introduction to web programming using PHP

WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 21BCA2T461-CREDITS: 4 TOTAL HOURS: 60 COURSE TYPE: DSC VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 1 4/30/2024

Learning Objective  To understand the real-life web development and trending technologies.  To gain experience in working with database connectivity for web application. VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 2 4/30/2024

Outcomes  Interpret the software’s used and its configuration.  Define built in functions and arrays in php.  Illustrate the usage of form handling process in web application.  Facilitate the connectivity between frontend and backend database. VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 3 4/30/2024

Introduction to Laravel, installation of php, php configuration Apache web server, features, parsing and embedding php with html, executing php program, data types, operators, variables, access specifiers and comment statement. Unit 1: Introduction VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 4 4/30/2024

What is ● PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor" ● PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language ● PHP scripts are executed on the server ● PHP is free to download and use ● PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code ● PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain HTML ● PHP files have extension ".php" VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 5 4/30/2024

What Can PHP Do? ● PHP can generate dynamic page content ● PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server ● PHP can collect form data ● PHP can send and receive cookies ● PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database ● PHP can be used to control user-access ● PHP can encrypt data VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 6 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 7 4/30/2024

Features of PHP Performance: PHP script is executed much faster than those scripts which are written in other languages such as JSP and ASP. Open Source: PHP source code and software are freely available on the web. You can develop all the versions of PHP according to your requirement without paying any cost. cost. All its components are free to download and use. Familiarity with syntax: PHP has easily understandable syntax. Programmers are comfortable coding with it. Embedded: PHP code can be easily embedded within HTML tags and script. VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 8 4/30/2024

Features of PHP Platform Independent: PHP is available for WINDOWS, MAC, LINUX & UNIX operating system. A PHP application developed in one OS can be easily executed in other OS also. Database Support: PHP supports all the leading databases such as MySQL, SQLite, ODBC, etc. Error Reporting - PHP has predefined error reporting constants to generate an error notice or warning at runtime. E.g., E_ERROR, E_WARNING, E_STRICT, E_PARSE. Loosely Typed Language: PHP allows us to use a variable without declaring its datatype. It will be taken automatically at the time of execution based on the type of data it contains on its value. 9

Features of PHP Web servers Support: PHP is compatible with almost all local servers used today like Apache, Netscape, Microsoft IIS, etc. Security: PHP is a secure language to develop the website. It consists of multiple layers of security to prevent threads and malicious attacks. Control: Different programming languages require long script or code, whereas PHP can do the same work in a few lines of code. It has maximum control over the websites like you can make changes easily whenever you want. A Helpful PHP Community: It has a large community of developers who regularly updates documentation, tutorials, online help, and FAQs. Learning PHP from the communities is one of the significant benefits. 10

Introduction to LARAVEL Laravel is a popular open-source PHP web application framework known for its elegant syntax, developer-friendly tools, and robust features. It was created by Taylor Otwell and was first released in 2011. Laravel follows the model-view-controller (MVC) architectural pattern, making it easy for developers to organize their code and build scalable and maintainable web applications. VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 11 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP Some key features and concepts associated with Laravel o Eloquent ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) o Blade Templating Engine o Artisan Console o Middleware o Routing o Dependency Injection and IoC Container o Laravel Mix o Authentication and Authorization o Database Migrations and Seeding o Task Scheduling and Queues 12 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP Eloquent ORM (Object-Relational Mapping): Laravel includes an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) called Eloquent, which simplifies database interactions by allowing developers to work with databases using an object-oriented syntax. This helps in managing database records using PHP syntax instead of writing raw SQL queries. Blade Templating Engine: Blade is the templating engine used in the Laravel PHP framework. It provides a simple yet powerful way to work with views in Laravel, allowing developers to write clean and expressive templates for their web applications. Blade templates are designed to be easy to read, concise, and feature-rich, making them a key component of Laravel's templating system.. Artisan Console: Laravel comes with a powerful command-line tool called Artisan. It provides various commands for common tasks such as database migrations, seeding, testing, and more. Developers can also create their own custom Artisan commands.(The Artisan console is a powerful tool that allows developers to interact with their Laravel application from the command line.) Middleware: Middleware in Laravel allows you to filter HTTP requests entering your application. This can be useful for tasks such as authentication, logging, or modifying incoming requests before they reach the application. Routing:Routing in Laravel refers to the process of defining how your application responds to specific HTTP requests. It determines which controller method should handle a particular HTTP request made to your application. Laravel provides a powerful and expressive routing system that allows developers to define routes in a clean and organized manner. 13 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP Dependency Injection and IoC Container: Dependency Injection (DI) and the Inversion of Control (IoC) Container are fundamental concepts that contribute to the framework's flexibility, modularity, and maintainability. This makes it easier to manage class dependencies and facilitates unit testing. Laravel Mix: Laravel Mix is a tool provided by Laravel for simplifying the process of managing and compiling assets, such as JavaScript and CSS files, in web applications. It's built on top of Webpack, which is a popular module bundler for modern JavaScript applications. Authentication and Authorization: Laravel provides a simple and comprehensive system for user authentication. Additionally, it includes a robust authorization system that can be easily customized to suit the needs of your application. Database Migrations and Seeding: Laravel's migration system allows developers to version-control the database schema, making it easy to share databases across development teams. Seeders help populate the database with sample or default data. Task Scheduling and Queues: Laravel provides a convenient way to schedule tasks using the task scheduler. Queues allow you to defer the processing of time-consuming tasks, improving the responsiveness of your application. 14 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP Installation of php To install PHP on your system, you can follow different steps depending on your operating system. Here are instructions for the most common operating systems: For Windows: Using XAMPP: Download and install XAMPP, which includes PHP, Apache, MySQL, and other components. Follow the installation wizard to set up XAMPP. Start the Apache server. Using WampServer: Download and install WampServer. Follow the installation instructions. Once installed, start WampServer, and it will automatically start the Apache server with PHP. 15 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP Verifying Installation: After installation, you can verify that PHP is installed by opening a terminal or command prompt and typing: php -v This command should display the PHP version installed on your system. To run a PHP script, create a file with a .php extension, for example, hello.php, and add the following content: <?php echo "Hello, World!"; ?> Save the file and run it using the following command in the terminal or command prompt: php hello.php 16 4/30/2024

How PHP code is parsed 1. The Web browser requests a document with a .php extension. 2. The Web server sends the request on to the PHP parser. 3. The PHP parser scans the requested file for PHP code. 4. When the PHP parser finds PHP code, it executes that code and places the resulting output (if any) into the place in the file formerly occupied by the code. 5. This new output file is sent back to the Web server. 6. The Web server sends the output file along to the Web browser. 7. The Web browser displays the output. 18

Because the PHP code is parsed by the server, this method of code execution is called server-side. When code is executed by the browser, such as with JavaScript, it is called client-side. VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 19 4/30/2024

Basic PHP Syntax 1. A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document. 1. A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?> <?php // PHP code goes here ?> VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 20 4/30/2024

The default file extension for PHP files is ".php". A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code. VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 21 4/30/2024

PHP Case Sensitivity In PHP, keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-defined functions are not case-sensitive. 22

Executing PHP and viewing in browser ● PHP File ● Save in htdocs ● Open browser ● Local Host ● Open the file path 23

Embedding PHP and HTML <html> <title>HTML with PHP</title> <body> <h1>My Example</h1> <?php //your PHP code goes here ?> Here is some more HTML <?php //more PHP code ?> </body> </html> 24

PHP Variables Variables are "containers" for storing information. In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable: <?php $txt = "Hello world!"; $x = 5; $y = 10.5; ?> 25

PHP Variables A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume). Rules for PHP variables: ● A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable ● A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character ● A variable name cannot start with a number ● A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ ) ● Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables) Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive! VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 26 4/30/2024

Output Variables The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen. <?php $txt = "Kristu Jayanti College"; echo "I love $txt!"; ?> 27

Output Variables <?php $txt = "Kristu Jayanti College"; echo "I love " . $txt . "!"; ?> 28

Output Variables <?php $x = 5; $y = 4; echo $x + $y; ?> 29

PHP Data Types PHP Data Types Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different things. PHP supports the following data types: ● String ● Integer ● Float (floating point numbers - also called double) ● Boolean ● Array ● Object ● NULL 30

PHP Data Types PHP String ● A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!". ● A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double quotes: <?php $x = "Hello world!"; $y = 'Hello world!'; echo $x; echo " "; echo $y; ?> 31

PHP Data Types PHP Integer An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647. Rules for integers: ● An integer must have at least one digit ● An integer must not have a decimal point ● An integer can be either positive or negative ● Integers can be specified in: decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), octal (base 8), or binary (base 2) notation 32

PHP Data Types ● In the following example $x is an integer. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value: <?php $x = 5985; var_dump($x); ?> var_dump() provides detailed information about each variable, including its data type and value. 33

PHP Data Types PHP Float A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a number in exponential form. <?php $x = 10.365; var_dump($x); ?> 34

PHP Data Types PHP Boolean A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE. $x = true; $y = false; 35

PHP Data Types PHP Array An array stores multiple values in one single variable. In the following example $cars is an array. <?php $cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota"); var_dump($cars); ?> 36

PHP Data Types PHP Object Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented programming. A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class. When the individual objects are created, they inherit all the properties and behaviors from the class, but each object will have different values for the properties. Let's assume we have a class named Car. A Car can have properties like model, color, etc. We can define variables like $model, $color, and so on, to hold the values of these properties. When the individual objects (Volvo, BMW, Toyota, etc.) are created, they inherit all the properties and behaviors from the class, but each object will have different values for the properties. 37

PHP Data Types PHP NULL Value Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL. A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it. If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL. <?php $x = "Hello world!"; $x = null; var_dump($x); 38

PHP Comments Syntax for single-line comments: <?php // This is a single-line comment # This is also a single-line comment ?> 39

PHP Comments Syntax for multiple-line comments: <?php /* This is a multiple-lines comment block that spans over multiple lines */ ?> 40

Output? <?php // You can also use comments to leave out parts of a code line $x = 5 /* + 15 */ + 5; echo $x; ?> 41

PHP Operators PHP Operators Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. PHP divides the operators in the following groups: ● Arithmetic operators ● Assignment operators ● Comparison operators ● Increment/Decrement operators ● Logical operators ● String operators ● Array operators ● Conditional assignment operators 42

PHP Arithmetic Operators The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc. 43

PHP Assignment Operators The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable. The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the value of the assignment expression on the right. 44

PHP Assignment Operators <?php $x = 15; $x %= 4; echo $x; ?> 45

PHP Comparison Operators spaceship operator 46

PHP Comparison Operators spaceship operator The spaceship operator or combined comparison operator is denoted by “<=>“. This is a three-way comparison operator and it can perform greater than, less than and equal comparison between two operands. This operator has similar behavior like strcmp() . This operator can be used with integers, floats, strings, arrays, objects, etc. This <=> operator offers combined comparison : ● Return 0 if values on either side are equal ● Return 1 if value on the left is greater ● Return -1 if the value on the right is greater 47

PHP Comparison Operators The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string): ● Example: ● // Comparing Integers ● echo 1 <=> 1; // outputs 0 ● echo 3 <=> 4; // outputs -1 ● echo 4 <=> 3; // outputs 1 ● // String Comparison ● echo "a" <=> "a"; // outputs 0 ● echo "m" <=> "y"; // outputs -1 ● echo "y" <=> "c"; // outputs 1 48

PHP Comparison Operators The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string): <?php $x = 100; $y = "100"; if ($x == $y) { echo "TRUE"; } else <?php $x = 100; $y = "100"; if ($x === $y) { echo "TRUE"; } else 49

PHP Increment / Decrement Operators The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value. The PHP decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value. 50

<?php $x = 10; echo ++$x; ?> <?php $x = 10; echo $x++; ?> 51

PHP Logical Operators The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements. 52

PHP Logical Operators The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements. <?php $x = 100; $y = 50; if ($x == 100 and $y == 50) { echo "Hello world!"; } ?> 53

PHP Logical Operators The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements. <?php $x = 100; $y = 50; if ($x == 100 or $y == 80) { echo "Hello world!"; } ?> 54

PHP Logical Operators The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements. <?php $x = 100; $y = 50; if ($x == 100 xor $y == 80) { echo "Hello world!"; } ?> 55

PHP String Operators PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings. <?php $txt1 = "Hello"; $txt2 = " world!"; echo $txt1 . $txt2; ?> <?php $txt1 = "Hello"; $txt2 = " world!"; $txt1 .= $txt2; echo $txt1; ?> 56

Access Specifiers in PHP There are 3 types of Access Specifiers available in PHP, Public, Private and Protected. • Public - class members with this access modifier will be publicly accessible from anywhere, anywhere, even from outside the scope of the class. • Private - class members with this keyword will be accessed within the class itself. It protects protects members from outside class access with the reference of the class instance. • Protected - same as private, except by allowing subclasses to access protected superclass members. VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 57 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP EXAMPLE 1: Public <?php class demo { public $name="Ajeet"; functiondisp() { echo $this->name." "; } } class child extends demo { function show() { echo $this->name; } } $obj= new child; echo $obj->name." "; $obj->disp(); $obj->show(); ?> 58 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP EXAMPLE 2: Private <?php classJavatpoint { private $name="Sonoo"; private function show() { echo "This is private method of parent class"; } } class child extends Javatpoint { function show1() { echo $this->name; } } $obj= new child; $obj->show(); $obj->show1(); ?> 60 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP EXAMPLE 3: Protected <?php classJavatpoint { protected $x=500; protected $y=100; function add() { echo $sum=$this->x+$this->y." "; } } class child extends Javatpoint { function sub() { echo $sub=$this->x-$this->y." "; } } $obj= new child; $obj->add(); $obj->sub(); ?> 62 4/30/2024

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP EXAMPLE 4: Public,Private and Protected <?php classJavatpoint { public $name="Ajeet"; protected $profile="HR"; private $salary=5000000; public function show() { echo "Welcome : ".$this->name." "; echo "Profile : ".$this->profile." "; echo "Salary : ".$this->salary." "; } } classchilds extends Javatpoint { public function show1() { echo "Welcome : ".$this->name." "; echo "Profile : ".$this->profile." "; echo "Salary : ".$this->salary." "; } } $obj= new childs; $obj->show1(); ?> 64 4/30/2024

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