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![© All rights reserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Example (PHP sessions using files) ● <?php session_start(); $_SESSION['user']= 'enrico'; ● In session folder (for instance, /tmp) the PHP creates a file named sess_fvi9r84f14sjel8r28o6aqspr2 (where fvi9r84f14sjel8r28o6aqspr2 is PHPSESSID) that contains: user|s:6:"enrico";](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/howtoscalephpapplications-101030051510-phpapp02/75/How-to-scale-PHP-applications-17-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byEnrico Zimuel
How to scale PHP applications
The document discusses strategies for scaling PHP applications, emphasizing the importance of managing session data for scalability. It highlights the differences between vertical and horizontal scaling, along with various methods for session management, including using databases, memcached, and Redis. Additionally, it outlines the benefits and drawbacks of each method and introduces Zend Server and its cluster manager for high availability and performance.
How to scale PHP applications
- 1. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. How to scale PHP applications by Jan Burkl, Enrico Zimuel Zend Technologies http://www.zend.com jan.burkl@zend.com, enrico@zend.com 30th October 2010 – PHP Barcelona Conference
- 2. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. About us ● Jan Burkl (jan.burkl@zend.com) ● Senior System Engineer at Zend Technologies in Stuttgart (Germany) since 2006 ● Enrico Zimuel (enrico@zend.com) ● Senior Consultant & Architect at Zend Technologies in Milan (Italy) since 2008 ● Blog on web dev't: http://www.zimuel.it/blog
- 3. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Summary ● Scalability of a web application ● How to scale a PHP application ● PHP session management ● Sharing session data using: ▶ Network file system ▶ Database ▶ Memcached ▶ Redis ▶ Zend Server Cluster Manager
- 4. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Scalability of a web application
- 5. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Scalability: general definition “Scalability is a desirable property of a system, a network, or a process, which indicates its ability to either handle growing amounts of work in a graceful manner or to be enlarged” Source: Wikipedia
- 6. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Scalability of a web application A web application is scalable when is able to manage a growing traffic with additional resources (CPU, RAM) without software changes
- 7. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Scale vertically vs. Scale horizontally ● Scale vertically (scale up) ▶ Add resources to a single node in a system ▶ Enhance the server (more CPU, more RAM, etc) ▶ High availability difficult to implement ● Scale horizontally (scale out) ▶ Add mores nodes to a system ▶ More servers, distributing the load ▶ High availability easy to implement
- 8. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Scale up vs. Scale out Scale up Scale out vs.
- 9. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. The web scale out ● As Google taught, the best way to scale an high traffic web application is horizontally ● No expensive servers to scale horizontally ● We need load balancers to split the traffic between all the servers A Google server
- 10. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. A typical load balancer architecture Load Balancer Web Servers Internet Firewall
- 11. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. How to scale a PHP application? ● The PHP application uses session/local data? ▶ Yes = we have to manage the session/local data across multiple servers ● Using a persistent load balancer ● Share the session data ▶ No = we can scale very easy (stateless) ● Most of the PHP applications are not stateless, they use session data
- 12. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Persistent load balancer ● A client request is assigned always to the same server (means same session/local data) ● Pros: ▶ No software architecture changes ● Cons: ▶ No fault tolerant, if a server goes down the session data are lost! ▶ The load balancer is the bottleneck ▶ The persistent load balancer are expensive
- 13. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Share the session data ● Manage the session data across the servers ● Pros: ▶ Fault tolerant, if a server goes down the load balancer can user another server ▶ No bottleneck in the load balancer ▶ The stateless load balancer are cheaper ● Cons: ▶ Software architecture changes
- 14. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. PHP session management
- 15. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Sessions in PHP ● Session support in PHP consists of a way to preserve certain data across subsequent accesses ● To identify the subsequent accesses, from the same client, PHP uses a cookie variable (PHPSESSID) ▶ Example: PHPSESSID= tclq3an1ri8dsfiuo43845loo1 ● By default, session data are stored in the file system of the server ● In PHP we manage the session data using the $_SESSION global variable
- 16. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. PHP session management ● Configure the PHP session management (php.ini directives): ▶ session.name ● name of the session cookie identifier (PHPSESSID by default) ▶ session.save_handler ● defines the name of the handler which is used for storing and retrieving data associated with a session (files by default). ▶ session.save_path ● defines the argument which is passed to the save handler (with files handler is the path to store the session data)
- 17. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Example (PHP sessions using files) ● <?php session_start(); $_SESSION['user']= 'enrico'; ● In session folder (for instance, /tmp) the PHP creates a file named sess_fvi9r84f14sjel8r28o6aqspr2 (where fvi9r84f14sjel8r28o6aqspr2 is PHPSESSID) that contains: user|s:6:"enrico";
- 18. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Share session data ● How to share PHP sessions between multiple servers? ▶ Using a Network File System ▶ Using a Database ▶ Using Memcached ▶ Using Redis ▶ Using Zend Server Cluster Manager ▶ etc
- 19. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. session_set_save_handler() ● You can write your PHP session handler using the session_set_save_handler(): bool session_set_save_handler ( callback $open, callback $close, callback $read, callback $write, callback $destroy, callback $gc) ● More info: http://php.net/manual/en/function.session-set-save-handler.php
- 20. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using NFS
- 21. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using NFS ● Use the default PHP session handler (session.session_handler= files) ● NFS to store the session data files (session.save_path= NFS folder) ● Pros: ▶ No changes on the PHP side ● Cons: ▶ Highly inefficient ▶ Not designed for high read/write ratio ▶ Performance problems and data corruptions
- 22. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using Database
- 23. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using DB ● Use the user PHP session handler (session.session_handler= user) ● Use the session_set_save_handler() to implement your db session handler ● Which db? ▶ MySQL http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.session-set-save-handler.php#81761 ▶ Ms SQL Server ● http://www.zimuel.it/blog/?p=402 ▶ PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc
- 24. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using DB (2) ● Pros: ▶ Solves the scalability limitation ▶ A lot of best practices available ▶ Wide installation base ▶ DB is (normally) available ● Cons: ▶ Sessions have almost 1:1 read/write ratio ▶ Connection overhead ▶ Single point of failure ▶ Performance bottleneck
- 25. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using Memcached
- 26. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using Memcached ● Use the memcached PHP session handler (session.session_handler= memcache) ● Pros: ▶ Native session handler ▶ Very fast (works in RAM) ▶ Can be clustered ● Cons: ▶ No persistent data (it's a caching system) ▶ Cyclic memory (data can be overwritten if the memory is full)
- 27. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using Redis
- 28. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. What is Redis? ● Redis is an open-source, networked, in-memory, persistent, journaled, key-value data store (NoSQL). ● It's similar to memcached but the dataset is not volatile ● Developed by: Salvatore Sanfilippo ● Sponsored by vmware ● http://code.google.com/p/redis/
- 29. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using Redis ● Different PHP extensions for Redis: ▶ Predis, http://github.com/nrk/predis/ ▶ Rediska, http://rediska.geometria-lab.net/ ▶ redis.php, http://github.com/antirez/redisdotphp ▶ PHPRedis!, http://github.com/owlient/phpredis ● Custom session handler for Redis: ▶ http://github.com/ivanstojic/redis-session-php
- 30. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using Redis (2) ● Pros: ▶ Fast (works in RAM) ▶ Reliable (master-slave replication) ● Cons: ▶ PHP Redis extensions are 0.x version ▶ Custom PHP session handler ▶ Not so scalable* (data are stored in RAM) ▶ No High Availability* (master-slave limitation) * but Redis developers are working on a Cluster version!
- 31. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing using Zend Server Cluster Manager
- 32. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. What is Zend Server and Cluster Manager? ● Zend Server is a complete, enterprise-ready Web Application Server for running and managing PHP applications that require a high level of reliability, performance and security on Linux, Windows or IBM i. ● Zend Server Cluster Manager (ZSCM) extends the benefits of Zend Server across large-scale PHP deployments. ● With ZSCM you can build a real PHP cluster stack.
- 33. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session sharing with ZSCM ● Session Clustering Extension ● Session Clustering Daemon (SCD) ● Storage backends: Disk / Memory ● Peer-to-peer protocol to communicate between nodes ● Session management with master-backup architecture
- 34. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Zend Server Cluster Manager architecture Load Balancer MySQL Firewall
- 35. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. High availability: session cluster
- 36. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. High availability: session cluster (2)
- 37. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Session cluster with ZSCM ● Pros: ▶ Very Fast ▶ Reliable (data are stored in master-backup servers) ▶ High Availability ▶ Scalable (session data are stored in all the nodes of the cluster) ▶ No changes to the PHP code ● Cons: ▶ You need Zend Server on each node of the cluster
- 38. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Questions?
- 39. © All rightsreserved. Zend Technologies, Inc. Thank you for attending! More info: http://www.zend.com http://phpconference.es