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Discover the thorough instruction you need to build dynamic, interactive Web sites from scratch with NEW PERSPECTIVES ON HTML5, CSS3, AND JAVASCRIPT, 6E. This user-friendly book provides comprehensive coverage of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript with an inviting approach that starts with the basics and does not require any prior knowledge on the subject. Detailed explanations of key concepts and skills make even the most challenging topics clear and accessible. Case scenarios and case problems place the most complex concepts within an understandable and practical context. You develop important problem solving skills as you work through realistic exercises. Proven applications and an interesting approach help you retain the material and apply what you’ve learned in a professional environment. 1. Preface 2. Brief Contents 3. Table of Contents 4. Tutorial 1: Getting Started with HTML5: Creating a Website for a Food Vendor 5. Session 1.1 Visual Overview: The Structure of an HTML Document 6. Exploring the World Wide Web 7. Introducing HTML 8. Tools for Working with HTML 9. Exploring an HTML Document 10. Creating the Document Head 11. Adding Comments to Your Document 12. Session 1.1 Quick Check 13. Session 1.2 Visual Overview: HTML Page Elements 14. Writing the Page Body 15. Linking an HTML Document to a Style Sheet 16. Working with Character Sets and Special Characters 17. Working with Inline Images 18. Working with Block Quotes and Other Elements 19. Session 1.2 Quick Check 20. Session 1.3 Visual Overview: Lists and Hypertext Links 21. Working with Lists 22. Working with Hypertext Links 23. Specifying the Folder Path 24. Linking to a Location within a Document 25. Linking to the Internet and Other Resources 26. Working with Hypertext Attributes 27. Session 1.3 Quick Check 28. Review Assignments 29. Case Problems 30. Tutorial 2: Getting Started with CSS: Designing a Website for a Fitness Club 31. Session 2.1 Visual Overview: CSS Styles and Colors 32. Introducing CSS 33. Exploring Style Rules 34. Creating a Style Sheet

35. Working with Color in CSS 36. Employing Progressive Enhancement 37. Session 2.1 Quick Check 38. Session 2.2 Visual Overview: CSS Typography 39. Exploring Selector Patterns 40. Working with Fonts 41. Setting the Font Size 42. Controlling Spacing and Indentation 43. Working with Font Styles 44. Session 2.2 Quick Check 45. Session 2.3 Visual Overview: Pseudo Elements and Classes 46. Formatting Lists 47. Working with Margins and Padding 48. Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements 49. Generating Content with CSS 50. Inserting Quotation Marks 51. Session 2.3 Quick Check 52. Review Assignments 53. Case Problems 54. Tutorial 3: Designing a Page Layout: Creating a Website for a Chocolatier 55. Session 3.1 Visual Overview: Page Layout with Floating Elements 56. Introducing the display Style 57. Creating a Reset Style Sheet 58. Exploring Page Layout Designs 59. Working with Width and Height 60. Floating Page Content 61. Session 3.1 Quick Check 62. Session 3.2 Visual Overview: Page Layout Grids 63. Introducing Grid Layouts 64. Setting up a Grid 65. Outlining a Grid 66. Introducing CSS Grids 67. Session 3.2 Quick Check 68. Session 3.3 Visual Overview: Layout with Positioning Styles 69. Positioning Objects 70. Handling Overflow 71. Clipping an Element 72. Stacking Elements 73. Session 3.3 Quick Check 74. Review Assignments 75. Case Problems 76. Tutorial 4: Graphic Design with CSS: Creating a Graphic Design for a Genealogy Website 77. Session 4.1 Visual Overview: Backgrounds and Borders 78. Creating Figure Boxes 79. Exploring Background Styles

80. Working with Borders 81. Session 4.1 Quick Check 82. Session 4.2 Visual Overview: Shadows and Gradients 83. Creating Drop Shadows 84. Applying a Color Gradient 85. Creating Semi-Transparent Objects 86. Session 4.2 Quick Check 87. Session 4.3 Visual Overview: Transformations and Filters 88. Transforming Page Objects 89. Exploring CSS Filters 90. Working with Image Maps 91. Session 4.3 Quick Check 92. Review Assignments 93. Case Problems 94. Tutorial 5: Designing for the Mobile Web: Creating a Mobile Website for a Daycare Center 95. Session 5.1 Visual Overview: Media Queries 96. Introducing Responsive Design 97. Introducing Media Queries 98. Exploring Viewports and Device Width 99. Creating a Mobile Design 100. Creating a Tablet Design 101. Creating a Desktop Design 102. Session 5.1 Quick Check 103. Session 5.2 Visual Overview: Flexbox Layouts 104. Introducing Flexible Boxes 105. Working with Flex Items 106. Reordering Page Content with Flexboxes 107. Exploring Flexbox Layouts 108. Creating a Navicon Menu 109. Session 5.2 Quick Check 110. Session 5.3 Visual Overview: Print Styles 111. Designing for Printed Media 112. Working with the @page Rule 113. Working with Page Breaks 114. Session 5.3 Quick Check 115. Review Assignments 116. Case Problems 117. Tutorial 6: Working with Tables and Columns: Creating a Program Schedule for a Radio Station 118. Session 6.1 Visual Overview: Structure of a Web Table 119. Introducing Web Tables 120. Adding Table Borders with CSS 121. Spanning Rows and Columns 122. Creating a Table Caption 123. Session 6.1 Quick Check

124. Session 6.2 Visual Overview: Rows and Column Groups 125. Creating Row Groups 126. Creating Column Groups 127. Exploring CSS Styles and Web Tables 128. Tables and Responsive Design 129. Designing a Column Layout 130. Session 6.2 Quick Check 131. Review Assignments 132. Case Problems 133. Tutorial 7: Designing a Web Form: Creating a Survey Form 134. Session 7.1 Visual Overview: Structure of a Web Form 135. Introducing Web Forms 136. Starting a Web Form 137. Creating a Field Set 138. Creating Input Boxes 139. Adding Field Labels 140. Designing a Form Layout 141. Defining Default Values and Placeholders 142. Session 7.1 Quick Check 143. Session 7.2 Visual Overview: Web Form Widgets 144. Entering Date and Time Values 145. Creating a Selection List 146. Creating Option Buttons 147. Creating Check Boxes 148. Creating a Text Area Box 149. Session 7.2 Quick Check 150. Session 7.3 Visual Overview: Data Validation 151. Entering Numeric Data 152. Suggesting Options with Data Lists 153. Working with Form Buttons 154. Validating a Web Form 155. Applying Inline Validation 156. Session 7.3 Quick Check 157. Review Assignments 158. Case Problems 159. Tutorial 8: Enhancing a Website with Multimedia: Working with Sound, Video, and Animation 160. Session 8.1 Visual Overview: Playing Web Audio 161. Introducing Multimedia on the Web 162. Working with the audio Element 163. Exploring Embedded Objects 164. Session 8.1 Quick Check 165. Session 8.2 Visual Overview: Playing Web Video 166. Exploring Digital Video 167. Using the HTML5 video Element 168. Adding a Text Track to Video

169. Using Third-Party Video Players 170. Session 8.2 Quick Check 171. Session 8.3 Visual Overview: Transitions and Animations 172. Creating Transitions with CSS 173. Animating Objects with CSS 174. Session 8.3 Quick Check 175. Review Assignments 176. Case Problems 177. Tutorial 9: Getting Started with JavaScript: Creating a Countdown Clock 178. Session 9.1 Visual Overview: Creating a JavaScript File 179. Introducing JavaScript 180. Working with the script Element 181. Creating a JavaScript Program 182. Debugging Your Code 183. Session 9.1 Quick Check 184. Session 9.2 Visual Overview: JavaScript Variables and Dates 185. Introducing Objects 186. Changing Properties and Applying Methods 187. Writing HTML Code 188. Working with Variables 189. Working with Date Objects 190. Session 9.2 Quick Check 191. Session 9.3 Visual Overview: JavaScript Functions and Expressions 192. Working with Operators and Operands 193. Working with the Math Object 194. Working with JavaScript Functions 195. Running Timed Commands 196. Controlling How JavaScript Works with Numeric Values 197. Session 9.3 Quick Check 198. Review Assignments 199. Case Problems 200. Tutorial 10: Exploring Arrays, Loops, and Conditional Statements: Creating a Monthly Calendar 201. Session 10.1 Visual Overview: Creating and Using Arrays 202. Introducing the Monthly Calendar 203. Introducing Arrays 204. Session 10.1 Quick Check 205. Session 10.2 Visual Overview: Applying a Program Loop 206. Working with Program Loops 207. Comparison and Logical Operators 208. Program Loops and Arrays 209. Session 10.2 Quick Check 210. Session 10.3 Visual Overview: Conditional Statements 211. Introducing Conditional Statements 212. Completing the Calendar App 213. Managing Program Loops and Conditional Statements

214. Session 10.3 Quick Check 215. Review Assignments 216. Case Problems 217. Tutorial 11: Working with Events and Styles: Designing an Interactive Puzzle 218. Session 11.1 Visual Overview: Event Handlers and Event Objects 219. Introducing JavaScript Events 220. Creating an Event Handler 221. Using the Event Object 222. Exploring Object Properties 223. Session 11.1 Quick Check 224. Session 11.2 Visual Overview: Event Listeners and Cursors 225. Working with Mouse Events 226. Introducing the Event Model 227. Exploring Keyboard Events 228. Changing the Cursor Style 229. Session 11.2 Quick Check 230. Session 11.3 Visual Overview: Anonymous Functions and Dialog Boxes 231. Working with Functions as Objects 232. Displaying Dialog Boxes 233. Session 11.3 Quick Check 234. Review Assignments 235. Case Problems 236. Tutorial 12: Working with Document Nodes and Style Sheets: Creating a Dynamic Document Outline 237. Session 12.1 Visual Overview: Exploring the Node Tree 238. Introducing Nodes 239. Creating and Appending Nodes 240. Working with Node Types, Names, and Values 241. Session 12.1 Quick Check 242. Session 12.2 Visual Overview: Exploring Attribute Nodes 243. Creating a Nested List 244. Working with Attribute Nodes 245. Session 12.2 Quick Check 246. Session 12.3 Visual Overview: Style Sheets and Style Rules 247. Working with Style Sheets 248. Working with Style Sheet Rules 249. Session 12.3 Quick Check 250. Review Assignments 251. Case Problems 252. Tutorial 13: Programming for Web Forms: Creatings Forms for Orders and Payments 253. Session 13.1 Visual Overview: Forms and Elements 254. Exploring the Forms Object 255. Working with Form Elements 256. Working with Input Fields 257. Working with Selection Lists

258. Working with Options Buttons and Check Boxes 259. Formatting Numeric Values 260. Applying Form Events 261. Working with Hidden Fields 262. Session 13.1 Quick Check 263. Session 13.2 Visual Overview: Passing Data between Forms 264. Sharing Data between Forms 265. Working with Text Strings 266. Introducing Regular Expressions 267. Programming with Regular Expressions 268. Session 13.2 Quick Check 269. Session 13.3 Visual Overview: Validating Form Data 270. Validating Data with JavaScript 271. Testing a Form Field against a Regular Expression 272. Testing for Legitimate Card Numbers 273. Session 13.3 Quick Check 274. Review Assignments 275. Case Problems 276. Tutorial 14: Exploring Object-Based Programming: Designing an Online Poker Game 277. Session 14.1 Visual Overview: Custom Objects, Properties, and Methods 278. Working with Nested Functions 279. Introducing Custom Objects 280. Session 14.1 Quick Check 281. Session 14.2 Visual Overview: Object Classes and Prototypes 282. Defining an Object Type 283. Working with Object Prototypes 284. Session 14.2 Quick Check 285. Session 14.3 Visual Overview: Objects and Arrays 286. Combining Objects 287. Combining Objects and Arrays 288. Session 14.3 Quick Check 289. Review Assignments 290. Case Problems 291. Appendix A: Color Names with Color Values, and HTML Character Entities 292. Appendix B: HTML Elements and Attributes 293. Appendix C: Cascading Styles and Selectors 294. Appendix D: Making the Web More Accessible 295. Appendix E: Designing for the Web 296. Appendix F: Page Validation with XHTML 297. Glossary 298. Index

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MARCELLO, BENEDETTO (1686-1739), Italian musical composer, was born in 1686, either on the 31st of July or on the 1st of August. He was of noble family (in his compositions he is frequently described as “Patrizio Veneto”), and although a pupil of Lotti and Gasparini, was intended by his father to devote himself to the law. In 1711 he was a member of the Council of Forty, and in 1730 went to Pola as Provveditore. His health having been impaired by the climate of Istria, he retired after eight years to Brescia in the capacity of Camerlengo, and died there on the 24th of July 1739. Marcello is best remembered by his Estro poetico-armonico (Venice, 1724-1727), a musical setting for voices and strings of the first fifty Psalms, as paraphrased in Italian by G. Giustiniani. They were much admired by Charles Avison, who with John Garth brought out an edition with English words (London, 1757). Some extracts are to be found in Hawkins’s History of Music. His other works are chiefly cantatas, either for one voice or several; the library of the Brussels conservatoire possesses some interesting volumes of chamber- cantatas composed for his mistress. Although he produced an opera, La Fede riconosciuta, at Vicenza in 1702, he had little sympathy with this form of composition, and vented his opinions on the state of musical drama at the time in the satirical pamphlet Il Teatro alla moda, published anonymously in Venice in 1720. This little work, which was frequently reprinted, is not only extremely amusing, but is also most valuable as a contribution to the history of opera. A catalogue of his works is given in Monatshefte für Musikgeschichte, vol. xxiii. (1891).

MARCELLUS, the name of two popes. Marcellus I. succeeded Marcellinus, after a considerable interval, most probably in May 308, under Maxentius. He was banished from Rome in 309 on account of the tumult caused by the severity of the penances he had imposed on Christians who had lapsed under the recent persecution. He died the same year, being succeeded by Eusebius. He is commemorated on the 16th of January. Marcellus II. (Marcello Cervini), the successor of Julius III., was born on the 6th of May 1501, and was elected pope on the 9th of April 1555. He had long been identified with the rigorist party in the church, and as president of the Council of Trent had incurred the anger of the emperor by his jealous defence of papal prerogative. His motives were lofty, his life blameless, his plans for reform nobly conceived. But death removed him (April 30, 1555) before he could do more than give an earnest of his intentions. He was followed by Paul IV. Contemporary lives are to be found in Panvinio, continuator of Platina, De vitis pontiff, rom.; and Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom. (Rome, 1601-1602). P. Polidoro, De gestis, vita et moribus Marcelli II. (Rome, 1744), makes use of an unpublished biography of the pope by his brother, Alessandro Cervini. See also Brilli, Intorno alla vita e alle azioni di Marcello

II. (Montepulciano, 1846); Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans., Austin), i. 284 seq.; A. von Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom, iii. 2, 512, seq. (T. F. C.) MARCELLUS, a Roman plebeian family belonging to the Claudian gens. Its most distinguished members were the following: — 1. Marcus Claudius Marcellus (c. 268-208 b.c.), one of the Roman generals during the Second Punic War and conqueror of Syracuse. He first served against Hamilcar in Sicily. In his first consulship (222) he was engaged, with Cn. Cornelius Scipio as colleague, in war against the Insubrian Gauls, and won the spolia opima for the third and last time in Roman history by slaying their chief Viridomarus or Virdumarus (Polybius ii. 34; Propertius v. 10, 39). In 216, after the defeat at Cannae, he took command of the remnant of the army at Canusium, and although he was unable to prevent Capua going over to Hannibal, he saved Nola and southern Campania. In 214 he was in Sicily as consul at the time of the revolt of Syracuse; he stormed Leontini and besieged Syracuse, but the skill of Archimedes repelled his attacks. After a two years’ siege he gradually forced his way into the city and took it in the face of strong Punic reinforcements. He spared the lives of the inhabitants, but carried off their art treasures to Rome, the first instance of a practice afterwards common. Consul again in 210, he took Salapia in Apulia, which had revolted to

Hannibal, by help of the Roman party there, and put to death the Numidian garrison. Proconsul in 209, he attacked Hannibal near Venusia, and after a desperate battle retired to that town; he was accused of bad generalship, and had to leave the army to defend himself in Rome. In his last consulship (208), he and his colleague, while reconnoitring near Venusia, were unexpectedly attacked, and Marcellus was killed. His successes have been exaggerated by Livy, but the name often given to him, the “sword of Rome,” was well deserved. Livy xxiii. 14-17, 41-46; xxiv. 27-32, 35-39; xxv. 5-7, 23-31; xxvi. 26, 29-32; xxvii. 1-5, 21-28; Polybius viii. 5-9, x. 32; Appian, Hannib. 50; Florus ii. 6. 2. M. Claudius Marcellus, an inveterate opponent of Julius Caesar. During his consulship (51 b.c.) he proposed to remove Caesar from his army in March 49, but this decision was delayed by Pompey’s irresolution and the skilful opposition of the tribune C. Curio (see Caesar, Julius). In January 49 he tried to put off declaring war against Caesar till an army could be got ready, but his advice was not taken. When Pompey left Italy, Marcus and his brother Gaius followed, while his cousin withdrew to Liternum. After Pharsalus M. Marcellus retired to Mytilene, where he practised rhetoric and studied philosophy. In 46 his cousin and the senate successfully appealed to Caesar to pardon him, and Marcellus reluctantly consented to return. On this occasion Cicero’s1 speech Pro Marcello was delivered. Marcellus left for Italy, but was murdered in May by one of his own attendants, P. Magius Chilo, in the Peiraeus. Marcellus was a thorough aristocrat. He was an eloquent speaker (Cicero, Brutus, 71), and a man of firm character, although not free from avarice.

See Cicero, Ad fam. iv. 4, 7, 10, and Ad Att. v. 11 (ed. Tyrrell and Purser); Caesar, B. C. i. 2; Suetonius, Caesar, 29; G. Boissier, Cicero and his Friends (Eng. trans., 1897). 3. M. Claudius Marcellus (c. 43-23 b.c.), son of C. Marcellus and Octavia, sister of Augustus. In 25 he was adopted by the emperor and married to his daughter Julia. This seemed to mark him out as the heir to the throne, but Augustus, when attacked by a serious illness, gave his signet to M. Vipsanius Agrippa. In 23 Marcellus, then curule aedile, died at Baiae. Livia was suspected of having poisoned him to get the empire for her son Tiberius. Great hopes had been built on the youth, and he was celebrated by many writers, especially by Virgil in a famous passage (Aeneid, vi. 860). He was buried in the Campus Martius, and Augustus himself pronounced the funeral oration. The Theatrum Marcelli (remains of which can still be seen) was afterwards dedicated in his honour. Horace, Odes, i. 12; Propertius iii. 18; Dio Cassius liii. 28, 30; Tacitus, Annals, ii. 41; Suetonius, Augustus, 63; Vell. Pat. ii. 93. 1 The authorship of this speech has been disputed. MARCESCENT (Lat. marcescens, withering), a botanical term for withering without falling off.

MARCH, EARLS OF, title derived from the “marches” or boundaries (1) between England and Wales, and (2) England and Scotland, and held severally by great feudal families possessed of lands in those border districts. The earls of March on the Welsh borders were descended from Roger de Mortemer (so called from his castle of Mortemer in Normandy), who was connected by marriage with the dukes of Normandy. His son Ralph (d. c. 1104) figures in Domesday as the holder of vast estates in Shropshire, Herefordshire and other parts of England, especially in the west; and his grandson Hugh de Mortimer, founder of the priory of Wigmore in Herefordshire, was one of the most powerful of the barons reduced to submission by Henry II., who compelled him to surrender his castles of Cleobury and Wigmore. The Mortimers, however, continued to exercise almost undisputed sway, as lords of Wigmore, over the western counties and the Welsh marches. I. Welsh Marches.—Roger de Mortimer (c. 1286-1330), 8th baron of Wigmore and 1st earl of March, being an infant at the death of his father, Edmund, was placed by Edward I. under the guardianship of Piers Gaveston, and was knighted by Edward in 1306; Mortimer’s mother being a relative of Edward’s consort, Eleanor of Castile. Through his marriage with Joan de Joinville, or Genevill, Roger not only acquired increased possessions on the Welsh marches, including the important castle of Ludlow, which became the chief stronghold

of the Mortimers, but also extensive estates and influence in Ireland, whither he went in 1308 to enforce his authority. This brought him into conflict with the De Lacys, who turned for support to Edward Bruce, brother of Robert Bruce, king of Scotland. Mortimer was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland by Edward II. in 1316, and at the head of a large army drove Bruce to Carrickfergus, and the De Lacys into Connaught, wreaking vengeance on their adherents whenever they were to be found. He was then occupied for some years with baronial disputes on the Welsh border until about 1318, when he began to interest himself in the growing opposition to Edward II. and his favourites, the Despensers; and he supported Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford, in refusing to obey the king’s summons to appear before him in 1321. Forced to surrender to the king at Shrewsbury in January 1322, Mortimer was consigned to the Tower of London, whence he escaped to France in August 1324. In the following year Isabella, wife of Edward II., anxious to escape from her husband, obtained his consent to her going to France to use her influence with her brother, Charles IV., in favour of peace. At the French court the queen found Roger Mortimer; she became his mistress soon afterwards, and at his instigation refused to return to England so long as the Despensers retained power as the king’s favourites. The scandal of Isabella’s relations with Mortimer compelled them both to withdraw from the French court to Flanders, where they obtained assistance for an invasion of England. Landing in England in September 1326, they were joined by Henry, earl of Lancaster; London rose in support of the queen; and Edward took flight to the west, whither he was pursued by Mortimer and Isabella. After wandering helplessly for some weeks in Wales, the king was taken on the 16th of November, and was compelled to abdicate in favour of his son. But though the latter was crowned as Edward III.

in January 1327, the country was ruled by Mortimer and Isabella, who procured the murder of Edward II. in the following September. Rich estates and offices of profit and power were now heaped on Mortimer, and in September 1328 he was created earl of March. Greedy and grasping, he was no more competent than the Despensers to conduct the government of the country. The jealousy and anger of Lancaster having been excited by March’s arrogance, Lancaster prevailed upon the young king, Edward III., to throw off the yoke of his mother’s paramour. At a parliament held at Nottingham in October 1330 a plot was successfully carried out by which March was arrested in the castle, and, in spite of Isabella’s entreaty to her son to “have pity on the gentle Mortimer,” was conveyed to the Tower. Accused of assuming royal power and of various other high misdemeanours, he was condemned without trial and hanged at Tyburn on the 29th of November 1330, his vast estates being forfeited to the crown. March’s wife, by whom he had four sons and eleven daughters, survived till 1356. The daughters all married into powerful families, chiefly of Marcher houses. His eldest son, Edmund, was father of Roger Mortimer (c. 1328-1360), who was knighted by Edward III. in 1346, and restored to his grandfather’s title as 2nd earl of March. Edmund de Mortimer (1351-1381), 3rd earl of March, was son of Roger, 2nd earl of March, by his wife Philippa, daughter of William Montacute, 1st earl of Salisbury. Being an infant at the death of his father, Edmund, as a ward of the crown, was placed by Edward III. under the care of William of Wykeham and Richard Fitzalan, earl of Arundel. The position of the young earl, powerful on account of his possessions and hereditary influence in the Welsh marches, was rendered still more important by his marriage in 1368 to Philippa, only daughter of Lionel, duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III.

Lionel’s wife was Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of William de Burgh, 6th Lord of Connaught and 3rd earl of Ulster, and Lionel had himself been created earl of Ulster before his marriage. The earl of March, therefore, not only became the representative of one of the chief Anglo-Norman lordships in Ireland in right of his wife Philippa, but the latter, on the death of her father shortly after her marriage, stood next in succession to the crown after the Black Prince and his sickly son Richard, afterwards king Richard II. This marriage had, therefore, far-reaching consequences in the history of England, giving rise to the claim of the house of York to the crown of England, contested in the War of the Roses; Edward IV. being descended from the third son of Edward III. as great-great-grandson of Philippa, countess of March, and in the male line from Edmund, duke of York, fifth son of Edward III. Mortimer, now styled earl of March and Ulster, became marshal of England in 1369, and was employed in various diplomatic missions during the next following years. He was a member of the committee appointed by the Peers to confer with the Commons in 1373—the first instance of such a joint conference since the institution of representative parliaments—on the question of granting supplies for John of Gaunt’s war in France; and in the opposition to Edward III. and the court party, which grew in strength towards the end of the reign, March took the popular side, being prominent in the Good Parliament of 1376 among the lords who, encouraged by the Prince of Wales, concerted an attack upon the court party led by John of Gaunt. The Speaker of the Commons in this parliament was March’s steward, Peter de la Mare; he firmly withstood John of Gaunt in stating the grievances of the Commons, in supporting the impeachment of several high court officials, and in procuring the banishment of the king’s mistress, Alice Perrers. March was a

member of the administrative council appointed by the same parliament after the death of the Black Prince to attend the king and advise him in all public affairs. On the accession of Richard II., a minor, in 1377, the earl became a member of the standing council of government; though as father of the heir-presumptive to the crown he wisely abstained from claiming any actually administrative office. The most powerful person in the realm was, however, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose jealousy of March led to the acceptance by the latter of the lieutenancy of Ireland in 1379. March succeeded in asserting his authority in eastern Ulster, but failed to subdue the O’Neills farther west. Proceeding to Munster to put down the turbulency of the chieftains of the south, March died at Cork on the 27th of December 1381. He was buried in Wigmore Abbey, of which he had been a benefactor, and where his wife Philippa who died about the same time was also interred. The earl had two sons and two daughters, the elder of whom, Elizabeth, married Henry Percy (Hotspur), son of the earl of Northumberland. His eldest son Roger succeeded him as 4th earl of March and Ulster. His second son Edmund (1376-1409) played an important part in conjunction with his brother-in-law Hotspur against Owen Glendower; but afterwards joined the latter, whose daughter he married about 1402. Roger de Mortimer, 4th earl of March and Ulster (1374-1398), son of the 3rd earl, succeeded to the titles and estates of his family when a child of seven, and a month afterwards he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, his uncle Sir Thomas Mortimer acting as his deputy. Being a ward of the Crown, his guardian was the earl of Kent, half-brother to Richard II.; and in 1388 he married Kent’s daughter, Eleanor. The importance which he owed to his hereditary influence and possessions, and especially to his descent from Edward III., was immensely increased when Richard II. publicly

acknowledged him as heir-presumptive to the crown in 1385. In 1394 he accompanied Richard to Ireland, but notwithstanding a commission from the king as lieutenant of the districts over which he exercised nominal authority by hereditary right, he made little headway against the native Irish chieftains. March enjoyed great popularity in England though he took no active part in opposing the despotic measures of the king; in Ireland he illegally assumed the native Irish costume. In August 1398 he was killed in fight with an Irish clan, and was buried in Wigmore Abbey. March’s daughter Anne married Richard earl of Cambridge, son of Edmund duke of York, fifth son of Edward III.; their son Richard, duke of York, was father of King Edward IV., who thus derived his title to the crown and acquired the estates of the house of Mortimer. Edmund de Mortimer (1391-1425), 5th earl of March and Ulster, son of the 4th earl, succeeded to his father’s claim to the crown as well as to his title and estates on the death of the latter in Ireland in 1398. In the following year Richard II. was deposed and the crown seized by Henry of Lancaster. The young earl of March and his brother Roger were then kept in custody by Henry IV., who, however, treated them honourably, until March 1405, when they were carried off from Windsor Castle by the opponents of the Lancastrian dynasty, of whom their uncle Sir Edmund Mortimer (see above) and his brother-in-law Henry Percy (Hotspur) were leaders in league with Owen Glendower. The boys were recaptured, and in 1409 were committed to the care of the prince of Wales. On the accession of the latter as Henry V., in 1413, the earl of March was set at liberty and restored to his estates, his brother Roger having died some years previously; and he continued to enjoy the favour of the king in spite of a conspiracy in 1415 to place him on the throne, in which his brother-in-law, the earl of Cambridge, played the

leading part. March accompanied Henry V. throughout his wars in France, and on the king’s death in 1422 became a member of the council of regency. He died in Ireland in 1425, and as he left no issue the earldom of March in the house of Mortimer became extinct, the estates passing to the last earl’s nephew Richard, who in 1435 was officially styled duke of York, earl of March and Ulster, and baron of Wigmore. Richard’s son Edward having ascended the throne in 1461 as Edward IV., the earldom of March became merged in the crown. See Thomas Rymer, Foedera, &c. (London, 1704-1732); T. F. Tout, The Political History of England, vol. iii., ed. by William Hunt and R. L. Poole (London, 1905); Sir William Dugdale, Monasticon anglicanum (3 vols., London, 1655-1673); William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, vol. ii. II. Scottish Marches.—The Scottish earls of March were descended from Crinan, whose son Maldred married Algitha, daughter of Ughtred, earl of Northumberland, by Elgiva, daughter of the Saxon king Æthelred. Maldred’s son Cospatrick, or Gospatrick, was made earl of Northumberland by William the Conqueror; but being soon afterwards deprived of this position he fled to Scotland, where Malcolm Canmore, king of Scotland, welcomed him and granted him Dunbar and the adjoining lands. Two generations of Cospatricks followed in lineal succession, bearing the title of earl, but without territorial designation. Cospatrick II. witnessed the charter of Alexander I. founding the abbey of Scone in 1115. The 3rd earl, also named Cospatrick, a liberal benefactor of Melrose Abbey, died in 1166, leaving two sons, the younger of whom was the ancestor of the earls of Home. The elder son, Waltheof, was the first of the family to be styled “Comes de Dunbar,” about the year 1174. His

importance is proved by the fact that he was one of the hostages for the performance of the Treaty of Falaise for the liberation of William the Lion in 1175. Waltheof’s son Patrick Dunbar (the name Dunbar, derived from the family estates, now becoming an hereditary surname), styled 5th earl of Dunbar, although his father had been the first to adopt the territorial designation, was keeper of Berwick Castle, and married Ada, natural daughter of William the Lion. His grandson Patrick, 7th earl, headed the party that liberated King Alexander III. in 1255 from the Comyns, and in the same year was nominated guardian of the king and queen by the Treaty of Roxburgh. He signed the Treaty of Perth (July 6, 1266) by which Magnus VI. of Norway ceded the Isle of Man and the Hebrides to Scotland. His wife was Christian, daughter of Robert Bruce, the competitor for the crown of Scotland. Patrick Dunbar, 8th earl of Dunbar and 1st earl of March, claimed the crown of Scotland in 1291 as descendant of Ada, daughter of William the Lion. He was one of the “seven earls of Scotland,” a distinct body separate from the other estates of the realm, who claimed the right to elect a king in cases of disputed succession, and whose authority was, perhaps, to be traced to the seven provinces of the Pictish kingdom. He was the first of the earls of Dunbar to appear in the records as “comes de Marchia,” or earl of March. Like most of his family in later times, he was favourable to the English interest in Scottish affairs, and he did homage to Edward I. of England. His wife Marjory, daughter of Alexander Comyn, earl of Buchan, took the other side and held the castle of Dunbar for Baliol, but was forced to surrender it to Edward in 1296. In 1298 he was appointed the English king’s lieutenant in Scotland.

Patrick Dunbar (1285-1369), 9th earl of Dunbar and 2nd earl of March, son of the preceding, gave refuge to Edward II. of England after Bannockburn, and contrived his escape by sea to England. Later, he made peace with Robert Bruce, and by him was appointed governor of Berwick Castle, which he held against Edward III. until the defeat of the Scots at Halidon Hill (July 19, 1333) made it no longer tenable. His countess, known in Scottish history and romance as “Black Agnes,” daughter of Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray (Murray), and grandniece of Robert Bruce, is famous for her defence of Dunbar Castle against the English under the earl of Salisbury in 1338, Salisbury being forced to abandon the attempt after a fierce siege lasting nineteen weeks. This lady succeeded to the estates and titles of her brother, John Randolph, 3rd earl of Moray. The earldom of Moray passed after her death to her second son, John Dunbar, who married Marjory, daughter of King Robert II. Black Agnes also bore to the earl of March two daughters, the elder of whom, Agnes, after being the mistress of King David II., married Sir James Douglas, lord of Dalkeith, from whom were descended the first three earls of Morton; the younger, Elizabeth, married John Maitland of Lethington, ancestor of the duke of Lauderdale, whose second title was marquess of March. George Dunbar (d. 1420), 10th earl of Dunbar and 3rd earl of March, great-nephew of the 8th earl and warden of the marches, accompanied Douglas in his foray into England in 1388, and commanded the Scots after Otterburn. He afterwards quarrelled with the Douglases, because his daughter was passed over in favour of a daughter of Archibald, “the Grim Earl of Douglas,” as wife for David, duke of Rothesay, son of Robert III. When Douglas seized March’s lands the latter fled to England, where he was welcomed by Henry IV., to whom he was related. He fought on the English side at

Homildon Hill; and, having revealed to Henry the defection of the Percies, who were in league with Douglas and Owen Glendower, he fought against those allies at the battle of Shrewsbury (July 23, 1403). Becoming reconciled with Douglas, he returned to Scotland in 1409, and was restored to his earldom by the regent Albany. He died in 1420. George Dunbar, 11th earl of Dunbar and 4th earl of March, was one of the negotiators for the release of James I. of Scotland in 1423 from his captivity in England, and was knighted at that king’s coronation. In 1434, however, on the ground that the regent had had no power to reverse his father’s forfeiture for treason, March was imprisoned and his castle of Dunbar seized by the king; and the parliament at Perth declared his lands and titles forfeited to the crown. The earl, being released, retired to England with his son Patrick, whose daughter and heiress Margaret was ancestress of Patrick, 5th earl of Dumfries, now represented by the marquess of Bute. The earldom of March in the house of Dunbar having thus been forfeited to the crown, James II. in 1455 conferred the title, together with that of warden of the marches, on his second son Alexander, duke of Albany; but this prince entered into treasonable correspondence with Edward IV. of England, and in 1487 the earldom of March and the barony and castle of Dunbar were again declared forfeited and annexed to the crown of Scotland. The title of earl of March was next held by the house of Lennox. In 1576 the earldom of Lennox became extinct on the death without male issue of Charles (father of Lady Arabella Stuart), 5th earl of Lennox; and it was then revived in favour of Robert Stuart, a grand- uncle of King James VI., second son of John, 3rd earl of Lennox. But

in 1579 Esmé Stuart, a member of a collateral branch which in 1508 had inherited the lordship of Aubigny in France, came to Scotland and obtained much favour with James VI. The earldom of Lennox (soon afterwards raised to a dukedom) was taken from Robert and conferred upon Esmé; and Robert was compensated by being created earl of March and baron of Dunbar (1582). Robert died without legitimate issue in 1586, when the earldom of March again reverted to the crown. In 1619 Esmé, 3rd duke of Lennox, was created earl of March; and his son James was created duke of Richmond in 1641. On the death without issue of Charles, 6th duke of Lennox and 3rd duke of Richmond, in 1672, his titles devolved upon King Charles II. as nearest collateral heir-male. In 1675 Charles conferred the titles of duke of Richmond and Lennox and earl of March on Charles Lennox, his natural son by Louise de Keroualle, duchess of Portsmouth, from whom the earldom of March has descended to its present holder the duke of Richmond and Gordon. (See Richmond, Earls and Dukes of; and Lennox.) The title of earl of March in the peerage of Scotland, by another creation, was conferred in 1697 on William Douglas, second son of William, 1st duke of Queensberry. His grandson William, 3rd earl of March, became 4th duke of Queensberry on the death without surviving male issue of his cousin Charles, 3rd duke of Queensberry, in 1778. Dying unmarried in 1810, the several titles of the duke passed to different branches of the house of Douglas. The earldom of March is stated by Sir Bernard Burke and other authorities to have devolved upon Francis, 8th earl of Wemyss, great-great-grandson of David, 3rd earl of Wemyss, whose wife was Anne, daughter of the 1st duke of Queensberry and sister of the 1st earl of March; and the title is now assumed by the earl of Wemyss. On the other hand, Francis, 8th earl of Wemyss, not having been an heir of the body of

the 1st earl of March, Sir Robert Douglas says in The Peerage of Scotland that on the death of the 4th duke of Queensberry in 1810 “the earldom of March, it is supposed, became extinct.” See Andrew Lang, History of Scotland (4 vols., London, 1900- 1907); Sir Bernard Burke, A Genealogical History of Dormant and Extinct Peerages (London, 1866); Sir Robert Douglas, The Peerage of Scotland (2 vols., Edinburgh 1813); Lady Elizabeth Cust, Some Account of the Stuarts of Aubigny in France (London, 1891). (R. J. M.) MARCH, AUZIAS (c. 1395-1458), Catalan poet, was born at Valencia towards the end of the 14th century. Little is known of his career except that he was twice married—first to Na Ysabel Martorell, and second to Na Johanna Scorna—that he died on the 4th of November 1458, and that he left several natural children. Inheriting an easy fortune from his father, the treasurer to the duke of Gandia, and enjoying the powerful patronage of Prince Carlos de Viana of Aragon, March was enabled to devote himself to poetical composition. He is an undisguised follower of Petrarch, carrying the imitation to such a point that he addresses his Cants d’amor to a lady whom he professes to have seen first in church on Good Friday; so far as the difference of language allows, he reproduces the rhythmical cadences of his model, and in the Cants de mort touches

a note of brooding sentiment peculiar to himself. Though his poems are disfigured by obscurity and a monotonous morbidity, he was fully entitled to the supremacy which he enjoyed among his contemporaries, and the success of his innovation no doubt encouraged Boscán to introduce the Italian metres into Castilian. His verses were first printed in Catalan in 1543, but they had already become known through the Castilian translation published by Baltasar de Romani in 1539. MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825- ), American philologist and educationalist, was born on the 25th of October 1825 in Millbury, Massachusetts. He graduated in 1845 at Amherst, where his attention was turned to the study of Anglo-Saxon by Noah Webster. He was a teacher at Swanzey, New Hampshire, and at the Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in 1845-1847, and attempted the philological method of teaching English “like Latin and Greek,” later described in his Method of Philological Study of the English Language (1865); at Amherst in 1847-1849; at Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1852-1855; and in 1855 became a tutor at Lafayette College, where he became adjunct professor of belles-lettres and English literature in 1856, and professor of English language and comparative philology—the first chair of the kind established—in 1857. He lectured on constitutional and public law and Roman law in

1875-1877, and also taught subjects as diverse as botany and political economy. In 1907 he became professor emeritus. At Lafayette he introduced the first carefully scientific study of English in any American college, and in 1870 published A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language, in which its Forms are Illustrated by Those of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, Old Saxon, Old Friesic, Old Norse and Old High German, and An Anglo-Saxon Reader; he was editor of the “Douglass Series of Christian Greek and Latin Classics,” to which he contributed Latin Hymns (1874); he was chairman of the Commission of the State of Pennsylvania on Amended Orthography; and was consulting editor of the Standard Dictionary, and in 1879-1882 was director of the American readers for the Philological Society’s (New Oxford) Dictionary. He was president of the American Philological Association in 1873-1874 and in 1895-1896, of the Spelling Reform Association after 1876, and of the Modern Language Association in 1891-1893. Among American linguistic scholars March ranks with Whitney, Child and Gildersleeve; and his studies in English, though practically pioneer work in America, are of undoubted value. His article “On Recent Discussions of Grimm’s Law” in the Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association for 1873 in large part anticipated Verner’s law. With his son, Francis Andrew March, jun. (b. 1863), adjunct-professor of modern languages in 1884-1891 and subsequently professor of English literature at Lafayette, he edited A Thesaurus Dictionary of the English Language (1903). See Addresses in Honor of Professor Francis A. March, LL.D., L.H.D., delivered at Easton, Pennsylvania, on the 24th of October 1895.

MARCH, a market town in the Wisbech parliamentary division of Cambridgeshire, England, 30 m. N. by W. of Cambridge. Pop. of urban district (1901), 7565. It lies in the midst of the flat fen country, on the old course of the river Nene. It is an important junction on the Great Eastern railway and the starting-point of a line worked by that company jointly with the Great Northern to Lincoln and Doncaster. The church of St Wendreda, in Early English and later styles, is remarkable for a magnificent Perpendicular timber roof, beautifully carved. There are agricultural implement and engineering works, and corn mills. MARCH, the third month of the modern calendar, containing thirty-one days. It was the Romans’ first month until the adoption of the Julian calendar, 46 b.c., and it continued to be the beginning of the legal year in England until the 18th century. In France it was reckoned the first month of the year until 1564, when, by an edict of Charles IX., January was decreed to be thenceforth the first month.

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