Object-Oriented Programming with Perl and Moose

Object Oriented Programming with Perl and Moose Dave Cross dave@perlschool.co.uk

6th April 2013 Perl School  Low cost Perl training  Training at all levels  Trying to build a buzz about Perl  Perl is not dead  Perl is Modern

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6th April 2013 Upcoming Courses  Perl School 6: Database Programming with Perl and DBIx::Class − 8th June 2013  http://perlschool.co.uk/upcoming/

6th April 2013 Timings  10:00 Session 1  11:15 Break  11:30 Session 2  13:00 Lunch  14:00 Session 3  15:30 Break  15:45 Session 4  17:00 End

6th April 2013 Admin Stuff  Tickets  Facilities  Lunch  Slides  Feedback

6th April 2013 8 What We Will Cover  Introduction to Object Oriented programming  Overview of Moose  Object Attributes  Subclasses  Object construction

6th April 2013 9 What We Will Cover  Data types  Delegation  Roles  Meta-programming  Alternatives to Moose  Further information

6th April 2013 11 What is OOP?  “Traditional” programming is procedural  Subroutines work on variables  my $twelve = regenerate($eleven);  Variables are dumb  Just stores for data

6th April 2013 12 What is OOP?  Object Oriented programming inverts this  Variables are objects  Objects can carry out certain processes − Called methods  my $twelve = $eleven->regenerate();  Objects are intelligent  Objects know what methods they can carry out

6th April 2013 13 Some Concepts  A Class is a type of intelligent variable − e.g. Time Lord  An Object is an instance of a class − e.g. The Doctor  A Method is an action that an object does − e.g. Regenerate  An Attribute is a piece of data in an object − e.g. Name

6th April 2013 14 Some Concepts  A class contains a number of methods  An object is of a particular class  The class defines the behaviour of an object  An object has many attributes − Data items  A class can also have attributes − Class-wide data items

6th April 2013 15 Methods  Methods can be either class methods or object methods  Class methods are called on a class − my $doctor = TimeLord->new;  Object methods are called on an object − $doctor->regenerate;

6th April 2013 16 Constructors  All classes need a constructor method  Creates a new object of that class  Usually a class method  Often called new  my $doctor = TimeLord->new;

6th April 2013 17 Constructors  A Class might have multiple constructors  my $doctor = TimeLord->new;  my $flesh_dr = TimeLord->clone($doctor);  A constructor might be an object method  my $flesh_dr = $doctor->clone;

6th April 2013 18 Accessors & Mutators  Access object attributes with an accessor method  say “The time lord's name is “, $doctor->get_name;  Change an attribute with a mutator method  $doctor->set_age( $doctor->get_age + 1 );

6th April 2013 19 Accessor/Mutators  Accessors and mutators are often the same method  say “The time lord's name is “, $doctor->name;  $doctor->age($doctor->age + 1);  Checks number of parameters  Reacts appropriately

6th April 2013 20 Accessor/Mutators  Which to choose?  Perl Best Practices says get_foo/set_foo  I like one method called foo  No firm rules  Pick one  Stick with it

6th April 2013 21 Subclasses  A subclass is a specialisation of a class  “Alien” is a class  “Dalek” is one possible subclass  Avoid reimplementing shared methods

6th April 2013 22 Subclasses  Subclasses alter behaviour of their parent classes  Add methods  Override existing methods  Add attributes  Override existing attributes

6th April 2013 24 OO Perl  Three rules of OO Perl  A class is a package  An object is reference  A method is a subroutine

6th April 2013 25 A Class is a Package  Same as any other package  Contains subroutines − Methods  Contains variables − Class attributes

6th April 2013 26 An Object is a Reference  Usually a reference to a hash  Hash keys are attribute names  Hash values are attribute values  Actually a “blessed” hash − So it knows what class it is

6th April 2013 27 A Method is a Subroutine  Just like any other subroutine  Some rules on parameters  First parameter is class name or object reference  Some differences in calling  Arrow notation − $doctor->name()

6th April 2013 28 Calling Methods  Methods are called using arrow notation  Class methods − TimeLord->new();  Object methods − $doctor->regenerate();

6th April 2013 29 Calling Methods  Perl rewrites the method call  Invocant passed as first argument  TimeLord->new();  TimeLord::new('Timelord');  $doctor->regenerate();  TimeLord::regenerate($doctor);

6th April 2013 30 Simple Class  package Alien; # package sub new { # subroutine my ($class, $name) = @_; # hash reference my $self = { name => $name }; return bless $self, $class; }

6th April 2013 31 Simple Class  sub name { # subroutine my ($self, $name) = @_; if (defined $name) { $self->{name} = $name; } return $self->{name}; # hash ref } 1;

6th April 2013 32 Using Our Class  use Alien; my $alien = Alien->new('Mork'); say $alien->name; # prints Mork $alien->name('Mork from Ork'); say $alien->name; # prints Mork from Ork

6th April 2013 34 Moose  Moose is a Modern Object System for Perl 5  Based on Perl 6 object system  More powerful  More flexible  Easier

6th April 2013 35 Simple Moose Class  package Alien; use Moose; has name => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', ); no Moose; __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;

6th April 2013 36 What's Going On?  use Moose;  Loads Moose environment  Makes our class a subclass of Moose::Object  Turns on use strict and use warnings

6th April 2013 37 Declarative Attributes  has name => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', );  Creates an attribute called 'name'  Makes it read/write  Must be a string

6th April 2013 38 Read/Write Attributes  Moose creates methods to access/alter attributes  $alien->name('Strax'); say $alien->name;  The 'is' property controls how they work  'rw' : read and write  'ro' : read only

6th April 2013 39 Private Attributes  Use is => 'bare' for attributes that aren't readable  No methods are created  Direct hash access  $alien->{name} = 'Commander Strax';

6th April 2013 40 Other Methods  Not all methods are constructors or accessors/mutators  Write other methods as usual  First parameter is object reference

6th April 2013 41 Other Methods  package Timelord; ... sub regenerate { my $self = shift; my $curr = $self->regeneration; $self->regeneration(++$curr); }

6th April 2013 42 Housekeeping  Moose classes carry a lot of baggage  We can (and should) turn some of it off  no Moose; − Remove Moose exports from your namespace − See also namespace::autoclean  __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable; − No more changes to class definition  Performance improvements

6th April 2013 43 Using Our Class  From the user's perspective, nothing changes  Use it just like other Perl classes  use Alien; my $strax = Alien->new( name => 'Strax' ); say $strax->name;  Named parameters are good

6th April 2013 Subclassing  A subclass is a specialisation of a superclass  More specific behaviour  New attributes  New methods  Overriding superclass methods and attributes

6th April 2013 Subclassing  Not all aliens are the same  package Dalek; use Moose; extends 'Alien'; has accuracy => ( isa => 'Num', is => 'rw', );

6th April 2013 Subclassing  sub exterminate { my $self = shift; say “EX-TERM-IN-ATE”; if (rand < $self->accuracy) { say “$_[0] has been exterminated”; return 1; } else { return; } }

6th April 2013 Using Subclasses  use Dalek; my $karn = Dalek->new( name => 'Karn', accuracy => 0.9, ); say $karn->name; $karn->exterminate('The Doctor');

6th April 2013 Overriding Methods  Daleks have a different way of using names  A Dalek's name is always “Dalek Something”  Need to override the name method from Alien  But we still want to get the name itself from Alien's method

6th April 2013 Method Modifiers  Moose has a declarative way to modify methods from your superclass  before : run this code before the superclass method  after : run this code after the superclass method  around : run this code around the superclass method

6th April 2013 Before and After  Methods defined with 'before' and 'after' are called before or after the parent's method  before name => sub { say 'About to call name()'; };  Doesn't interact with parent's method

6th April 2013 Around  Methods defined with 'around' are called instead of parent's method  It's your responsibility to call parent's method  Slightly different parameters − Original method name − Object reference − Any other parameters

6th April 2013 Dalek Names  around name => sub { my $orig = shift; my $self = shift; return 'Dalek ' . $self->$orig(@_); };

6th April 2013 Overriding Methods  Simpler way to override parent methods  override name => sub { my $self = shift; return 'Dalek ' . super(); };  Use the super keyword to call parent method  Passes on @_

6th April 2013 Declarative Attributes  Attributes are declared in a class using the has keyword  This is different to “classic” Perl OO − Where attributes are created by the presence of accessor methods  Attributes have a number of properties  Properties define the attribute

6th April 2013 Properties  has name => ( isa => 'Str', is => 'rw', );  'isa' and 'is' are properties  Many other options exist

6th April 2013 is  is : defines whether you can read or write the attribute  Actually defines whether accessor method is created − And how it works  $obj->ro_attr('Some value');  “Cannot assign a value to a read-only accessor”

6th April 2013 Private Attributes  Use is => 'bare' for private attributes − No accessor created  Still get access through the object hash  has private => ( is => 'bare' );  $self->private; # Error  $self->{private};

6th April 2013 Accessor Name  “is” is actually a shortcut for two other properties  reader and writer  has name => ( reader => 'get_name', writer => 'set_name', );

6th April 2013 Accessor Name  Now we don't have a method called name  say $obj->name; # Error  Need to use get_name − say $obj->get_name;  And set_name − $obj->set_name('New Name');

6th April 2013 Best Practices  What is best practice − One method (name) − Two methods (get_name, set_name)  Who cares?  Choose one − And stick with it  Perl Best Practices says two methods − See MooseX::FollowPBP

6th April 2013 Required Attributes  By default Moose attributes are optional  Make them mandatory with required  has name => ( required => 1, );  my $alien = Alien->new;  “Attribute (name) is required at constructor Alien::new”

6th April 2013 Attribute Defaults  Set a default for missing attributes  has accuracy => ( default => 0.5, );  Or a subroutine reference  has accuracy => ( default => sub { rand }, );

6th April 2013 Attribute Builder  Define a builder method instead of a default subroutine  has accuracy => ( builder => '_build_accuracy', );  sub _build_accuracy { return rand; }  Easier to subclass

6th April 2013 Predicate  Define a method to check if an attribute has been set − Check for defined value  has name => ( isa => 'Str', predicate => 'has_name', );  No default

6th April 2013 Using Predicate  Use predicate method to check if an attribute is set  if ($random_alien->has_name) { say $random_alien->name; } else { say 'Anonymous Alien'; }

6th April 2013 Clearer  Define a method to clear an attribute − Sets to undef  has name => ( is => 'Str', clearer => 'clear_name', );  No default

6th April 2013 Using Clearer  Use clearer method to clear an attribute  if ($anon_alien->has_name) { $anon_alien->clear_name; }

6th April 2013 Attribute Types  Set the type of an attribute with isa  has accuracy => ( isa => 'Num', );  Validation checks run as value is set  We'll see more about types later

6th April 2013 Aggregate Attributes  You can define aggregate attributes  isa => 'ArrayRef' − Reference to array (elements are any type)  isa => 'ArrayRef[Int]' − Reference to array (elements are integers)

6th April 2013 Array Example  Daleks like to keep track of their victims  has victims ( is => 'rw', isa => 'ArrayRef[Str]', default => sub { [] }, );  And in the exterminate() method  push $self->victims, $_[0];

6th April 2013 Array Example  sub brag { my $self = shift; if (@{$self->victims}) { say $self->name, ' has killed ', scalar @{$self->victims}, ' enemies of the Daleks'; say 'Their names are: ', join(', ', @{$self->victims}); } else { say $self->name, ' has nothing to brag about'; } }

6th April 2013 Hash Attributes  Moose also supports hash ref attributes  has some_attribute => ( isa => 'HashRef[Str]', is => 'rw', );

6th April 2013 Easier Aggregates  Attribute traits can make it easier to use aggregate attributes  We will revisit this later

6th April 2013 76 Lazy Attributes  Some attributes are rarely used  And can be complex to construct  It's a waste of resources to build them before they are needed  Mark them as lazy  And define a build method

6th April 2013 77 Lazy Attributes  has useragent => ( is => 'LWP::UserAgent', lazy => 1, builder => '_build_ua', );  sub _build_ua { return LWP::UserAgent->new(...); }  $self->useragent->get(...); # creates object

6th April 2013 78 Triggers  A trigger is a subroutine that is called when an attribute's value changes  Subroutine is passed the old and new values  has name => ( trigger => &name_change, );  sub name_change { my ($self, $new, $old) = @_; warn “Name changed from $old to $new”; }

6th April 2013 79 Overriding Attributes  Subclasses can override attribute properties  Use '+' on the subclass attribute definition  has '+name' => ( ... );  Various properties can be changed − default, coerce, required, documentation, lazy, isa, handles, builder, metaclass, traits

6th April 2013 80 Sontaran Names  Many aliens don't have names  The 'name' attribute in Alien.pm doesn't have the 'required' property  Sontarans do use names  package Sontaran; has '+name' => ( required => 1, );

6th April 2013 More Types  Attributes can also be objects  has useragent => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'LWP::UserAgent', );  Or a union of types  has output => ( is 'rw', isa => 'Object | Filehandle', );

6th April 2013 Attribute Delegation  Pass method calls to attributes − Assumes the attributes are objects  Defined using the 'handles' property  Defined with an array or hash reference

6th April 2013 Delegation with Array  Array contains list of method names  Named methods are passed through to attribute object  has useragent => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'LWP::UserAgent', handles => [ qw( get post ) ], );

6th April 2013 Delegation with Array  $obj->get($url)  Is now equivalent to  $obj->useragent->get($url)

6th April 2013 Delegation with Hash  Allows renaming of methods  Hash contains key/values pairs of method names  Key is our object's method name  Value is the method name in the attribute object

6th April 2013 Delegation with Hash  has useragent => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'LWP::UserAgent', handles => { get_data => 'get', post_data => 'post', }, );

6th April 2013 Delegation with Hash  $obj->get_data($url)  Is now equivalent to  $obj->useragent->get($url)

6th April 2013 89 Constructors  A constructor is a special type of method  It is usually a class method  It returns a new object  Moose classes prefer named parameters  my $karn = Dalek->new( name => 'Karn', accuracy => 0.99, );

6th April 2013 90 Default Constructor  The default Moose constructor builds an object from its parameters  Checks for mandatory attributes  Checks type constraints  Returns an object

6th April 2013 91 Different Behaviour  Some constructors need to do other processing  Not just build an object  Sometimes it's convenient not to use named parameters  Use BUILD and BUILDARGS to override Moose's default behaviour

6th April 2013 92 BUILDARGS  More flexible parameters  Take a parameter list convert it to named parameters  Commonly Daleks only need a name  my $karn = Dalek->new( name => 'Karn' );  Why not simplify?  my $karn = Dalek->new('Karn');

6th April 2013 93 Dalek Construction  We can use BUILDARGS to build a list of named parameters  around BUILDARGS => sub { my $orig = shift; my $class = shift; if (@_ == 1 and !ref $_[0]) { return $class->$orig(name => $_[0]); } else { return $class->$orig(@_); } }

6th April 2013 94 Default BUILDARGS  We use 'around' to override BUILDARGS  Allows superclass BUILDARGS to be called  Moose has a default (top level) BUILDARGS  Converts named params to a hash ref − Alien->new(name => 'Mork') − Alien->new({name => 'Mork'})

6th April 2013 95 Announcing Your Dalek  When a new Dalek is created we want to announce its name  We can use the BUILD method  After a new object is constructed, the BUILD method is called  Use it to carry out any additional processing

6th April 2013 96 BUILD Example  sub BUILD { my $self = shift; say $self->name . ' is born.'; }  This method is called every time a new Dalek object is created  Called after the object is constructed  But before the new method returns

6th April 2013 97 Constructor Sequence  BUILDARGS called  Object constructed  BUILD called

6th April 2013 Moose Data Types  Moose types are arranged in a hierarchy − Like class inheritance  Easy to add our own types  Easy to convert between types

6th April 2013 Type Hierarchy (Top)  Any  Item − Bool − Maybe[`a] − Undef − Defined  Value  Ref

6th April 2013 Type Hierarchy (Value)  Value − Str  Num − Int  ClassName  RoleName

6th April 2013 Type Hierarchy (Ref)  Ref − ScalarRef[à] − ArrayRef[à] − HashRef[à] − CodeRef − RegexpRef − GlobRef  FileHandle − Object

6th April 2013 Parameterised Types  [`a] marks a parameter  Maybe[Str]  ScalarRef[Num]  ArrayRef[Int] − Array elements are integers  HashRef[Filehandle] − Hash values are filehandles

6th April 2013 Defining Types  You can define your own data types  Add constraints to existing types

6th April 2013 Defining Types  Remember that Daleks have an accuracy  Accuracy should be less than 1 − To give the Doctor a chance  Define your own type  subtype 'Accuracy' => as 'Num' => where { $_ < 1 };

6th April 2013 Using Types  has accuracy => ( isa => 'Accuracy', );  my $dalek = Dalek->new( accuracy => 1 );  “Attribute (accuracy) does not pass the type constraint because: Validation failed for 'Accuracy' with value 1 at constructor Dalek::new”

6th April 2013 Type Definition Tips  Name types within a project-specific namespace − PerlSchool::DrWho::Accuracy  See Moose::Types for utilities to make type definition easier

6th April 2013 Type Coercion  Convert between types  Automatically

6th April 2013 Dalek Birthdays  Daleks like to keep track of their creation date  They store it in a DateTime object  has creation ( is => 'ro', isa => 'DateTime', );

6th April 2013 Dalek Birthdays  It's hard to create a Dalek with a creation date  Dalek->new( name => "Karn", creation => "2013-04-06" )  “2013-04-06” is not a DateTime object

6th April 2013 Dalek Birthdays  Coerce a string into a DateTime  coerce 'DateTime' => from 'Str' => via { DateTime::Format::Strptime->new( pattern => '%Y-%m-%d' )->parse_datetime($_) };  This doesn't work either

6th April 2013 Dalek Birthdays  Can't coerce into a standard type  Need to create a subtype  That's just how Moose works

6th April 2013 Dalek Birthdays  subtype 'Creation' as => 'DateTime'; coerce 'Creation' => from 'Str' => via { DateTime::Format::Strptime->new( pattern => '%Y-%m-%d' )->parse_datetime($_) };

6th April 2013 Dalek Birthdays  has creation => ( isa => 'Creation', is => 'ro', coerce => 1, };  Dalek->new( name => "Karn", creation => "2013-04-06" );

6th April 2013 Inheritance  Inheritance is a useful feature of OO  Easy to create specialised subclasses  Easy to construct complex hierarchies of classes  Not so easy to maintain

6th April 2013 Multiple Inheritance  It's possible for one class to inherit from many superclasses  This can lead to “diamond inheritance” − Class D subclasses classes B and C − Classes B and C both subclass class A − What happens?  Complexity and confusion

6th April 2013 Roles  Roles address this issue  Cut-down classes that can be added into a class  Roles cannot be instantiated  A class “does” a role  Like interfaces or mixins

6th April 2013 Roles  Roles change the classes they are used by  Add methods  Add attributes  Enforce method definition

6th April 2013 Killer Aliens  Not all aliens are killers  Need a role for those who are  Force classes to implement a kill() method

6th April 2013 Killer Aliens  package Alien::Role::Killer; use Moose::Role; requires 'kill';  package Dalek; with 'Alien::Role::Killer';

6th April 2013 Killer Aliens  Now we can't use the Dalek class until we have defined a kill() method  perl -MDalek -E'Dalek->new(“Karn”)  'Alien::Killer' requires the method 'kill' to be implemented by 'Dalek'

6th April 2013 Killer Daleks  Let's cheat slightly  Rename exterminate() to kill()  Now we can use the Dalek class again

6th April 2013 Counting Victims  Remember how Daleks keep track of their victims?  That behaviour really belongs in the Alien::Role::Killer role  All killer aliens keep track of their victims  They just kill in different ways

6th April 2013 Counting Victims  The class shouldn't know about the role's attributes  Remember this line from exterminate() − push $self->victims, $_  How do we deal with that?  Use method modifiers

6th April 2013 Counting Victims  In Alien::Role::Killer  around kill => sub { my $orig = shift; my $self = shift; if ($self->$orig(@_)) { push $self->victims, $_[0]; } };

6th April 2013 Bragging About Victims  We also had a brag() method  Used the victims array  Move that into Alien::Role::Killer too

6th April 2013 Alien::Killer  package Alien::Role::Killer; use 5.010; use Moose::Role; requires 'kill'; has victims => ( isa => 'ArrayRef[Str]', is => 'rw', default => sub { [] }, );

6th April 2013 Alien::Killer  around kill => sub { my $orig = shift; my $self = shift; if ($self->$orig(@_)) { push $self->victims, $_[0]; } };

6th April 2013 Alien::Killer  sub brag { my $self = shift; if (@{$self->victims}) { say $self->name . ' has killed ' . scalar @{$self->victims} . ' enemies of the '.ref($self).'s'; say 'Their names are: ', join(', ', @{$self->victims}); } else { say $self->name, ' has nothing to brag about'; } }

6th April 2013 Dalek  package Dalek; use Moose; extends 'Alien'; with 'Alien::Role::Killer'; ...

6th April 2013 Killing People  #!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; use Dalek; my $d = Dalek->new("Karn"); foreach (1 .. 10) { $d->kill("Timelord $_"); } $d->brag;

6th April 2013 Killing People  $ ./killing.pl Dalek Karn is born. EX-TERM-IN-ATE EX-TERM-IN-ATE Timelord 2 has been exterminated EX-TERM-IN-ATE EX-TERM-IN-ATE EX-TERM-IN-ATE Timelord 5 has been exterminated EX-TERM-IN-ATE EX-TERM-IN-ATE EX-TERM-IN-ATE EX-TERM-IN-ATE Timelord 9 has been exterminated EX-TERM-IN-ATE Timelord 10 has been exterminated Dalek Karn has killed 4 enemies of the Daleks Their names are: Timelord 2, Timelord 5, Timelord 9, Timelord 10

6th April 2013 Nicer Aggregate Attrs  We've seen aggregate attributes − Array or hash − victims is an example  We have to know that these are references − if (@{$self->victims}) − join ', ', @{self->victims} − push $self->victims, $victim # Perl 5.14  Can we make this easier?

6th April 2013 Nicer Aggregate Attrs  We can add traits to aggregate attribute definitions  Add simple methods to manipulate aggregate attributes  Hiding complexity

6th April 2013 New Properties  traits : Reference to a list of traits to add − Trait must match attribute type − ArrayRef / Array − HashRef / Hash − Etc.  handles : Maps new class methods onto trait methods

6th April 2013 Documentation  Moose::Meta::Trait::Native − List of types − High level examples  Moose::Meta::Attribute::Native::Trait::* − Full documentation of trait methods

6th April 2013 Types  Array  Bool  Code  Counter  Hash  Number  String

6th April 2013 Easier Victim Tracking  has victims => ( isa => 'ArrayRef[Str]', is => 'rw', default => sub { [] }, traits => ['Array'], handles => { add_victim => 'push', all_victims => 'elements', count_victims => 'count', has_victims => 'count', }, );

6th April 2013 Bragging (Before)  sub brag { my $self = shift; if (@{$self->victims}) { say $self->name, ' has killed ', scalar @{$self->victims}, ' enemies of the '.ref($self).'s'; say 'Their names are: ', join(', ', @{$self->victims}); } else { say $self->name, ' has nothing to brag about'; } }

6th April 2013 Bragging (After)  sub brag { my $self = shift; if ($self->has_victims) { say $self->name . ' has killed ' . $self->count_victims, ' enemies of the '.ref($self).'s'; say 'Their names are: ', join(', ', $self->all_victims); } else { say $self->name, ' has nothing to brag about'; } }

6th April 2013 Killing (Before)  around kill => sub { my $orig = shift; my $self = shift; if ($self->$orig(@_)) { push $self->victims, $_[0]; } };

6th April 2013 Killing (After)  around kill => sub { my $orig = shift; my $self = shift; if ($self->$orig(@_)) { $self->add_victim($_[0]); } };

6th April 2013 Meta Object Protocol  Moose is built on Class::MOP  A Meta Object Protocol  A set of classes that model a class framework  Class introspection

6th April 2013 The Meta Object  Access the MOP through your class's “meta” object  Get it through the meta() method − Class or object method  my $meta = Dalek->meta;

6th April 2013 Querying Classes  Class name  $meta->name  say Dalek->new->meta->name;  Superclasses  $meta->superclasses  @super = Dalek->new->meta->superclasses; say $super[0]->name; # Alien

6th April 2013 Querying Attributes  Get list of attributes  Each attribute is an object  foreach my $attr ( $meta->get_all_attributes ) { say $attr->name; say $attr->reader; say $attr->writer; }

6th April 2013 Querying Methods  Get a list of methods  Each method is an object  foreach my $meth ( $meta->get_all_methods ) { say $meth->name; say $meth->package_name; say $meth->body; }

6th April 2013 MOP is Read/Write  The MOP objects aren't read-only  You can change classes too − Until you call make_immutable  That's how Moose defines classes  See Class::MOP documentation

6th April 2013 Moose Plugins  Moose has a number of useful plugins  Many in the MooseX::* namespace − Important to pronounce that carefully  New ones added frequently  A survey of some of them

6th April 2013 Strict Constructors  Standard Moose ignores unknown constructor parameters  Dalek->new( name => 'Karn', email => 'karn@skaro.com', # huh? )  MooseX::StrictConstructor throws an error

6th April 2013 Parameter Validation  By default Perl is not strict about parameters to subroutines  Params::Validate is a useful CPAN module  MooseX::Params::Validate is a Moose wrapper

6th April 2013 Parameter Validation  package Foo; use Moose; use MooseX::Params::Validate; sub foo { my ( $self, %params ) = validated_hash( @_, bar => { isa => 'Str', default => 'Moose' }, ); return "Hooray for $params{bar}!"; }

6th April 2013 Singleton Object  A class that only ever has one instance  Highlander variable − “There can be only one”  MooseX::Singleton  use MooseX::Singleton;

6th April 2013 Nicer Class Definitions  In Moose a class is still a package  In Moose a method is still a subroutine  MooseX::Declare adds new keywords  Make your classes look more like classes  Make your methods look more like methods

6th April 2013 Nicer Class Definitions  class User { has 'name' => ( ... ); has 'email' => ( ... ); method login (Str $password) { ... } }  Still considered experimental  See also MooseX::Method::Signatures

6th April 2013 A Few More  MooseX::Types  MooseX::Types::Structures − Easier subtype definitions  MooseX::ClassAttributes

6th April 2013 A Few More  MooseX::Daemonize  MooseX::FollowPBP  MooseX::NonMoose − Moose subclasses of non-Moose classes

6th April 2013 Performance  Moose is relatively heavyweight  Adds a lot to your application  no moose and make_immutable both help  Moose team working on performance improvements  Lightweight alternatives

6th April 2013 Moo  “Minimalist Object Orientation (with Moose compatibility)”  Lightweight subset of Moose  Optimised for rapid start-up  No meta-object − Unless Moose is loaded  Support for roles

6th April 2013 Mo  Even smaller subset of Moose  new  has − All arguments are ignored  extends  Sometimes that is enough

6th April 2013 Mouse & Any::Moose  Mouse was an earlier light-weight Moose clone  Nowhere near as light-weight as Moo  Cut-down meta object  Any::Moose switches between Mouse and Moose  Moo is usually better Minimalist Object Orientation (with Moose compatiblity)

6th April 2013 173 More Moose  Moose does a lot more  We have only scratched the surface  Good documentation − CPAN − Moose::Manual::* − Moose::Cookbook::*  No good book yet

6th April 2013 174 Help on Moose  Moose web site − http://moose.perl.org/  Mailing list − http://lists.perl.org/list/moose.html  IRC Channel − #moose on irc.perl.org

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Object-Oriented Programming with Perl and Moose

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Object-Oriented Programming with Perl and Moose