Data Structure using c language for beginners

Data Structure using c language for beginners

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  **A PRESENTATION ** **ON ** ** DATA STRUCTURES** **Submitted By: **Vinay Saurabh **17BTCSE34
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  Contents  Introduction  Classification Operations on Data Structures  Algorithms and Strategies of Data Structures 1. Primitive Data Structures 2. Non-Primitive Data Structures 3. Arrays 4. Files 5. Lists 6. Stacks 7. Queues 8. Trees 9. Graphs 2
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  Introduction Data  It isan entity, piece of information that is a fact. Information  Instruction + Data Data Structure  It is a way of organizing data that considers not only the items stored but also the relationship of each data. 3
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  Classification 4
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  Operations on DataStructures  Searching- Finding the location of data within the data structure which satisfy the searching condition or the criteria.  Sorting- Arranging the data in some logical order in numerically increasing or decreasing order or alphabetically.  Insertion- Adding a new data item in the data structure whether at the beginning, end or at some given location.  Deletion- Removing a data item from the data structure whether from the beginning, end or from a location specified.  Merging- Combining the data of two different sorted files into a single sorted file.  Traversing- Accessing each data exactly once in the data structure so that each data item is visited at least once. 5
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  Algorithm And Strategies Criteria Input: Zero or more quantities that are externally supplied  Output: At least one quantity is produced  Definiteness: Clear and unambiguous  Finiteness: Terminate after a finite number of steps  Effectiveness: Instruction is basic enough to be carried out Types of Algorithm Strategies  Greedy  Divide and Conquer  Dynamic Programming  Exhaustive Search 6 An algorithm is a finite set of instructions that accomplishes a particular task.
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  Primitive Data Structures The primitive data structures are known as basic data structures. These data structures are directly operated upon by the machine instructions. Normally, primitive data structures have different representation on different computers.  These are of Four types: - 1. Integers- They are signed or unsigned whole numbers with the specified range such as 5, 39, -1917, 0 etc. They have no fractional parts. They are either +ve or –ve . 2. Float- It can hold a real number or a number having a fractional part like 3.112 or 588.001 etc. The decimal point signals that it is a floating point number, not an integer. The number 15 is an integer but 15.0 is a floating point number. 3. Character- It can store any member of the basic character set. If a character from this set is stored in a character variable, its value is equivalent to the integer code of that character basically known as ASCII code. It can hold one letter/symbol like a, B, d etc. Characters can also be of different types. 4. Pointer- It is but a variable-like name points or represents a storage location in memory ( RAM ). 7
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  Arrays  An arrayis a homogeneous collection of data items stored at contiguous memory locations.  One Dimensional Array Single sub-scripted variables are known as a one-dimensional array or linear array  Two Dimensional Array Two sub-scripted variables are referred as a two-dimensional array. 8
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  Files  Files containdata or information, stored permanently in the secondary storage device such as Hard Disk and Floppy Disk.  It is useful when we have to store and process a large amount of data.  A file stored in a storage device is always identified using a file name like HELLO.DAT or TEXTNAME.TXT and so on.  A file name normally contains a primary and a secondary name which is separated by a dot(.). 9
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  Lists  A listis a collection of a variable number of data items.  Lists fall in the non-primitive type of data structure in the classification of data structure.  Every element on a list contains at least two fields, one is used to store data and the other one is used for storing the address of next element.  Linear Linked list 10
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  Stacks  Like arrays,a stack is also defined as an ordered collection of elements.  The stack is also known as Last In First Out (LIFO) type of data structure because we can delete and insert elements from only one end, referred as TOP of the stack.  Insertion in a stack is called Push and  Deletion of elements from the stack is known as Pop.  We can implement a stack using 2 ways: 1. Static implementation (using arrays) 2. Dynamic implementation (using pointers) 11
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  Queues  Queues arealso non-primitive linear data structure.  But unlike stacks, queues are the First In First Out (FIFO) type of data structures.  We can insert an element in a queue from the REAR end  But we have to remove an element from the FRONT end only.  We can also implement queues using 2 ways : 1. Using arrays 2. Using pointers 12
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  Trees  Tree containa finite set of data items referred as nodes. We can represent a hierarchical relationship between the data elements using trees. A Tree has the following characteristics :  The top item in a hierarchy of a tree is referred as the root of the tree.  The remaining data elements are partitioned into a number of mutually exclusive subsets and they itself form a tree and are known as the subtree.  Unlike natural trees, trees in the data structure always grow in length towards the bottom. 13 Sub Tree
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  Graphs  Graph fallsin the non-primitive non-linear type of data structure in the classification of data structure.  Graphs are capable of representing different types of physical structures.  Apart from computer science, they are used widely in the fields of Geography, Chemistry & Engineering Sciences.  A graph is usually a combination of the set of vertices V and set of edges E.  The different types of Graphs are : 1. Directed Graph 4. Non-connected Graph 2. Non-directed Graph 5. Simple Graph 3. Connected Graph 6. Multi Graph 14