Download to read offline
Uploaded byPooja Nanda
Computer Basics Final.ppt
A computer is an electronic device that operates under instructions stored in its memory to perform tasks. It has advantages like speed, memory, and storage but also disadvantages such as inability to think independently and potential health risks. There are different types of computers ranging from personal computers for individuals to supercomputers that process extremely large amounts of data. A computer consists of both hardware and software - hardware refers to the physical components while software refers to programs and applications. Key hardware components include the CPU, memory, storage devices, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers. Software includes operating systems and applications.
Computer Basics Final.ppt
- 1.
- 2. THE COMPUTER What isa Computer? A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory
- 3.
- 4. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OFCOMPUTERS Advantages Disadvantages Speed Cannot think on its own Memory Cannot correct wrong Instructions Storage Health Risks Reliability and accuracy Expensive
- 5.
- 6. FILE & FOLDER Foldersact as containers for files and sometimes other folders, they are treated as storage spaces, and are used for organizational purposes. A file, on the other hand, is a unit of saved data, such as text or program code. There are many different types of file, examples can include a word document, an audio song track, or a photo-editing program.
- 7. Difference Between File& Folder 1.Folders act as containers for files and other folders, but files can't contain files or folders. Files are storage units for data, they can take many forms, including text documents, audio tracks, movie clips, and computer programs. 2.You can create new folders or sub-folders within a folder, but you cannot create a new folder within a file. 3.Folders essentially take up zero space on the computer. Files can take up anything from a few bytes to many gigabytes. 4.Folders are typically represented by a Manila folder icon. File icons vary according to the type of file. 5. Folders don't have file extensions, but files do. (File extensions are the group of letters after a period in a file name, indicating the format of the file, such as ".doc", ".pdf", ".mp3" and ".txt").
- 8. TYPES OF MEMORIES Computermemory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. • Memory is primarily of two types • Internal Memory - cache memory and primary/main memory • External Memory - magnetic disk / optical disk etc.
- 9. • Memory – Volatile •RAM – SRAM – DRAM – Non volatile • Difference between RAM and ROM • Storage devices – Hard disk – Floppy disk – Magnetic Disk – Optical • CD-ROM • CD-Recordable (CD-R) • CD-R/W • DVD – Magnetic Tape
- 11. VOLATILE MEMORY • Italso known as volatile storage & temporary memory. • Volatile memory retains the information as long as power supply is on, but when power supply is off or interrupted the stored memory is lost. • Eg : RAM
- 12. NON – VOLATILEMEMORY • Non-volatile memory is typically used for the task of secondary storage, or long- term persistent storage • Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory flash memory and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.
- 13. RAM – RANDOMACCESS MEMORY • A RAM constitutes the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result • It is read/write memory. It is called random access memory (RAM). • RAM is of two types: – Static RAM (SRAM) – Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
- 14. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM& ROM RAM ROM VOLATILE MEMORY NON VOLATILE Data in ram is not permanently written when power off, data deleted Permanently, not erased Ram: DRAM & SRAM ROM: PROM & EPROM It requires flow of electricity to retain data It does not requires electricity to retain data Ram is the memory available for the operating system programs and process to use when the computer is running Rom is the memory that comes with your computer that is pre- written to hold the instructions for booting up the computer
- 15. Desktop – PC,iMac Notebook – Laptop Workstation Personal Digital Assistant TYPES OF COMPUTERS COMPUTERS FOR INDIVIDUALS
- 16. TYPES OF COMPUTERS •SUPERCOMPUTERS...ARE USED TO PROCESS VERY LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION INCLUDING PROCESSING INFORMATION TO PREDICT HURRICANES, SATELLITE IMAGES AND NAVIGATION, AND PROCESS MILITARY WAR SCENARIOS. • MAINFRAMES...ARE USED BY GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESSES TO PROCESS VERY LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION. • MINI-COMPUTERS...ARE SIMILAR TO MAINFRAMES...THEY ARE USED BY BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT TO PROCESS LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION. • PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PC)…
- 17. TYPES OF COMPUTERS •PERSONAL COMPUTERS (CONTINUED) PERSONAL COMPUTERS...ALSO KNOWN AS PC’S...ARE SMALLER AND LESS POWERFUL THAN THE OTHERS. THEY ARE USED IN HOMES, SCHOOLS, AND SMALL BUSINESSES.
- 18. TYPES OF COMPUTERS THEREARE 3 MAIN TYPES OF PCS • DESKTOP • PORTABLE (NOTEBOOK/LAPTOP) • HAND-HELD
- 19. PARTS OF ACOMPUTER • THERE ARE TWO BASIC PARTS THAT MAKE UP A COMPUTER... Hardware Software
- 20. FIRMWARE LIVEWARE Firmware is likeprewritten program that is permanently stored in read-only memory. BIOS ( Basic Input Output Services ) instructions are an example of firmware. It is the term generally used for the people associated with and benefited from the computer system.
- 21. HARDWARE • HARDWARE ISBASICALLY ANYTHING THAT YOU CAN TOUCH WITH YOUR FINGERS. Computer Case CPU (central processing unit...Pentium chip) Monitor Keyboard & Mouse Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Hard Drive Memory (RAM) Speakers Printer
- 22. HARDWARE (CONTINUED) • THEREARE THREE TYPES/CATEGORIES OF HARDWARE 1. Input Devices 2. Output Devices 3. Storage Devices
- 23. INPUT DEVICES • INPUTBASICALLY MEANS GETTING DATA INTO THE COMPUTER TO BE PROCESSED. Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Touch Pad Light Pen, Laser Scanner, Pointing Stick Touch Screen, Bar Code Reader, Scanner Microphone, Joystick
- 24. INPUT DEVICES © 2005Prentice-Hall, Inc. Keyboard Mouse – pointing device Microphone – speech-recognition Digital Cameras
- 25. KEYBOARD/MOUSE • EACH KEY(OR COMBINATION OF KEYS) OF THE KEYBOARD SENDS A CODE TO THE COMPUTER. • THE CODE IS INTERPRETED AND CONVERTED TO THE CORRESPONDING ASCII OR UNICODE NUMBER. • THE MOUSE MOVEMENT • 1 TO 4 BYTES (VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL) • BUTTONS • CLICKED, PRESSED, ROLLED b
- 26. OUTPUT DEVICES • OUTPUTBASICALLY MEANS GETTING DATA OUT OF THE COMPUTER. Monitor Printer Speakers Headphones Modem Fax
- 27. OUTPUT DEVICES © 2005 Prentice-Hall,Inc. Slide 27 Monitor Printer Speakers
- 28. STORAGE DEVICES STORAGE DEVICESARE BOTH INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES IN ONE. A STORAGE DEVICE IS A PLACE TO KEEP DATA THAT HAS BEEN PROCESSED SO THAT IT CAN BE RETRIEVED AT A LATER TIME TO BE USED AGAIN. Hard Disk Floppy Disk CD’s, DVD’s Magnetic Tape Flash Memory, Jump Drive
- 29. STORAGE DEVICES © 2005 Prentice-Hall,Inc. Slide 29 Hard Drive Floppy Disk Drive Zip Drive CD/DVD Drive Jaz Drive Tape Drive Micro Drive
- 30.
- 31.
- 32. SOFTWARE • SOFTWARE ISTHE PROGRAMS AND APPLICATIONS THAT TELL THE COMPUTER WHAT TO DO AND HOW TO DO. • COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS WRITE THE CODES/INSTRUCTIONS THAT MAKE-UP SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS/PROGRAMS.
- 33. TYPES • SYSTEM SOFTWARE •OPERATING SYSTEM • APPLICATION SOFTWARE • MS OFFICE • TALLY • ADOBE • OUTLOOK
- 34. SOFTWARE LAYERS ROM Hardware Operating System UserInterface Software Files CPU, RAM, HD, DVD Word, Powerpoint, mail, web browser… Data (.doc, .mp3) BIOS Linux CLI, X-Windows Windows Windows MacOSX Firmware Quartz
- 35. TWO TYPES OFSOFTWARE • APPLICATION SOFTWARE • OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE
- 36. OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE •An operating system (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. • Directs all the activities and sets all the rules for how the hardware and software will work together. Examples would be: Dos, windows 95, 98, me, nt, xp, vista, windows 7 Unix, linux, MAC system OS 6,7,8,9,10
- 37. FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS •An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like : • File management • Memory management • Process management • Handling input and output • Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
- 38. • CUI (CHARACTERUSER INTERFACE) • GUI (GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE)
- 39. COMMAND LINE OPERATING SYSTEMS DOSIS AN EXAMPLE OF A COMMAND LINE OPERATING SYSTEM. ON THE NEXT SLIDE, NOTICE THAT THERE ARE NO: • ICONS (PICTURES) • COLORS • MOUSE POINTER • BUTTONS
- 41. OPERATING SYSTEMS: GUI •GUI STANDS FOR GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE Uses pictures (icons) to represent files, folders, disk drives, modems, printers, etc. GUI’s were created to make using a computer easier, more interesting, non-threatening to inexperienced users. A mouse allows users to point at something and click to make it work. With command line you have to have all of the commands to make your programs work. Here is an example of a GUI
- 43. APPLICATION SOFTWARE • Programsthat work with operating system software to help the computer to do specific types of work.
- 44. APPLICATION SOFTWARE Application software: •General purpose - A general purpose application, sometimes known as ‘off-the-shelf’ is the sort of software that you use at home and school. Examples include word processors, spreadsheets, databases, desktop publishing packages, graphics packages etc. • This type of software tries to be a ‘jack-of-all-trades’
- 45. APPLICATION SOFTWARES • Packagedsoftware - packaged software, also called a software package, is software that is often used together, performs similar functions, or includes similar features, and is bundled together as a set of software programs. • Microsoft office is packaged software, including multiple software programs used in a home or office, such as microsoft excel, microsoft word, and microsoft powerpoint.
- 46. APPLICATION SOFTWARE • Tailormadesoftware - custom software (also known as bespoke software or tailor-made software) is software that is specially developed for some specific organization or other user. • Gmail, microsoft outlook, etc. ... • Accounting software applications – sage, tally, xero, cashflow, etc.
- 47. FILE AND FOLDER •A file is the common storage unit in a computer, and all programs and data are "written" into a file and "read" from a file. • A folder holds one or more files, and a folder can be empty until it is filled. A folder can also contain other folders (subfolders). Folders provide a method for organizing files
- 48. FILE SYSTEMS • Methodthe OS uses to store information • Storage unit, directories, subdirectories (windows, VMS) • Single arborescence (linux, macosx, all unix) • What exactly is a file? • A piece of information (text, graphic, data, music program, script) • It is identified by a name and an logical address (or path) • Other informations: date, size, type, creator, ownership, physical address…
- 49. COMPILER INTERPRETER Interpreter Compiler Translatesprogram one statement at a time. Scans the entire program and translates it as a whole into machine code. It takes less amount of time to analyze the source code but the overall execution time is slower. It takes large amount of time to analyze the source code but the overall execution time is comparatively faster. Continues translating the program until the first error is met, in which case it stops. Hence debugging is easy. It generates the error message only after scanning the whole program. Hence debugging is comparatively hard. Programming language like Python, Ruby use interpreters. Programming language like C, C++ use compilers.
- 50. NETWORKS • A networkis a group of computers that share information and hardware. • The computers are connected together using copper phone wires, fiber optic cables, or radio waves. • Our computers are on a network here at school...Look under the table and see the blue wires that connect your computer to the network. • The internet is many networks around the world that are all connected together to make 1 huge network.