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Introduction to operating system, system calls and interrupts
The document outlines a comprehensive introduction to operating systems, covering key topics such as operating systems interview questions, process management, memory management, and system calls. It also includes personal background information about the presenter, resources for further learning, and an invitation to join practical classes. Additional details on the structure and functions of operating systems and kernels, as well as the importance of system calls and interrupts, are provided.
Introduction to operating system, system calls and interrupts
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- 2. AGENDA • Introduce myself •Operating system questions for interviews • Introduction to operating system with example • Kernel vs Operating System • Examples of operating system and kernel • Introduction to system calls • Introduction to interrupts
- 3. Before proceeding further… •Do not forget to subscribe to the channel. • Share this with your friends(Saturday 5PM class IST) • Telegram link: https://t.me/joinchat/OcDlRxsp56Z1yiqQJu9unw • Email doesn’t scale - https://bit.ly/2LVLWWy • Planning to take practical classes related to operating system(linux) • Have doubts? Ask in comments or while I am live • Will try explaining your doubts in next classes
- 4. Full classes schedule •Introduction to operating system and what all topics to focus for interviews • Process management (process vs program, process control block, process states, process lifecycle - fork(), exec(), wait(), exit(), zombie and orphan process) • Interprocess communication (Multiprocessing, multithreading and challenges) • Process Scheduling Algorithms • Process synchronization(mutex, semaphore and deadlock) • Memory management part 1(Virtual memory, physical vs logical address space) • Memory management part2(Demand paging, page replacement algorithms) • Miscellaneous(filesystem and other topics which were left)
- 5. ABOUT ME • SiteReliability Engineer at LinkedIn(1.5 years) • Former DevOps Engineer at Directi(1.5 years) • Alumni of IIIT Allahabad • Hobbies: Books(Finance + SRE), Cricket, Making youtube Videos
- 6. OPERATING SYSTEM QUESTIONS ASKEDIN INTERVIEWS
- 7. SUBJECTIVE + MCQ •MCQ Online test • Subjective questions (F2F or telephonic interview) • Mostly asked to candidates with no or less experience • Software engineer + DevOps/SRE + Service based companies
- 8. Advantage of learningOS • Knowledge • Practical: Threads + mutex/semaphore + memory segments (Software) • Practical: Zombie process + Nice values + Linux Commands • Will discuss practical knowledge in my next series • Edge overs others in interviews • Directi Experience
- 9. What questions areasked? • https://practice.geeksforgeeks.org/tag- page.php?tag=Operating%20Systems • Will list down what questions can be answered by seeing my video • Not easy to cover all the questions • Will cover only important ones • https://shivammitra.com/operating%20system/how-to-study-operating- systems/ • Why not watch my other videos on operating system?
- 10. QUESTIONS WHICH YOUWILL BE ABLE TO ANSWER AFTER THIS VIDEO? • What is operating system? • Explain the architecture of operating system. • Difference between operating system and kernel • What are the functions of operating system • Give some examples of popular operating system and kernel • What are system call with examples • What are interrupts with examples
- 11. What is anoperating system? • System program that manages the system’s hardware • Acts as an interface between the user and the hardware • Includes all the programs that are associated with the operation of the system • What all are parts of an operating system?
- 12. Parts of anoperating system • No universal definition for what should be included. • Include parts that are essential for the running of the system • Parts of OS • Kernel • Device drivers • User Interface • System Libraries • System utilities – disk formatters, network utilities, data recovery etc • Are application programs(chrome, excel) part of the operating system? (Microsoft vs United States)
- 13. Architecture diagram ofoperating system
- 14. • The operatingsystem(kernel) is helping in running the process. • But if the process wants to talk to hardware, use system calls. • Reading/writing to file • Creating a new process/thread • Allocate/deallocate memory • Detailed Explanation - https://youtu.be/6FqUzzVwm4E
- 15. What is akernel? • Kernel is the heart of the operating system • Portion of the OS code that is always resident in main memory • Functions of the kernel • Process management • Memory management • File system management • Protection and security • Device management • Inter process communication • Operating system may become a kernel in some cases(embedded devices)
- 16. Functions of theoperating system • Kernel is a part of OS • Kernel functions + • Provide CLI/GUI for interaction with system • Provide system utilities • Provides system libraries • Detailed explanation: https://youtu.be/IEL2smumOks
- 17. Examples of operatingsystem and kernel • Windows -> Windows NT -> 76% market share • Mac OS -> XNU -> 19% market share • Ubuntu, Redhat -> Linux -> 1.6% • The above market share is for desktops • In servers, Linux has 70% market share. • Cars, watches, smart tv, smart phones(android), NASA? • What do they have in common?
- 18. System Calls • Userapplications use system calls to talk to the hardware. • Operating system acts as an interface between users and hardware. • Interface -> System call interface • System calls are functions that are present in the C library(glibc) • Related videos: • Introduction to system calls • How system call works
- 20. Category of SystemCalls • Process management – fork(), exec(), wait(), exit() • Memory management – brk(), sbrk(), mmap() • File system management – write(), read(), open(), close() • Inter process communication – pipe(), socket(), connect(), send(), recv() • These are for Linux operating system. • Windows - https://www.tutorialspoint.com/different-types-of-system-calls
- 21. What are interrupts •OS manages the hardware • OS needs to communicate with hardware devices • Should the OS wait for the communication from hardware devices? • Press of keys on keyboards or writing to a file. • Polling – kernel keeps on checking any updates from devices at regular time intervals. Drawback? • Related videos: • Introduction to interrupts • How interrupt works
- 22. Interrupts (Continued) • Aninterrupt is an input signal to the processor indicating an event requires immediate attention. • The current process running on the processor gets interrupted. • Interrupt handler code is then run. • Types of interrupts • Hardware interrupts • Software interrupts
- 23. Hardware interrupts • Issuedby hardware device – keyboard, mouse, disks etc • Can arrive at any time -> asynchronous interrupts
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- 25. Software interrupts • Issuedby the processor itself • Caused by program that is running on the processor -> synchronous interrupts • System calls are also called using interrupts(traps) • https://youtu.be/UFBe1HdN8h0 • Segmentation fault, page fault, divide by zero etc
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- 27. Next class (Processmanagement) • How kernel runs your program? • Program vs process • Process control block • Process states • Process lifecycle(fork(), exec(), wait(), exit()) • Zombie and orphan process