IFML - Interaction Flow Modeling Language - tutorial on UI and UX modeling & design. A standard of Object Management Group (OMG). By Marco Brambilla

IFML: Building the front end of Web and Mobile applications with OMG’s Interaction Flow Modeling Language Marco Brambilla marco.brambilla@polimi.it @marcobrambi

What is a model? Models Mapping Feature A model is based on an original (=system) Reduction Feature A model only reflects a (relevant) selection of the original‘s properties Pragmatic Feature A model needs to be usable in place of an original with respect to some purpose ModelrepresentsSystem Purposes: • descriptive purposes • prescriptive purposes

CIM, PIM, PSM Modeling Levels Computation independent (CIM): describe requirements and needs at a very abstract level, without any reference to implementation aspects Platform independent (PIM): define the behavior of the systems in terms of stored data and performed algorithms, without any technical or technological details Platform-specific (PSM): define all the technological aspects in detail

Modeling levels - CIM Eg., business process

Modeling levels - PIM Eg., business object description and constraints

Modeling levels - PSM How the functionality in the PIM is realized on a certain platform Using a UML-Profile for the selected platform, e.g., EJB

User interface and interaction development is a painful phase of software process … for everybody! … not only for the Web! UI Modeling Problem

Costly and Inefficient process Complexity of user interfaces (UIs) Ineffective tools Manual development No MDE technology The UI Design Problem

No model driven engineering Platform independent description of UIs Focused on user interactions No definition of graphics and styles Reference external models The UI Design solution: IFML

User interaction has been overlooked in software engineering standards Hence the Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML) Standardization gap

13 We were going to make them an offer they couldn’t refuse. In less than 2 years (a record in OMG!), we obtained approval of the IFML standard The Object Management Group

User interaction has been overlooked in software engineering standards Hence the Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML) In less than 2 years (a record in OMG!), we obtained approval of the beta IFML standard Version 1.0 due to come out in these weeks Standardization gap

The Interaction Flow Modeling Language

IFML Objectives Binding to Persistence Layer Navigation Path Binding to Business Logic Content Event

IFML Objectives: Content Content

IFML Objectives: Navigation Path

IFML Objectives: Events Mouse Over

IFML Objectives: Binding to business logic

IFML Objectives: Binding to persistence Content Book Title: string Cover: file List Price: currency Price: currency Save: currency Rating: integer ………

Multiple views for the same application Mobile and multi-device applications Visualization and input of data, and production of events Components independent of concrete widgets and presentation Interaction flow, initiated by the user or by external events User context: the user status in the current instant of the interaction (position, history, machine, platform,…) Modularization of the model (design-time containers for reuse purpose) User input validation and constraints, according to OCL or other existing constraint languages Covered aspects

IFML by example Basic navigation flow between ViewComponents

IFML by example Basic navigation flow between ViewComponents Artists List Artists Artist Event View Component View Container ParameterBinding«ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedArtist  AnArtist

IFML by example Album Search «Window» AlbumSearch Album List «Window» Albums Album Details «Window» Album «ParameterBindingGroup» Title  AlbumTitle Year  AlbumYear «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedAlbum  AnAlbum «Form» «List» «Details»

IFML by example Nesting of ViewContainers Tagged ViewContainers (XOR) Artist and Album List Albums&Artists Albums&Artists Artist Details Artist Album Details Album [XOR] Album or Artist «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedAlbum  AnAlbum «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedArtist  AnArtist Select Artist Select Album

ViewComponentParts: • Data binding • Parameters Types of ViewComponents (<<List>>) IFML – adding details to ViewComponents «DataBinding» MailMessage «ConditionalExpression» self.mm2MailMessageGroup = MailBox «List» Message List «Parameter» MailBox : MailBox

Joint use of IFML and other modeling languages: • DataBinding to classes and attributes of UML Class Diagrams • Also with other content models, such as: Entity-Relationship, Ontologies, … Data binding

IFML by example Actions Album List Albums Album Deletion «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedAlbum  AnAlbum

Joint use of IFML and other modeling languages Connection of Actions to back-end business logic as • UML methods of classes • whole UML dynamic diagrams – activity diagram, sequence diagram, state chart diagram, … Dynamic Behaviour

IFML by example Actions Album List Albums Album Deletion «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedAlbum  AnAlbum «Behaviour» Album.Delete

OnSelect event OnSubmit event IFML – subtyping events Throwing events Catching events

.. And as many others as you want! IFML – subtyping components

IFML by example ActivationExpression, SubmitEvent, Event generation MessageList MailBox «Menu» Message toolbar «Parameter» MessageSet Delete Archive Report MoveTo Labels «ActivationExpression» not MessageSet.isEmpty() MessageSelection Delete Archive Report «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedMessages  MessageSet «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedMessages  MessageSet «List»

IFML concrete syntax by example intra-component events and flows [L] Message Writer Send «Form» Message Writer «SimpleField» to: String «SimpleField» cc: String «SimpleField» bcc: String «SimpleField» subject: String «SimpleField» body: String «Parameter» State «SimpleField» attachment: … Save Add cc Add bcc Edit Subject Add attachment Reply to all Reply Forward Discard «ActivationExpression» State <> “Forward” Send Save «ActivationExpression» State = “Reply” or State = “Reply All” «ParameterBindingGroup» “Re:” + subject  subject from  to cc  cc body  body “Reply All”  State «ParameterBindingGroup» “Re:” + subject  subject from  to cc  cc body  body “Reply All”  State «ParameterBindingGroup» “Fw:” + subject  subject body  body “Forward”  State «ActivationExpression» State <> “Reply” «ActivationExpression» State <> “Reply All” Action Confirmed Action Confirmed

IFML concrete syntax by example <<Details>> Confirmation Message Confirmation Page Action Confirmed Capturing of custom events Note: typical problem of event-based systems (termination, …)

IFML example – online payment Product List Shopping Cart «List» Customer Information Customer Information «Form» Execute the payment Checkout «ParameterBindingGroup» Name  Name Payment Information Payment Information «Form» «ParameterBindingGroup» Name  Name CreditCard  CC Confirmation Confirmation Message «Details» «ParameterBindingGroup» Total Amount

IFML concrete syntax – modules IFML Modules - definition Execute the payment «ParameterBindingGroup» Name  Name «ParameterBindingGroup» Name  Name CreditCard  CC Customer Information Customer Information «Form» Payment Information Payment Information «Form» Amount Confirmation Payment Execution

IFML concrete syntax – modules IFML Modules - usage Shopping Cart Checkout «ParameterBindingGroup» Total Amount Confirmation Confirmation Message «Details» Payment Execution Product List «List»

Multiple aspects modeling – 1 (business and requirements) UML Use Case BPMN process UML Sequence IFML UML Statechart Handle Rental Sales Clerk Handle Renter <<Include>> <<Extend>> Handover Car <<UML Actor>> Sales Clerk <<UML Model>> IT system new rental change days accept payment

Integration with UML Use Cases Each use case can be described by A business process A plain UI description in IFML Some UML dynamic diagrams (e.g., activity, sequence, …) Handle Rental Sales Clerk Handle Renter <<Include>> <<Extend>> Handover Car

Integration with BPMN The UI of each activity can be described by An IFML module Some UML dynamic diagrams (e.g., activity, sequence, …) Execute the payment «ParameterBindingGroup» Name  Name «ParameterBindingGroup» Name  Name CreditCard  CC Customer Information Customer Information «Form» Payment Information Payment Information «Form» Amount Confirmation Payment Execution

Example of UML - IFML mapping IFML Model << Use Case>> Handle Rental xUMLUseCaseDiagram <<xUML Actor>> Sales Clerk << Use Case>> Handle Renter <<Include>> <<Extend>> << Use Case>> Handover Car <<UML Actor>> Sales Clerk Handle Rental xUML Sequence Diagrams <<UML Model>> IT system new rental change dates accept payment IFML models can be reworked or refined after being generated

Multiple aspects modeling – 2 (implementation and architecture) UML Sequence UML Deployment IFML UI Mockup models

Description of deployment architecture UI is just one facet of system design Often need to position it in a broader architectural vision UML deployment diagram Integration with UML

51 UML Sequence Diagrams Tiers and calls Explicit description of interactions between tiers

• Manual specification of BPMN process model • Automatic transformation of BPMN to WebML • Possible manual refinement of WebML models • Automatic running code generation on J2EE platform • Virtuous development cycle Model-driven Development Process (IFML)

Executability experiment within OMG IFML editor IFML code generator UML editor Alf editor + parser Alf compiler fUML model fUML Interpreter Platform speciﬁc UI code produces calls IFML model produces calls input UI execution backend business logic execution

An official metamodel of the language which describes the semantics of and relations between the modeling constructs A graphical concrete syntax for the interaction flow notation which provides an intuitive representation of the user interface composition, interaction and control logic for the front-end designer A UML Profile consistent to the metamodel An interchange format between tools using XMI All this, specified through standard notations themselves Practical results of having a standard

Static aspects Also: interchange with profile-based diagrams. The UML Profile for IFML «page» AlbumSearch «page» Albums «page» Album Album Search Album Index Album Detail Dynamic aspects «index» MBox List «index» Message Index SelectMailMessages(mBox)

BPMN and/or UML editor Tight and seamless integration between different modeling tools • Thanks to XMI interchange format, UML profiles, vendor-specific notation implementations • Thanks to model to model transformations IFML modeling and industrial-strenght UI generation Model integration and interchange UML tool implementing IFML profile Other Domain- specific modeling tool XMI model exchange Model to model transformation

Joint usage of IFML with other MDA languages can be devised: • SysML • SoaML • … … and also with other frameworks (e.g., Model Driven Enterprise Engineering) Broader, enterprise-wide system modeling

Referencing Content and Behaviour

Typical email interface Usability Friendliness Complex interaction flows Example 1: online mailer (e.g., Gmail)

[D] [L] MailMessages [XOR] MAIL Top [L] Contacts Top down design from containers

Message List MailBox [XOR] MessageManagement [L] Settings [XOR] MessageSearch MailBoxList [D] [L] Messages «Window» [XOR] MAIL Top [L] MessageWriter «List» «List» … Starting adding ViewComponents

Message List MailBox [XOR] MessageManagement [L] Settings [XOR] MessageSearch MailBoxList [D] [L] Messages «Window» [XOR] MAIL Top [L] MessageWriter «List» «List» «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedMailBox  MailBox … .. And further details

«List» MBoxList «List» MessageList «DataBinding» MailMessage «ConditionalExpression» self.mm2MailMessageGroup = MailBox «DataBinding» MailMessageGroup «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedMailBox  MailBox MessageList Parameters and Conditions «Parameter» MailBox

MessageList «Menu» Message toolbar «Parameter» MessageSet Delete Archive Report MoveTo MessageSelection MailBox Labels «ActivationExpression» not MessageSet.isEmpty() «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedMessages  MessageSet «List» Activation expressions

MessageList «Menu» Message toolbar «Parameter» MessageSet Delete Archive Report MessageSelection «Modeless» Tag Chooser «Modal» Tag Creator Select Tag Tag Folder List Create New New Tag FolderCreate Message toolbar MessageSelection [XOR] Tags Mailbox «List» «List» «Form»

MessageList «Menu» Message toolbar «Parameter» MessageSet Delete Archive Report MoveTo MessageSelection «Modeless» Tag Chooser «Modal» Tag Creator Select Tag MailBox Tag Folder List Create New New Tag Folder Create Delete Archive Report Associate to Tag / Move to folder Create Tag and Associate Tag / Move to folder «List» «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedMessages  MessageSet «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedMessages  MessageSet «ParameterBindingGroup» SelectedTag  ATag «List» «ParameterBindingGroup» NewTagName  TagName «Form»

[XOR] MessageSearch [D] Search Message keyword search «Modeless» FullSearch Message Full Search Show search options Search mail Search mail MailBox Message List «List» «Form» «Form» «ParameterBindingGroup» Keyword  Key «ParameterBindingGroup» Keyword  Key From  FromKey To  ToKey «ParameterBindingGroup» Keyword  Keyword Search forms

[XOR] MessageSearch [D] Search «Modeless» FullSearch Search mail MailBox «Form» Message Keyword Search «Form» Message Full Search «SimpleField» Keyword: String «SimpleField» Keyword: String Search mail «SimpleField» From: String «List» Message List «DataBinding» MailMessage «ConditionalExpression» MailMessage IN self.mm2MailMessageGroup = Mailbox «ConditionalExpression»( if (Key.size() <= title.size()) then Sequence(1..title.size() - Key.size()) -> exists(i | title.substring(i,i+ Key.size()) = Key ) else false) OR (if (from.size() <= self.from.size()) then Sequence(1..self.from.size() - from.size()) -> exists(i | self.from.substring(i,i+ from.size()) = from ) else false ) Show search options«ParameterBindingGroup» Keyword  Key «ParameterBindingGroup» Keyword  Keyword «ParameterBindingGroup» Keyword  Key From  From Search Conditions

Message Details Message Details [L] Message Writer Message Writer Send [XOR] Message Reader Reply Forward ReplyAll Send «ActivationExpression» MessageRecipients.size() > 1 «ParamBindingGroup» MessageId  MessageId «Details» «Form» … Message follow-up

«Form» MessageWriter Search mail «RichTextSimpleField» Body «RichTextToolBar» Toolbar[ClientSide] ApplyFormat [ClientSide] ApplyFormat Remove format «Modal» Alert Cancel [ClientSide] ApplyFormat Ok [L] Message Writer Client Side Logic

Typical mobile UI Simple app Complex interactions Touch events Example 2: Instagram AutoMobile FP7 SME EU research project http://automobile.webratio.com

• Media (photos) • Users • Activity • Tag Content

Sign in [H] Start Page Register Sign In Sign InRegister

Top level – app structure [XOR] Instagram Top [D][L] Home [L] Explore [L] Take Picture [L] Profile [L] News Refresh Update Content <<modeless>>NoCon normalTermination exceptionalTermination

How to avoid duplication [XOR] Instagram Top [D][L] Home [L] Explore [L] Take Picture [L] Profile [L] News Refresh Update Content <<modeless>> NoConn normalTermination exceptionalTermination [L] News Refresh Update Content<<modeless> > NoConn normalTermination exceptionalTermination [L] Profile Refresh Update Content<<modeless> > NoConn normalTermination exceptionalTermination [L] Take Picture Refresh Update Content<<modeless> > NoConn normalTermination exceptionalTermination [L] Explore Refresh Update Content<<modeless> > NoConn normalTermination exceptionalTermination [L][D] Home Refresh Update Content<<modeless> > NoConn normalTermination exceptionalTermination

Media Viewer Media.postedBy: User (profilePhoto, userName) Media(postTime)  Media - file  PostedBy (User) - profilePhoto - userName  LikedBy (User)  Contains (Comment)  QualifiedBy (Tag)  Mentions (User) Media (file) Media.contains : Comment (text) Media.LikedBy : User (username) Media (location) "Like" event "Comment" event Media object menu "Refresh" event

<<Module>> MediaViewer Media Viewer model «NestedList» MediaViewer «DataBinding» Media «NestedDataBinding» likedBy «NestedDataBinding» contains «VisualizationAttributes» postTime, location, file «VisualizationAttributes» numLikes «ConditionalExpression» MediaOIDs->includes (oid) «VisualizationAttributes» userName «VisualizationAttributes» userName, text seeLikers seeAllComment s BlockSize=6 «ActivationExpression» size() > 6 «NestedDataBinding» comprises «VisualizationAttributes» tagName «ActivationExpression» likedBy->size() <= 10 «ActivationExpression» numLikes > 10 «NestedDataBinding» mentions «VisualizationAttributes» userName «ParameterBindingGroup» OIDs  MediaOIDs «NestedDataBinding» postedBy «VisualizationAttributes» userName, photo «OrderBy» postTime DESC

Other renderings  Contains (Comment)  QualifiedBy (Tag) SeeSameTag event

Detailed MediaViewer «NestedList» MediaViewer << Modal >> User Medi Menu << Modal >> LoggedUser MediaMenu «DataBinding» Media See Location See User <<ModuleReference>> Map <<ModuleReference>> User <<ModuleRef>> Tag «NestedDataBinding» contains SeeAllCommen ts «VisualizationAttributes» postTime, location, file «VisualizationAttributes» numLikes «ActivationExpression» likedBy->size() <11 See Media Menu See User SeeSameTag Comment Toggle Preference Like <<DoubleTouch> > Like/See Tagged Play / Stop <<Touch>> Play/Stop «ActivationExpression» type==“Video” «ActivationExpression» username != Context.userna «ActivationExpression» userName == Context.usern <<ModuleReference>> Likers SeeLikers See Media Logged Menu «ActivationExpression» numLikes >10 BlockSize=6 «VisualizationAttributes» userName, text «NestedDataBinding» comprises «VisualizationAttributes» tagName See User «NestedDataBinding» mentions «VisualizationAttributes» userName See User «NestedDataBinding» likedBy «ConditionalExpression» MediaOIDs->includes (oid) «VisualizationAttributes» userName «NestedDataBinding» postedBy «VisualizationAttributes» userName, photo Share Delete TagPeople Report CopyURL

User Profile UI Upper section Lower section Commands Profile menu ProfileData ProfileData

User Profile – map and photos of you MediaMap PhotosOfUser

<<XOR>> ProfileViewer <<Module>> User <<ViewContainer>> ProfileData Overall view of User Profile [XOR] <<ViewContainer>> UserPosts [D][L] <<ModuleReference>> MediaTiled gle wed «Details» UserInfo EditYourProfile Options <<View Co BlCancel «Activa userNa Contex Posts SeeFollowers SeeFollowing «VisualizationAttributes» profilePhoto, userName, name, bio, numPosts, numFollowing, numFollowers «DataBinding» User «ActivationExpression» userName == Context.username «ActivationExpression» userName != Context.username «ParamBindingGrou p» username  user «ConditionalExpression» userName == user [L] <<ModuleReference>> MediaViewer [L] <<MapView >> MediaMap «Marker» <<List>> Locations «VisualizationAttributes» file «DataBinding» Media «ConditionalExpression» postedBy .userName == user [L] <<ViewContainer>> PhotosOfUser <<List>> TaggedMedia «VisualizationAttributes» file «DataBinding» Media «ConditionalExpression» tags.userName == user Toggle Options <<Vie Logge «Activati userNam Context. EditPhoto <<View Contain PhotoMenu Pick ImpTake <<View Con ProfileEditor <<View Con Search «List» PostOIDs «DataBinding» Media «ConditionalExpression» postedBy == user «ParamBindingGrou p» MediaOids Oids

<<Module>> MediaTiled Media tiles <<ViewContainer>> MediaAsTiles <<ModuleReference>> MediaViewer «List» MediaTiles «VisualizationAttributes» file «DataBinding» Media «ConditionalExpression» MediaOIDs->includes (oid) Select «ParameterBindingGroup» OIDs  MediaOIDs «ParamBindingGroup» Selected  MediaOIDs <<orderB>>y postTime DESC

93 Classical ecommerce web site Extensive coverage of products and details (huge site!) But patterns of interaction are much simpler than minimalist mobile UIs! Basic content model coming up next… Example 3: eBay

High-level site structure <<siteview>> eBayWebInterface [L] <<page>> DailyDeals[H][L] <<page>> Home [L] <<area>> CustomerSupport [L] <<area>> Sell [L] <<area>> SellerCenter [L] <<area>> Community [L] <<area>> Policies [L] <<area>> MyeBay [L] <<modeless>> Notifications [L] <<area>> Annoucements [L] <<area>> MoneyBack [L] <<area>> SecurityCenter [L] <<area>> ResolutionCenter [L] <<page>> SiteMap [L] <<page>> OfficialTime [L] <<page>> Survey [D] <<page>> Tell us <<page>> Create <<page>> Review<<area>> Listings Categories & Collections [L] <<page>> NewFeatures

All Categories – right hand side dropdown

LoggedIn User Menu Overview Master Page Register Sign in «Details» UserName «DataBinding» Context «DataBinding» Context «Details» Shopping Cart «DataBinding» Cart «ConditionalExpression » of.userName=user MyCollections «Form» Search Search «Autocompletion» Search «DataBinding» QuerySuggestion «VisualizationAttributes» text «Simplefield» SearchKey:string«ActivationExpression» completion=false «SelectionField» category «DataBinding» Category «VisualizationAttributes» name Hide Suggestions Show Suggestions «ActivationExpression» completion=true «ParamBindingGroup» true  completion «ParamBindingGroup» false  completion «ParamBindingGroup» SearchKey  Keyword SelectedCategory  CategoryId «Tree» ShopByCategory «DataBinding» Category «VisualizationAttributes» Name «NestedDataBinding» Subcategories «VisualizationAttributes » Name Search Results Select SettingsSign out «ActivationExpression» Context.userName = null «ActivationExpression» Context.userName != null <<modeless>> Category tree ShopByCategory TrendingCollectionsAllCategories Advanced AdvancedSearch «VisualizationAttributes» userName «VisualizationAttributes » numItems «ParamBindingGroup» userName user

Search options «Form» Left Search Single Options «ScrollableList» Products «Simplefield» MinimumPrice «Simplefield» MaximumPrice Search «SelectionField» Format «DataBinding» PurchaseFormat «VisualizationAttributes» Name «SelectionField» ItemLocation «DataBinding» Listing «VisualizationAttributes» Location «Form» Left Search Multiple Options «SelectionField» Size Type «DataBinding» Fashion «VisualizationAttributes» typeOfSize «SelectionField» Size «DataBinding» Fashion «VisualizationAttributes» Location «ConditionalExpression» self.getSizeType (SelectedCategory) AND SelectedCategory=“Fashion” Deselect See Size «OnChange» Select «ConditionalExpression» self. getSizeType (typeOfSize) AND SelectedCategory=“Fashion” «ParamBindingGroup» selectedSizeType sizeType «SelectionField» Color «DataBinding» Listing «VisualizationAttributes» color «ConditionalExpression» «Autocompletion» Brand «DataBinding» Listing «VisualizationAttributes» brand Deselect «OnChange» Select «OnChange» Select Deselect «SelectionField» DeliveryOptions «DataBinding» Listing «VisualizationAttributes» Location «SelectionField»Condition «DataBinding» Listing «VisualizationAttributes» itemCondition «SelectionField» OtherOptions «DataBinding» AvailableOptions «VisualizationAttributes» name, selection «OnChange» Select Deselect «OnChange» Select Deselect «OnChange» Select «OnChange» Select «OnChange» Select

Drawing vs. modeling Tool support for MDE/MDD

An Eclipse-based development environment allowing: Modeling: ER + IFML + BPMN 100% code generation of standard JEE applications • Clear separation between design time and run time • No proprietary runtime Quick and agile development cycles Extending the generation rules • Defining new presentation styles • Defining new components Versioning, teamwork, full lifecycle mgt Truly multi-role model-driven development What is WebRatio Requirement Analysis Solution Modeling Prototype Generation Results Verification

WebRatio is now at 7th release on the market since 2001 WebRatio customers 130+ companies and 500+ commercial users mainly Italy, USA, Europe and Latin America WebRatio adoption 15,000+ users of the free edition Used in hundreds of universities all over the world WebRatio partners 40+ software houses and system integrators 300+ universities worldwide, 13.000+ students Some numbers

You capture business requirements in abstract, technology independent models BPMN + IFML WebRatio – Step 1 Business User WebRatio Modeller

You customize the environment by defining your own generation rules HTML 5 + CSS + Java WebRatio – Step 2 Layout Designer Java Programmer

You get a tailored, yet standard, Java Web application with no proprietary runtime Code generation WebRatio – Step 3 WebRatio Modeller Business User

Get the application Web App DBMS Browser SOA Custom Information System Standard execution environment Standard Java Application Server

Involve business users in the development process and converge quickly to the target Agile, quick prototyping Requirement Analysis Solution Modelling Application Generation Results Validation

Model Generation Rules Generation Engine Do not change the generated application code Touch the generation rules instead The MDE Virtuous Cycle Generated Application ?

Kinds of application Corporate Operations Human Capital Management Product Life Cycle Management Customer Relationship Management Enterprise Resource Planning Supply Chain Management Knowledge Support Sales and Lead Management Marketing Resources Mgt Web Customer Services B2C/B2B E-Commerce Learning Management Document Management Project Management Customer Information Mgt Partner Relationship Mgt Recruitment Training Workforce Management Supplier Relationship Mgt Business Intelligence Web Content Management Knowledge Management Risk and Compliance Enterprise Governance Order Mgt Payment Services Orchestration Web Front-End of accounting sys. Front-Office Process Mgt Financial Services

B2C + CMS Web applications initially for 14 EU countries Corporate news, Product technical & commercial data, Service & Partner area, Where to Buy… Multilingual, multi-actor, distributed workflows for local and central PMs, local and central MarCom managers ... and a: very limited Time to Market (7 weeks!!) Acer

Size & effort Class Dimension Value Number of localized B2C web sites 14 Number of main CMS applications 4 (Admin, News, Product, Other content) Number of supported languages 12 for B2C Web sites, 1 for CMS Number of data entry masks 39 Number of automatically generated database tables 46 Number of automatically generated database views 82 Number of automatically generated database queries 279 for data extraction, 89 for data update Number of automatically generated JSP page templates 48 Number of automatically generated or reused Java classes 250 Size Number of automatically generated Java lines of code 12500 Non commented lines of code Number of elapsed workdays 49 Number of development staff-months (analysts and developers) 6 staff-months (6 weeks x 4 persons) Total number of prototypes 9 Average elapsed man days between consecutive prototypes 5,4 Time & effort Average number of development man days per prototype 15,5

Size & effort DEGREE OF AUTOMATION Number of manually written SQL statements 17(SQL constraints) Percentage of automatically generated SQL code 96% Number of manually written/adapted Java classes /JSP templates 10% JSP templates manually adapted Percentage of automatically generated Java and JSP code 90% JSP templates, 100% Java classes COST AND ROI Total cost of software development of first version 75.000 € HW, SW licenses, and connectivity cost of first version 70.000 € (db server license) Return on investment of first version 12-15 months Average effort of extension to one additional country 0,5 staff-months Average cost of extension to one additional country 7.500 € Average ROI of extension to one additional country 2 months PRODUCTIVITY Number of function points 177 (B2C web site) + 612 (CMS) = 789 Average number of function points delivered per staff-month 131,5

On the positive side: Almost 80% of the delivery effort concentrates in the phases of data design, hypertext design and prototyping: • more development time is spent with the application stakeholders MDD allows a more flexible distribution of responsibilities between the IT department and the business units The peak productivity rates has reached five times the number of delivered function points per staff-month of a traditional programming language like Java Comments

On the negative side.. Acer estimates that it took from 4 to 6 months to have fully productive developers with MDD, IFML, and WebRatio Difficult to find skilled people ..but.. The initial investment in human capital required by MDD pays off in the mid term • MDD benefits testing, maintenance, and evolution (which account for over 60% of the total lifecycle cost) • reasoning on the system is far more effective at the conceptual level Comments (continued)

Maintenance effort Served Contries and Applications 4 4 4 5 5 17 24 32 41 56 17 21 24 28 31 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Units Number of developers Number of maintained applications Number of served countries

• Public company owned by the City of Turin in Italy • Local public transport serving 190 million passengers every year. • A new e-ticketing system (avail able at http://ecommerce.gtt.to.it and serving 64,000 daily passengers) • published on-line in only 2 months. • The application comprises 100 page templates (IFML pages) and 1215 IFML units. • KEY: iterative and quick prototyping approach supported by WebRatio GTT: Turin Transportation Group

• Multi-utility company buying and selling wholesale electric power. • Integrated Energy Management System that replaced individual productivity tools used by traders for the management of electric power. • KEY: quick prototyping approach and involvement of actual users in the development process. • Deployment of final app in 6 months after the initial meeting with WebRatio (time to market that took one-third of the time estimated in case of adoption of a traditional development) A2A: Utility in Milan

• Banking (UniCredit) • BPM + SOA + Web interfaces • Crucial points: modularization, multiple models integration, multiple tools integration, strict runtime platform requirements • Banking (ABI) • System integration (Pure backend!) • Why IFML? • Latin America • Cooperatives, banks, public bodies, central government • Wholesale (IKEA) • Financial / leasing (GE Capital) Other experiences

• Models integration • Large applications with strong need for coherence and standardized paradigms • Cooperatives, banks, public bodies, central government • Service orientation • No pure modeling exists • Code generation still win-win Where IFML works

Components and pages per project 1" 10" 100" 1000" 10000" 100000" 10" 100" 1000" Number'of'units' Number'of'pages'

0" 0.02" 0.04" 0.06" 0.08" 0.1" 0.12" 0.14" 0.16" 0.18" 0.2" 30" 300" 3000" Effo r t&(man/days&per&unit)& Effo r t&per&project&(man/days)& 1.2" Man/days per component

Man/days per page 0" 0.02" 30" 300" 3000" r Effo t&per&project&(man/days)& 0" 0.2" 0.4" 0.6" 0.8" 1" 1.2" 30" 300" 3000" Effo r t&per&page&(man/days&per&page& Effo r t&per&project&(man/days)&

Conclusion: innovation eco-system Research (Research group at Polimi) Method, Language and Platform Spin-off (WebRatio) Customers (including EU projects) Teaching (Polimi and int.l courses) innovation innovation toolsuite Toolsuite, industrial requirements innovation requirementsuse cases Standard & other SME Partners

Some Ads “Model Driven Software Engineering in Practice”. Brambilla, Cabot, Wimmer. Morgan&Claypool, USA, 2012 www.modeldrivenstar.com And the upcoming IFML book! Interaction Flow Modeling Language Model-driven UI Engineering of Web and Mobile Apps with IFML Morgan Kaufmann, The OMG press, USA, 2014

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, A. Bongio, M. Brambilla, S. Comai, M. Matera: Designing Data- Intensive Web Applications, Morgan-Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, ISBN 1-55860- 843-5 (Series edited by Jim Gray, foreword by Adam Bosworth) 590 pages. M. Brambilla, J. Cabot, M. Wimmer: Model Driven Software Engineering in Practice. Morgan & Claypool, USA, September 2012, foreword by Richard Soley (OMG), 184 pages. ISBN 978-1608458820. Manolescu, M. Brambilla, S. Ceri, S. Comai, P. Fraternali: Model-driven design and deployment of service-enabled web applications. ACM Trans. Internet Technology (TOIT). 5(3), pp. 439-479 (2005). M. Brambilla, S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, I. Manolescu: Process modeling in Web applications. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol (TOSEM). 15(4), pp. 360-409 (2006). M. Brambilla, I. Celino, S. Ceri, D. Cerizza, E. Della Valle, F. M. Facca: Model-Driven Design and Development of Semantic Web Service Applications, ACM Trans. on Internet Technology (TOIT). 8(1), pp.3:1 - 3:31 (2007). M. Brambilla: From Requirements to Implementation of Ad-hoc Social Web Applications: an Empirical Pattern-Based Approach. IET Software, 6(2), 2012, pp.114-126. M. Brambilla, S. Ceri, S. Comai, C. Tziviskou. Exception Handling in Workflow-Driven Web Applications. WWW 2005 Int. Conference on World Wide Web. ACM, pp. 170-179. (some) references

Marco Brambilla marcobrambi marco.brambilla@polimi.it Thanks!

IFML - Interaction Flow Modeling Language - tutorial on UI and UX modeling & design. A standard of Object Management Group (OMG). By Marco Brambilla

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