CCNA (R & S) Module 03 - Routing & Switching Essentials - Chapter 5

Presentation_ID 3© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure a Switch with Initial Settings Switch Boot Sequence 1. Power-on self test (POST). 2. Run boot loader software. 3. Boot loader performs low-level CPU initialization. 4. Boot loader initializes the flash file system. 5. Boot loader locates and loads a default IOS operating system software image into memory and passes control of the switch over to the IOS.

Presentation_ID 4© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure a Switch with Initial Settings Switch Boot Sequence (cont.) To find a suitable Cisco IOS image, the switch goes through the following steps: Step 1. It attempts to automatically boot by using information in the BOOT environment variable. Step 2. If this variable is not set, the switch performs a top-to-bottom search through the flash file system. It loads and executes the first executable file, if it can. Step 3. The IOS software then initializes the interfaces using the Cisco IOS commands found in the configuration file and startup configuration, which is stored in NVRAM. Note: The boot system command can be used to set the BOOT environment variable. Use the show boot command to see to what the current IOS boot file is set.

Presentation_ID 5© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure a Switch with Initial Settings Recovering From a System Crash  The boot loader can also be used to manage the switch if the IOS cannot be loaded.  The boot loader can be accessed through a console connection by: 1. Connecting a PC by console cable to the switch console port. Unplug the switch power cord. 2. Reconnecting the power cord to the switch and press and hold the Mode button. 3. The System LED turns briefly amber and then solid green. Release the Mode button.  The boot loader switch: prompt appears in the terminal emulation software on the PC.

Presentation_ID 6© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure a Switch with Initial Settings Switch LED Indicators  Each port on Cisco Catalyst switches have status LED indicator lights.  By default, these LED lights reflect port activity, but they can also provide other information about the switch through the Mode button.  The following modes are available on Cisco Catalyst 2960 switches: • System LED • Redundant Power System (RPS) LED • Port Status LED • Port Duplex LED • Port Speed LED • Power over Ethernet (PoE) Mode LED

Presentation_ID 7© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure a Switch with Initial Settings Preparing for Basic Switch Management To remotely manage a Cisco switch, it must be configured to access the network.  A console cable is used to connect a PC to the console port of a switch for configuration.  The IP information (address, subnet mask, gateway) is to be assigned to a switch virtual interface (SVI).  If managing the switch from a remote network, a default gateway must also be configured.  Although these IP settings allow remote management and remote access to the switch, they do not allow the switch to route Layer 3 packets.

Presentation_ID 13© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Switch Ports Auto-MDIX  Certain cable types (straight-through or crossover) were historically required when connecting devices.  The automatic medium-dependent interface crossover (auto-MDIX) feature eliminates this problem.  When auto-MDIX is enabled, the interface automatically detects and appropriately configures the connection.  When using auto-MDIX on an interface, the interface speed and duplex must be set to auto.

Presentation_ID 21© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Secure Remote Access SSH Operation  Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol that provides a secure (encrypted), command-line based connection to a remote device.  Because of strong encryption features, SSH should replace Telnet for management connections.  SSH uses TCP port 22, by default.  Telnet uses TCP port 23.  A version of the IOS software, including cryptographic (encrypted) features and capabilities, is required to enable SSH on Catalyst 2960 switches.

Presentation_ID 22© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Secure Remote Access Configuring SSH 1. Verify SHH Support – show ip ssh 2. Configure the IP domain. 3. Generate RSA key pairs. 4. Configure user authentication. 5. Configure the vty lines. 6. Enable SSH version 2.

Presentation_ID 26© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switch Port Security Port Security: Operation  The MAC addresses of legitimate devices are allowed access, while other MAC addresses are denied.  Any additional attempts to connect by unknown MAC addresses generate a security violation.  Secure MAC addresses can be configured in a number of ways:  Static secure MAC addresses – manually configured and added to running configuration - switchport port-security mac- address mac-address  Dynamic secure MAC addresses – removed when switch restarts  Sticky secure MAC addresses – added to running configuration and learned dynamically - switchport port-security mac-address sticky interface configuration mode command

Presentation_ID 27© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switch Port Security Port Security: Violation Modes  IOS considers a security violation when:  The maximum number of secure MAC addresses for that interface have been added to the CAM, and a station whose MAC address is not in the address table attempts to access the interface.  There are three possible actions to take when a violation is detected:  Protect – no notification received  Restrict – notification received of security violation  Shutdown  switchport port-security violation {protect | restrict |shutdown} interface configuration mode command

Presentation_ID 32© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switch Port Security Ports in Error Disabled State  A port security violation can put a switch in error disabled state.  A port in error disabled is effectively shutdown.  The switch communicates these events through console messages.

Presentation_ID 33© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switch Port Security Ports in Error Disabled State (cont.) The show interface command also reveals a switch port on error disabled state. A shutdown or no shutdown interface configuration mode command must be issued to re- enable the port.

Presentation_ID 35© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential  Cisco LAN switch boot sequence.  Cisco LAN switch LED modes.  How to remotely access and manage a Cisco LAN switch through a secure connection.  Cisco LAN switch port duplex modes.  Cisco LAN switch port security, violation modes, and actions.  Best practices for switched networks. Chapter Summary Summary

Presentation_ID 36© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential  When a Cisco LAN switch is first powered on it goes through the following boot sequence: 1. First, the switch loads a power-on self-test (POST) program stored in ROM. POST checks the CPU subsystem. It tests the CPU, DRAM, and the portion of the flash device that makes up the flash file system. 2. Next, the switch loads the boot loader software. The boot loader is a small program stored in ROM and is run immediately after POST successfully completes. 3. The boot loader performs low-level CPU initialization. It initializes the CPU registers, which control where physical memory is mapped, the quantity of memory, and its speed. 4. The boot loader initializes the flash file system on the system board. 5. Finally, the boot loader locates and loads a default IOS operating system software image into memory and gives control of the switch over to the IOS.  If the Cisco IOS files are missing or damaged, the boot loader program can be used to reload or recover from the problem.  The operational status of the switch is displayed by a series of LEDs on the front panel. These LEDs display such things as port status, duplex, and speed. Chapter Summary Summary

Presentation_ID 37© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential  An IP address is configured on the SVI of the management VLAN to allow for remote configuration of the device. A default gateway belonging to the management VLAN must be configured on the switch using the ip default-gateway command. If the default gateway is not properly configured, remote management is not possible.  It is recommended that Secure Shell (SSH) be used to provide a secure (encrypted) management connection to a remote device to prevent the sniffing of unencrypted user names and passwords, which is possible when using protocols such as Telnet.  One of the advantages of a switch is that it allows full-duplex communication between devices, effectively doubling the communication rate. Although it is possible to specify the speed and duplex settings of a switch interface, it is recommended that the switch be allowed to set these parameters automatically to avoid errors.  Port security is only one defense against network compromise. Chapter Summary Summary

CCNA (R & S) Module 03 - Routing & Switching Essentials - Chapter 5

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CCNA (R & S) Module 03 - Routing & Switching Essentials - Chapter 5