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![34 Writing first Program Tests /* This is a simple Java program. Call this file "Example.java". */ public class Example { // Your program begins with a call to main(). public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("This is a simple Java program."); } }](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/intoroductiontocomputerlanguagesandjava-250827011205-0a05e7fd/75/Introduction-to-Computer-Languages-and-Java-34-2048.jpg)
![41 static and void Tests public static void main(String args[ ]) The keyword static allows main( ) to be called without having to instantiate a particular instance of the class. The keyword void simply tells the compiler that main( ) does not return a value.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/intoroductiontocomputerlanguagesandjava-250827011205-0a05e7fd/75/Introduction-to-Computer-Languages-and-Java-41-2048.jpg)
![42 main() method Tests public static void main(String args[ ]) • All Java applications begin execution by calling main( ) • main( ) must be declared as public, since it must be called by code outside of its class when the program is started. • Keep in mind that Java is case-sensitive. Thus, Main is different from main. • It is important to understand that the Java compiler will compile classes that do not contain a main( ) method. But java has no way to run these classes.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/intoroductiontocomputerlanguagesandjava-250827011205-0a05e7fd/75/Introduction-to-Computer-Languages-and-Java-42-2048.jpg)
![43 String args[ ] Tests public static void main(String args[ ]) • String args[ ] declares a parameter named args, which is an array of instances of the class String. • Objects of type String store character strings. In this case, args receives any command-line arguments present when the program is executed.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/intoroductiontocomputerlanguagesandjava-250827011205-0a05e7fd/75/Introduction-to-Computer-Languages-and-Java-43-2048.jpg)
![45 Another Simple Program Tests class Example2 { public static void main(String args[]) { int num; // this declares a variable called num num = 100; // this assigns num the value 100 System.out.println("This is num: " + num); num = num * 2; System.out.print("The value of num * 2 is "); System.out.println(num); } }](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/intoroductiontocomputerlanguagesandjava-250827011205-0a05e7fd/75/Introduction-to-Computer-Languages-and-Java-45-2048.jpg)
Introduction to Computer, Languages and Java
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- 2. 2 Computers and Languages •Life in this age depends on smart devices • Automobiles, Smart homes, Smart cities all of these depend on computers • The computer program's role in this technology is essential; without a list of instructions to follow, the computer is virtually useless. • Programming languages allow us to write those programs and thus make computers do something useful.
- 3. 3 Elements of aComputer System • The elements of a computer system fall into two major categories: hardware and software. • Hardware is the equipment used to perform the necessary computations (central processing unit (CPU), monitor, keyboard, power supply, drives, RAM, etc. • Software consists of the programs that enable us to solve problems with a computer (lists of instructions to perform).
- 4. 4 Computer Hardware Essentially, moderncomputers consist of: 1. Main memory 2. Secondary memory, which includes storage devices such as hard disks and flash drives 3. Central processing unit 4. Input devices, such as keyboards and mouse 5. Output devices, such as monitors and printers
- 5. 5 Computer Software Operating System •The collection of computer programs that control the interaction of the user and the computer hardware is called the operating system (OS): e.g.: UNIX, Windows, MAC-OS X • The operating system of a computer is the software that is responsible for directing all computer operations and managing all computer resources. • Application Software • Application programs are developed to assist a computer user in accomplishing various tasks (i.e. word processing, financial calculations etc.) e.g. Notepad, MSWord, MATLAB etc.
- 6. 6 Computer Languages • Developingnew software requires writing lists of instructions for a computer to execute. • The language directly understood by a computer is called machine language (or machine code) and is a collection of binary numbers. • For brevity Software developers rarely use the machine language directly because: 1. It is not standardised – depends on the CPU 2. Difficult to use – long development times However it does have some advantages 1. Faster execution 2. Requires less memory.
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- 8. 8 High-level Languages • Towrite programs that are independent of the CPU on which they will be executed, software designers use high level languages, which combine algebraic expressions and symbols taken from English. • There are many high-level languages available. • Fortran (Scientific), Cobol (Business), LISP (Artificial Intelligence (AI)) Prolog (AI), Java (Internet), C++ (General), Python (General)
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- 10. 10 Software Development Method 1.Specify the problem requirements. 2. Analyze the problem. 3. Design the algorithm to solve the problem. 4. Implement the algorithm. 5. Test and verify the completed program. 6. Maintain and update the program.
- 11. 11 Problem Specification Specifying theproblem requirements allows you to: 1. State the problem clearly and unambiguously 2. Gain a clear understanding of what is required for its solution 3. Eliminate unimportant aspects To achieve this goal you may find you need more information from the person who posed the problem.
- 12. 12 Analysis Analyzing the probleminvolves identifying the: 1. Inputs - the data you have to work with 2. Outputs - the desired results 3. Additional requirements or constraints on the solution.
- 13. 13 Design Designing the algorithm 1.Develop a list of steps called an algorithm to solve the problem 2. Verify that the algorithm solves the problem as intended. Writing the algorithm is often the most difficult part of the problem-solving process. Coding and algorithm is simple once you know the programming language syntax Don't attempt to solve every detail of the problem at the beginning. Top-down Design Approach 1. List the major steps, or subproblems, that need to be solved 2. Solve the original problem by solving each of its sub-problems.
- 14. 14 Implementation Implementing the algorithm •Involves writing the algorithm as a computer program. • You must convert each step of the algorithm into one or more statements in a programming language. • Requires a full grip on programming language syntax and constraints
- 15. 15 Testing and Verification Testingand verification • Requires testing the completed program to verify that it works as desired. • Don't rely on just one test case. • Run the program several times using different sets of data, making sure that it works correctly for every situation provided for in the algorithm.
- 16. 16 Maintenance Maintaining and updating •Involves modifying a program to remove previously undetected errors and to keep it upto-date as government regulations or company policies change. • Many organizations maintain a program for five years or more, often after the programmers who originally coded it have left or moved on to other positions.
- 17. 17 Development of CLanguage • The creation of C language changed the way programming was approached and thought about • The creation of C was direct result of need of a structured, efficient high level language that could replace assembly language • C was first developed in 1970s by Dennis Ritchie • C was formally standardized in 1989 • C++ is enhancement of C which supports Objected oriented Programming (OOP) that helps organize large complex problems.
- 18. 18 Development of Java Tests •Language innovation is driven by two factors: improvement in art of programming and computing environment • Java inherits the rich legacy of C and C++ and adds new features required by current state of art systems • Java offers features that streamline programming for a distributed architecture • Java was initially conceived in 1991 by a group of programmers at Sun Microsystems and was initially called “Oak” but it was renamed as Java in 1995.
- 19. 19 Purpose of Java Tests •C++ required a different compiler for each of these devices as these had a different kind of CPU and compilers are expensive and time consuming • The primary motivation was the need to have a platform independent language that could be used in consumer electronics, microwave, toasters remote control etc. • The need for platform independent language increased after the development of internet as internet connected devices consisted of various types of computers, CPUs and operating systems. • Internet caused Java programmers to switch from consumer electronics to internet
- 20. 20 Java and C/C++ Tests •Java is directly related to C/C++ as it inherits syntax from C/C++. • Its object oriented model is adapted from C++ • Any programmer who knows C/C++ can easily understand Java and vice versa. • Java takes the best of the past languages and adds new features needed for the online and platform independent environment • Although java was influenced by C/C++, it is not an enhanced version of C/C++ and is not compatible with C/C++. • Java is not designed to replace C/C++ and both of these will coexist as these sort different sorts of problems.
- 21. 21 Java’s Success Tests • Java’ssuccess lies in its adaptability to changing programming environments • Java’s release cycles is about 1.5 years compared to 10 years for other languages • Java is more secure and portable
- 22. 22 Java’s Magic: TheBytecode Tests • Java’s security and portability advantage lies in the fact that it java compiler does not produce an executable file, it produces java bytecode • Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by java runtime systems called java virtual machine (JVM). • Translating a java program into bytecode makes it easier to run on a variety of platforms as only JVM needs to be updated • Although details of JVM will differ from platform to platform, all understand same bytecode • Since JVM is in control so it prevents from generating side effects and makes system more secure
- 23. 23 Java’s Magic: TheBytecode Tests • Compiling program to an intermediate form and then interpreting it makes process slower compared to if it was compiled to an executable code, the difference is not great because bytecode is highly optimized • It is not practical to compile an entire Java program into executable code all at once, because Java performs various run-time checks that can be done only at run time.
- 24. 24 Java Buzz Words Tests •Simple • Secure • Portable • Object-oriented • Robust • Multithreaded • Architecture-neutral • Interpreted • High performance • Distributed • Dynamic
- 25. 25 Running Java Code Tests •Different learning environments available for running Java program • Popular are NetBean, Eclipse, BlueJ, Jedit, Jgrasp etc. • In this course we will be using NetBeans IDE. • Go to start menu and search for NetBeans and open it
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- 27. 27 Creating New Project Tests Goto File> New Project
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- 34. 34 Writing first Program Tests /* Thisis a simple Java program. Call this file "Example.java". */ public class Example { // Your program begins with a call to main(). public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("This is a simple Java program."); } }
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- 39. 39 A closer lookat the program (Comments) Tests /* This is a simple Java program. Call this file "Example.java". */ // Your program begins with a call to main(). The contents of a comment are ignored by the compiler. Instead, a comment describes or explains the operation of the program to anyone who is reading its source code.
- 40. 40 public key word Tests publicclass Example1 { } The public keyword is an access specifier, which allows the programmer to control the visibility of class members. When a class member is preceded by public, then that member may be accessed by code outside the class in which it is declared. The opposite of public is private, which prevents a member from being used by code defined outside of its class
- 41. 41 static and void Tests publicstatic void main(String args[ ]) The keyword static allows main( ) to be called without having to instantiate a particular instance of the class. The keyword void simply tells the compiler that main( ) does not return a value.
- 42. 42 main() method Tests public staticvoid main(String args[ ]) • All Java applications begin execution by calling main( ) • main( ) must be declared as public, since it must be called by code outside of its class when the program is started. • Keep in mind that Java is case-sensitive. Thus, Main is different from main. • It is important to understand that the Java compiler will compile classes that do not contain a main( ) method. But java has no way to run these classes.
- 43. 43 String args[ ] Tests publicstatic void main(String args[ ]) • String args[ ] declares a parameter named args, which is an array of instances of the class String. • Objects of type String store character strings. In this case, args receives any command-line arguments present when the program is executed.
- 44. 44 Printing a statement Tests System.out.println("Thisis a simple Java program."); This line outputs the string “This is a simple Java program.” followed by a new line on the screen. Output is actually accomplished by the built-in println( ) method. In this case, println( ) displays the string which is passed to it. println( ) can be used to display other types of information, too.
- 45. 45 Another Simple Program Tests classExample2 { public static void main(String args[]) { int num; // this declares a variable called num num = 100; // this assigns num the value 100 System.out.println("This is num: " + num); num = num * 2; System.out.print("The value of num * 2 is "); System.out.println(num); } }
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