Client Request a page called empInfo.jsp is rendered to the client containing empName, empAge and empSalary fields. Upon successful completion a Jsp Page called empSuccess.jsp is displayed back to the Client. Now let us see how we can make use of the Simple Form Controller to achieve this kind functionality. The very first thing is that, to collect the Client Input Values, a Command object which contains getter and setters must be defined. Following the skeleton of the class called EmpInfo. EmpInfo.java 1public class EmpInfo{ 2 3 private String empName; 4 private int empAge; 5 private double empSalary; 6 7 // Getters and setters for the above properties. 8 } 9 Page 9 of 21

The next thing is to write a class that extends SimpleFormController. But this time, the doSubmitAction() method should be overridden. This is the method that will be called when the Client submits the form. Following is the definition of the Controller class. EmpFormController.java 1 2 public class EmpFormController extends SimpleFormController{ 3 4 public EmpFormController(){ setCommandClass(EmpInfo.class); 5 } 6 7 public void doSubmitAction(Object command){ 8 EmpInfo info = (EmpInfo)command; 9 process(info); } 10 11 private void process(EmpInfo info){ 12 //Do some processing with this object. 13 } 14} 15 16 As we mentioned previously, the form that collects information from the Client is empInfo.jsp and upon successful submission the view empSuccess.jsp should be displayed. This information is externalized from the Controller class and it is maintained in the Configuration File like the following, 1 <bean id = "empForm" class="EmpFormController"> 2 3 <property name="formView"> 4 <value>empInfo</value> 5 </property> 6 7 <property name="successView"> 8 <value>empSuccess</value> </property> 9 10</bean> 11 Note the two property names 'formView' and 'successView' along with the values 'empInfo' and 'empSuccess'. These properties represent the initial View to be displayed and the final view (after successful Form submission) to be rendered to the Client. 6.4) Cancellable FormController If you carefully notice with the implementation of Simple Form Controller, there are ways to provide the Initial and the Successful View to the Clients. But what happens when the Form is cancelled by the User? Who will process the Cancel operation of the Form? The above issues can be given immediate solution with the usage of Cancellable FormController. The good thing is that Cancellable FormController extends SimpleForm Controller so that all the functionalities are Page 10 of 21

visible to this Controller also. Suppose say that the User clicks the cancel button, the Framework will check in the Request parameter for a key with name 'cancelParamKey'. If it is so, then it will call the onCancel() method. Consider the following definition, MyCompleteFormController.java 1public class MyCompleteFormController extends CancellableFormController{ 2 3 public ModelAndView onCancel(){ 4 return new ModelAndView("cancelView"); 5 } 6} 7) Model And View Model and View (represented by the class org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView) is returned by the Controller object back to the Dispatcher Servlet. This class is just a Container class for holding the Model and the View information. The Mode object represents some piece of information that can be used by the View to display the information. Both these Objects are given high degree of abstraction in the Spring Framework. Any kind of View Technology (org.springframework.web.servlet.View) can be plugged into the Framework with ease. For example, Excel, Jasper Reports, Pdf, Xslt, Free Marker, Html, Tiles, Velocity etc. are the supported Frameworks as of now. The Model object (represented by org.springframework.ui.ModelMap) is internally maintained as a Map for storing the Information. Following are the ways to Construct the Model and the View object. 1View pdfView = …; 2Map modelData = new HashMap(); 3 4ModelAndView mv1 = new ModelAndView(pdfView, modelData); The above constructs a ModelAndView object by passing the actual View object along with the Model object. Now consider the following code, 1ModelAndView mv1 = new ModelAndView("myView", someData); Note, in the above example, a string with “myView” is passed for the View. This way of specifying a View is called a Logical View. It means that myView either can point to something called myView.jsp or myView.pdf or myView.xml. The Physical View Location corresponding to the Logical View can be made configurable in the Configuration File. 8) View Resolver In the previous section, we talked about Logical View and the Physical View Location for the Logical View. The mapping between the Logical name and the Physical View Location is taken care by the View Resolver object. Without any surprise, Spring comes with a set of Built-In Spring Resolvers. It is even possible to write Custom View Resolvers by implementing the org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver interface. Following are the available View Resolvers in the Spring Distribution. Page 11 of 21

 BeanNameViewResolver  FreeMarkerViewResolver  InternalResourceViewResolver  JasperReportsViewResolver  ResourceBundleViewResolver  UrlBasedViewResolver  VelocityLayoutViewResolver  VelocityViewResolver  XmlViewResolver  XsltViewResolver The following section concentrates only on Internal Resource View Resolver and Bean Name View Resolver in detail. 8.1) Internal Resource View Resolver The Internal Resource View Resolver will try to map the Logical name of the Resource as returned by the Controller object in the form of ModelAndView object to the Physical View location. For example, consider the following class definition which returns different ModelAndView objects. MyController.java 1 2 public class MyController { 3 public void handle(){ 4 if(condition1()){ 5 return new ModelAndView("myView1"); 6 }else if (condition2()){ 7 return new ModelAndView("myView2"); 8 } return new ModelAndView("myView3"); 9 } 10} 11 Assume that if the Client Request satisfies condition1(), then the view myView.jsp which is present in the /WEB-INF folder should be displayed and for the client Requests satisfying condition2() and the other one, myView2.jsp and myView3.jsp should be displayed. For this to happen, the following entry must be made in the Configuration File, 1<bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view. 2InternalResourceViewResolver"> 3 4 <property name="prefix"><value>/WEB-INF/</value></property> 5 <property name="suffix"><value>.jsp</value></property> 6 7</bean> This is how the Internal Resource View Resolver will map the Logical View Name to the physical Location. When the logical View name is myView1, then it will construct a view name which is the summation of the Page 12 of 21

prefix + the logical View Name + the suffix, which is going to be /WEB-INF/myView.jsp. The same is the case for myView2.jsp and myView3.jsp. 8.2) Bean Name View Resolver One of the dis-advantage of using Internal Resource View Resolver is that the name of the View file (whether it is a Jsp File or the Pdf File) must be present in the Web Application Context. Dynamically generated View files may not be possible. In such a case, we may use the Bean Name View Resolver which will dynamically generate View in Pdf or Excel Formats. For the example, if the ModelAndView object represents a View by name “pdf” as shown in the following snippet, 1return ModelAndView("pdf") And, if we want to generate the Pdf file, then we should have defined the Configuration information in the file as follows, 1<bean id="beanNameResolver" 2class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.BeanNameViewResolver"/> The above code configures the Framework to use BeanNameViewResolver. Since the logical name ‘pdf’ must resolve to a Bean Name, we should define a similar entry like the following in the Configuration File. Note that, in the following MyPdfGenerator may be the sub-class of org.springframework.web.servlet.view.document.AbstractPdfView for generating the Pdf File. 1<bean id = " pdf " class = "MyPdfGenerator"/> 9) Sample Application 9.1) Introduction The final Section of this article details a Simple Contact Application that has provisions for Creating, Deleting and Listing Contact Objects. The aim of this Application is to show the various use of Controller Components like Abstract Controller, Abstract Command Controller and Form Controller along with Configuration Information. 9.2) The Web Descriptor File As mentioned previously, since the Dispatcher Servlet acts as an Interceptor for the Client Request, an entry for the same has to be mentioned in the web.xml file. Follow is the code snippet for the same, web.xml 1 web.xml 2 3 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app version="2.4" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" 4 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 5 xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee 6 7 http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd"> Page 13 of 21

8 9 <servlet> 10 <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name> <servlet-class> 11 org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet 12 </servlet-class> 13 <load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup> 14 </servlet> 15 <servlet-mapping> 16 <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name> 17 <url-pattern>*.htm</url-pattern> 18 </servlet-mapping> 19 20</web-app> 21 22 23 24 9.3) Configuration File The following represents the Configuration File for holding various piece of Configuration Information. The first thing to note is the type of Handler Mapping configured. In our case, it is the Bean Name Url Handler Mapping which means that the Url of the Client is tightly coupled with the class name of the Bean (Controller). Since all the Jsp files are maintained in the '/WEB/contacts' directory the 'prefix' property is pointing to '/WEB/contacts'. For the Create, Delete and List operation on Contacts, three different Controller Components have been defined. They are CreateContactController, DeleteContactController and ListContactsController respectively. dispatcher-servlet.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> 1 <!DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC "-//SPRING//DTD BEAN//EN" 2 "http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans.dtd"> 3 <beans> 4 5 <bean id="beanNameUrlMapping" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler. BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping"/> 6 7 <bean name = "/CreateContact.htm" class="net.javabeat.articles.spring.mvc. 8 contacts.CreateContactController"> 9 10 <property name="formView"> 11 <value>CreateContact</value> 12 </property> <property name="successView"> 13 <value>ContactCreated</value> 14 </property> 15 16 </bean> 17 18 <bean name = "/DeleteContact.htm" class= "net.javabeat.articles.spring.mvc. contacts.DeleteContactController"> 19 </bean> Page 14 of 21

20 21 <bean name = "/ListContacts.htm" class= "net.javabeat.articles.spring.mvc. 22 contacts.ListContactsController"> </bean> 23 24 <bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view. 25 InternalResourceViewResolver"> 26 <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/contacts/"/> 27 <property name="suffix" value=".jsp" /> </bean> 28 29</beans> 30 31 32 33 34 35 9.4) CreateContact and ContactCreated Jsp Files The following is the code for CreateContact.jsp file. CreateContact.jsp 1 2 <html> 3 <head> 4 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> 5 <title>Create a Contact</title> 6 </head> 7 <body> 8 9 <h1>Create a Contact</h1> 10 11 <form name = "CreateContact" method = "get""> 12 <input type = "text" name = "firstname" /> <input type = "text" name = "lastname" /> 13 <br> 14 <input type="submit" name = "Create Contact" value = "Create Contact"/> 15 </form> 16 17</body> 18</html> 19 Note that since this is the page that will be shown to the user initially, in the Configuration file, the property 'formView' is pointed to 'CreateContact'. Following is the code for ContactCreated.jsp. Since this is the View that will be shown after the Form Submission the property 'successView' is made to point to 'ContactCreated'. ContactCreated.jsp <html> 1 <head> Page 15 of 21

2 <meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = UTF-8"> 3 <title>Contact is Created</title> </head> 4 5 <body> 6 7 <h1>Contact is successfully Created</h1> 8 9 </body> 10</html> 11 12 9.5) DeleteContact.jsp Following is the complete listing for DeleteContact.jsp file. Note that this Jsp File is mapped to DeleteContactController in the Configuration File. DeleteContact.jsp 1 2 <html> 3 <head> 4 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> 5 <title>Delete Contact</title> 6 </head> 7 <body> 8 9 <h1>Delete Contact</h1> 10 11 <form name = "DeleteContact" method = "get"> 12 <input type = "text" name = "firstname" /> <br> 13 <input type="submit" name = "DeleteContact" value = "Delete Contact"/> 14 </form> 15 16 </body> 17 </html> 18 9.6) ListContacts.jsp This page is to list all the existing Contacts that were created before. It should be noted that the Model Object that holds all the Contact Information in the form of List is available in the ListContactsController. The Model Information from the Controller after getting bound to the Request Scope is being taken off from the View in the form of Expression Language. Following is the listing for ListContacts.jsp ListContacts.jsp 1 <html> <head> 2 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> Page 16 of 21

3 4 <title>Showing All Contacts</title> 5 </head> <body> 6 7 <h1>Showing All Contacts</h1> 8 9 <p> The following are the created Contacts </p> 10 11 <c:forEach items = "${allContacts}" var="contact"> 12 <c:out value="${contact.firstname}"/><br> <c:out value="${contact.lastname}"/><br> 13 </c:forEach> 14 15 </body> 16</html> 17 18 19 20 9.7) Contacts.java The following is the Class structure for Contacts.java for encapsulating the properties firstname and lastname. Contact.java 1 package net.javabeat.articles.spring.mvc.contacts; 2 3 public class Contact { 4 5 private String firstName; 6 private String lastName; 7 public Contact() { 8 } 9 10 public Contact(String firstName, String lastName){ 11 this.firstName = firstName; 12 this.lastName = lastName; 13 } 14 public String getFirstName() { 15 return firstName; 16 } 17 18 public void setFirstName(String firstName) { 19 this.firstName = firstName; } 20 21 public String getLastName() { 22 return lastName; 23 } 24 25 public void setLastName(String lastName) { 26 this.lastName = lastName; } 27 Page 17 of 21

28 29 public int hashCode(){ 30 return firstName.hashCode() + lastName.hashCode(); } 31 32 public boolean equals(Object object){ 33 if (object instanceof Contact){ 34 Contact second = (Contact)object; 35 return (firstName.equals(second.getFirstName()) && lastName.equals(second.getLastName())); 36 } 37 return false; 38 } 39 40 public String toString(){ 41 return "[First Name = " + firstName + ", Last Name = " + lastName + "]"; } 42} 43 44 45 46 47 48 9.8) ContactService.java This simple service class provides functionalities for creating, deleting and listing the Contact information. All the Controller Components makes use of this class to achieve their respective functionalities. ContactService.java 1 package net.javabeat.articles.spring.mvc.contacts; 2 3 import java.util.*; 4 5 public class ContactService { 6 private static Map contacts = new HashMap(); 7 8 public ContactService() { 9 } 10 11 public static Contact createContact(Contact contact){ 12 contacts.put(new Integer(contact.hashCode()), contact); return contact; 13 } 14 15 public static Contact createContact(String firstName, String lastName){ 16 return createContact(new Contact(firstName, lastName)); 17 } 18 19 public static boolean deleteContact(String firstName){ Iterator iterator = contacts.entrySet().iterator(); 20 while (iterator.hasNext()){ 21 Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)iterator.next(); 22 Contact contact = (Contact)entry.getValue(); 23 if (contact.getFirstName().equals(firstName)){ Page 18 of 21

24 contacts.remove(new Integer(contact.hashCode())); 25 return true; } 26 } 27 return false; 28 } 29 30 public static List listContacts(){ return toList(contacts); 31 } 32 33 private static List toList(Map contacts){ 34 List contactList = new ArrayList(); 35 Iterator iterator = contacts.entrySet().iterator(); 36 while (iterator.hasNext()){ Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)iterator.next(); 37 Contact contact = (Contact)entry.getValue(); 38 contactList.add(contact); 39 } 40 return contactList; } 41} 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 9.9) Controller Classes Following is the listing for CreateContact Controller. Note that since the Model Information for creating a contact (for which the Client supplies the firstname and the lastname parameters) is the Contact class, call has been made in the Constructor to setCommandClass() by passing the class name of the Contact class. CreateContactController.java 1 2 package net.javabeat.articles.spring.mvc.contacts; 3 4 import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleFormController; 5 public class CreateContactController extends SimpleFormController{ 6 7 public CreateContactController() { 8 setCommandClass(Contact.class); 9 } 10 11 public void doSubmitAction(Object command){ Contact contact = (Contact)command; 12 ContactService.createContact(contact); 13 } 14} 15 Page 19 of 21

Note that the method doSubmitAction() doesn’t return anything because the next Logical View to be displayed will be taken from the Configuration file which is represented by the property called 'successView'. Following two classes are the Controller Components for Deleting and Listing Contacts. Note that in the case of Delete Operation, a Jsp Page (DeletedContact.jsp) containing information telling that the Contact has been Deleted will displayed. But since for the Contact Listing operation, the model information containing a Collection of Contact Objects has to be passed from the Controller to the View and the same is achieved in the 3 argument constructor to ModelAndView. DeleteContactController.java 1 2 package net.javabeat.articles.spring.mvc.contacts; 3 4 import javax.servlet.http.*; 5 import org.springframework.validation.BindException; 6 import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView; 7 import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.AbstractCommandController; 8 public class DeleteContactController extends AbstractCommandController{ 9 10 public DeleteContactController(){ 11 setCommandClass(Contact.class); 12 } 13 14 public ModelAndView handle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object command, BindException errors) 15 throws Exception { 16 17 Contact contact = (Contact)command; 18 ContactService.deleteContact(contact.getFirstName()); 19 return new ModelAndView("DeletedContact"); 20 21 } } 22 23 Here is the listing for ListContactsController.java. ListContactsController.java 1 package net.javabeat.articles.spring.mvc.contacts; 2 3 import java.util.List; 4 import javax.servlet.http.*; 5 import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView; import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.AbstractController; 6 7 public class ListContactsController extends AbstractController{ 8 9 public ListContactsController() { 10 } 11 12 public ModelAndView handleRequestInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception{ 13 Page 20 of 21

14 15 List allContacts = ContactService.listContacts(); 16 return new ModelAndView("ListContacts", "allContacts", allContacts); 17 } 18} 19 20 21 10) Conclusion The Article provided a basic Introduction over the core concepts in Spring MVC for the Web Tier. Since the Spring Web Tier is built on top of the Spring Core Layer all the functionalities like Bean Lifecycle Management, Dependency Injection etc. will be automatically available to the Bean Components. Starting off with the Interactions that will take place when a Client Request for a Resource, it pointed out the various micro- level activities that take place in that Work flow. Then the Core Components of Spring like Dispatcher Servlet, Controllers, Model/View, Handler Mappings, Handler Adapters and View Resolvers are also discussed briefly. Finally the article ended up with the Simple Contact Application that demonstrated the usage of the various types of Controllers. Page 21 of 21

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