C - programming - Ankit Kumar Singh

C - programming - Ankit Kumar Singh

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  Department of ComputerApplication BCA Semester – 1 Group – 2 Roll No. – CACOM21007 – CACOM21012 2
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  C - PROGRAMMING Content:- 1. Overview of C 2. Operators & Expressions 3
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  Overview Of History ofLanguage C programming language was developed in 1972 at bell laboratories of AT&T(American Telephone & Telegraph), located in the U.S.A. Dennis Ritchie is known as the founder of the C language. 4
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  • ALGOL 1960 • BCPL 1967 •B 1970 • Traditional 1973 • C or C89 1989 • ISO C 1990 International Group Martin Richard Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie ANSI Committee ISO Committee Year Developed by Language 5
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  OPERATORS in C Operators (++ , -- ) ( + , - , * , / , % ) ( < , <= , > , >= , == , != ) ( && , || , ! ) ( &, | , ^ , << , >> , ~ ) ( = ,+= ,-= ,*= ,/= ,%= ) ?: Type Unary Operators Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Bitwise Operators Assignment Operators Ternary or Conditional Operators Binary Operators Unary Operators Ternary Operators 6
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  Arithmetic Operators These operatorsare used to perform arithmetic / mathematical operations on operands. Arithmetic operators are of two types: Unary Operators Operators that operate or work with a single operand are unary operators. For example: Increment(++) and Decrement(– –) Operators int val = 5; ++val; // 6 int val1 = 5; --val1; // 4 Binary Operators Operators that operate or work with two operands are binary operators. For example: Addition(+), Subtraction(-), multiplication(*), Division(/) operators int a = 7; int b = 2; printf(“%d”,a + b); // 9 printf(“%d”,a – b); // 5 Examples: (+, -, *, /, %,++,–). 7
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  8 // W orkingof arit hmet ic operat ors #include < st dio.h > int main( ) { int a = 9 ,b = 4 , c; c = a+ b ; printf ( "a+b = %d n",c) ; c = a - b; print f ( "a - b = %d n",c ) ; c = a*b; print f ( "a*b = %d n",c ) ; c = a/b; print f ( "a/b = %d n",c ) ; c = a%b ; print f ( "R emainder w hen a divided by b = %d n",c ) ; return 0; } a+b = 13 a-b = 5 a*b = 36 a/b = 2 Remainder when a divided by b=1 Output
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  Relational Operators These areused for the comparison of the values of two operands. For example : checking if one operand is equal to the other operand or not, an operand is greater than the other operand or not, etc. Some of the relational operators are (==, >= , <= , < , > ) int a = 3; int b = 5; a < b; // operator to check if a is smaller than b 9
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  10 // Working ofrelational operators #include < st dio.h > int main ( ) { int a = 5 , b = 5 , c = 1 0 ; print f ( "%d = = %d is %d n", a, b, a = = b) ; print f ( "%d = = %d is %d n", a, c, a = = c) ; print f ( "%d > %d is %d n", a, b, a > b) ; print f ( "%d > %d is %d n", a, c, a > c) ; print f ( "%d < %d is %d n", a, b, a < b) ; print f ( "%d < %d is %d n", a, c, a < c) ; printf ( "%d ! = %d is %d n", a, b, a != b) ; print f ( "%d ! = %d is %d n", a, c, a ! = c) ; print f ( "%d > = %d is %d n", a, b, a > = b); 5 == 5 is 1 5 == 10 is 0 5 > 5 is 0 5 > 10 is 0 5 < 5 is 0 5 < 10 is 1 5 != 5 is 0 5 != 10 is 1 5 >= 5 is 1 5 >= 10 is 0 5 <= 5 is 1 5 <= 10 is 1 Output
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  Logical Operators The resultof the operation of a logical operator is a Boolean value either true or false. For example : the logical AND represented as ‘&&’ operator in C returns true when both the conditions under consideration are satisfied. Otherwise, it returns false. Therefore, a && b returns true when both a and b are true. Logical operators are used to evaluate two or more conditions. (4 != 5) && (4 < 5); // true 11
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  12 / / Wo r k i n g o f l o g i c a l o p e r a t o r s # i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h > i n t m a i n ( ) { i n t a = 5 , b = 5 , c = 1 0 , r e s u l t ; r e s u l t = ( a = = b ) & & ( c > b ) ; p r i n t f ( " ( a = = b ) & & ( c > b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ; r e s u l t = ( a = = b ) & & ( c < b ) ; p r i n t f ( " ( a = = b ) & & ( c < b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ; r e s u l t = ( a = = b ) | | ( c < b ) ; p r i n t f ( " ( a = = b ) | | ( c < b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ; r e s u l t = ( a ! = b ) | | ( c < b ) ; p r i n t f ( " ( a ! = b ) | | ( c < b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ; r e s u l t = ! ( a ! = b ) ; p r i n t f ( " ! ( a ! = b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ; r e s u l t = ! ( a = = b ) ; p r i n t f ( " ! ( a = = b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ; r e t u r n 0 ; } (a == b) && (c > b) is 1 (a == b) && (c < b) is 0 (a == b) || (c < b) is 1 (a != b) || (c < b) is 0 !(a != b) is 1 !(a == b) is 0 Output
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  Bitwise Operators The operatorsare first converted to bit-level and then the calculation is performed on the operands. For example: the bitwise AND represented as & operator in C takes two numbers as operands and does AND on every bit of two numbers. The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are 1. The Bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations on the operands. The mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. can be performed at bit-level for faster processing. int a = 5, b = 9; // a = 5(00000101), b = 9(00001001) printf(“%d”,a ^ b); // 00001100 //Bitwise XOR printf(“%d”,~a); // 11111010 //Bitwise Complement 13
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  14 #include <stdio.h> int main() { inta = 12, b = 25; printf("Output = %d", a&b); return 0; } Output = 8 12 = 00001100 (In Binary) 25 = 00011001 (In Binary) Bit Operation of 12 and 25 00001100 & 00011001 ________ 00001000 = 8 (In decimal) Bitwise AND Bitwise OR #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 12, b = 25; printf("Output = %d", a|b); return 0; } 12 = 00001100 (In Binary) 25 = 00011001 (In Binary) Bitwise OR Operation of 12 and 25 00001100 | 00011001 ________ 00011101 = 29 (In decimal) Output = 29
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  Assignment Operators Assignment operatorsare used to assigning value to a variable. “=” : This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. Different types of assignment operators are shown below: “+=”:This operator first adds the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. a = 10; b = 20; ch = 'y'; For example: For example: (a += b) can be written as (a = a + b) A. B. 15
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  “-=”: This operatorfirst subtracts the value on the right from the current value of the variable on left and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. “*=”: This operator first multiplies the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. For example: For example: (a *= b) can be written as (a = a * b) C. D. (a -= b) can be written as (a = a - b) E. “/=”: This operator first divides the current value of the variable on left by the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. For example: (a /= b) can be written as (a = a / b) 16
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  17 // W orkingof assignment operat ors #include < st dio.h > int main ( ) { int a = 5 , c; c = a; // c is 5 print f ( "c = %d n", c) ; c + = a; // c is 10 print f ( "c = %d n", c) ; c - = a; // c is 5 print f ( "c = %d n", c) ; c *= a; // c is 2 5 print f ( "c = %d n", c) ; c /= a; // c is 5 printf ( "c = %d n", c); c %= a; // c = 0 print f ( "c = %d n", c) ; ret urn 0 ; } c = 5 c = 10 c = 5 c = 25 c = 5 c = 0 Output
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  Operators Precedence 18 At first,the expressions within parenthesis are evaluated. If no parenthesis is present, then the arithmetic expression is evaluated from left to right. There are two priority levels of operators in C. High priority : * / % Low priority : + -
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  19 #include <stdio.h> int main() { inta = 20; int b = 10; int c = 15; int d = 5; int e; e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5 printf("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : %dn", e ); e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5 printf("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : %dn" , e ); e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5) printf("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : %dn", e ); e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5) printf("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : %dn" , e ); Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90 Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90 Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90 Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50 Output
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  20 Presented By: ( 0712)