PostgreSQL 语法

默认情况下 PostgreSQL 安装完成后，自带了一个命令行工具 SQL Shell(psql)。

Linux 系统可以直接切换到 postgres 用户来开启命令行工具：

# sudo -i -u postgres

Windows 系统一般在它的安装目录下：

Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)

Mac OS 我们直接搜索就可以了找到：

进入命令行工具，我们可以使用 \help 来查看各个命令的语法 ：

postgres-# \help <command_name>

例如，我们查看下 select 语句的语法：

postgres=# \help SELECT Command: SELECT Description: retrieve rows from a table or view Syntax: [ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ] SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] [ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ] [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ] [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ] [ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ] from_item 可以是以下选项之一： [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]

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SQL 语句

一个 SQL 语句通常包含了关键字、标识符（字段）、常量、特殊符号等，下面是一个简单的 SQL 语句：

SELECT id, name FROM runoob

	SELECT	id, name	FROM	runoob
符号类型	关键字	标识符（字段）	关键字	标识符
描述	命令	id 和 name 字段	语句，用于设置条件规则等	表名

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PostgreSQL 命令

ABORT

ABORT 用于退出当前事务。

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE

修改一个聚集函数的定义 。

ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_ ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_ ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER COLLATION

修改一个排序规则定义 。

ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_ ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_ ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER CONVERSION

修改一个编码转换的定义。

 ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER DATABASE

修改一个数据库。

 ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT } ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES

定义默认的访问权限。

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ] [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ] abbreviated_grant_or_revoke where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of: GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLES TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] ...

ALTER DOMAIN

修改一个域的定义。

 ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT } ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER FUNCTION

修改一个函数的定义。

 ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER GROUP

修改一个用户组。

 ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ] ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ] ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name 

ALTER INDEX

修改一个索引的定义。

 ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name 

ALTER LANGUAGE

修改一个过程语言的定义。

 ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name 

ALTER OPERATOR

改变一个操作符的定义。

 ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } ) OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS

修改一个操作符表的定义。

 ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER SCHEMA

修改一个模式的定义。

 ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER SEQUENCE

修改一个序列生成器的定义。

 ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ] [ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ] [ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ] 

ALTER TABLE

修改表的定义。

 ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] action [, ... ] ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column ALTER TABLE name RENAME TO new_name 

其中 action 可以是以选项之一：

 ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ] DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ] ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN } ADD table_constraint DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] CLUSTER ON index_name SET WITHOUT CLUSTER SET WITHOUT OIDS OWNER TO new_owner SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name 

ALTER TABLESPACE

修改一个表空间的定义。

 ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER TRIGGER

修改改变一个触发器的定义 。

 ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name 

ALTER TYPE

修改一个类型的定义 。

 ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner 

ALTER USER

修改数据库用户帐号 。

 ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT } ALTER USER name RESET parameter 

Where option can be −

 [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | VALID UNTIL 'abstime' 

ANALYZE

收集与数据库有关的统计。

 ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ] 

BEGIN

开始一个事务块。

 BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ] 

transaction_mode 可以是以下选项之一：

 ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY 

CHECKPOINT

强制一个事务日志检查点 。

 CHECKPOINT 

CLOSE

关闭游标。

 CLOSE name 

CLUSTER

根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序。

 CLUSTER index_name ON table_name CLUSTER table_name CLUSTER 

COMMENT

定义或者改变一个对象的注释。

 COMMENT ON { TABLE object_name | COLUMN table_name.column_name | AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) | CAST (source_type AS target_type) | CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name | CONVERSION object_name | DATABASE object_name | DOMAIN object_name | FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) | INDEX object_name | LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid | OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) | OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method | [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name | RULE rule_name ON table_name | SCHEMA object_name | SEQUENCE object_name | TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name | TYPE object_name | VIEW object_name } IS 'text' 

COMMIT

提交当前事务。

 COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] 

COPY

在表和文件之间拷贝数据。

 COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ] FROM { 'filename' | STDIN } [ WITH ] [ BINARY ] [ OIDS ] [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ] [ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ] [ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ] [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ] [ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ] COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ] TO { 'filename' | STDOUT } [ [ WITH ] [ BINARY ] [ OIDS ] [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ] [ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ] [ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ] [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ] [ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ] 

CREATE AGGREGATE

定义一个新的聚集函数。

 CREATE AGGREGATE name ( BASETYPE = input_data_type, SFUNC = sfunc, STYPE = state_data_type [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ] [, INITCOND = initial_condition ] ) 

CREATE CAST

定义一个用户定义的转换。

 CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types) [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ] CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITHOUT FUNCTION [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ] 

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER

定义一个新的约束触发器 。

 CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name AFTER events ON table_name constraint attributes FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args ) 

CREATE CONVERSION

定义一个新的的编码转换。

 CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name 

CREATE DATABASE

创建新数据库。

 CREATE DATABASE name [ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ] [ TEMPLATE [=] template ] [ ENCODING [=] encoding ] [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ] 

CREATE DOMAIN

定义一个新域。

 CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type [ DEFAULT expression ] [ constraint [ ... ] ] 

constraint 可以是以下选项之一：

 [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) } 

CREATE FUNCTION

定义一个新函数。

 CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] ) RETURNS ret_type { LANGUAGE lang_name | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER | AS 'definition' | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol' } ... [ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ] 

CREATE GROUP

定义一个新的用户组。

 CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] Where option can be: SYSID gid | USER username [, ...] 

CREATE INDEX

定义一个新索引。

 CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ] ( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] ) [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [ WHERE predicate ] 

CREATE LANGUAGE

定义一种新的过程语言。

 CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ] 

CREATE OPERATOR

定义一个新的操作符。

 CREATE OPERATOR name ( PROCEDURE = func_name [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ] [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ] [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ] [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ] [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ] [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ] ) 

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS

定义一个新的操作符表。

 CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type USING index_method AS { OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ] | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] ) | STORAGE storage_type } [, ... ] 

CREATE ROLE

定义一个新的数据库角色。

CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ] where `_option_` can be: SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE ...

CREATE RULE

定义一个新重写规则。

 CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event TO table [ WHERE condition ] DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) } 

CREATE SCHEMA

定义一个新模式。

 CREATE SCHEMA schema_name [ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ] CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username [ schema_element [ ... ] ] 

CREATE SERVER

定义一个新的外部服务器。。

CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ] FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_ [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]

CREATE SEQUENCE

定义一个新序列发生器。

 CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ] [ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ] [ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ] 

CREATE TABLE

定义一个新表。

 CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ] | table_constraint | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] } [, ... ] ) [ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ] [ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ] [ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ] [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] 

column_constraint 可以是以下选项之一：

 [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { NOT NULL | NULL | UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | CHECK (expression) | REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ] [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ] [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] } [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ] 

table_constraint 可以是以下选项之一：

 [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | CHECK ( expression ) | FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ] [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ] [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] } [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ] 

CREATE TABLE AS

从一条查询的结果中定义一个新表。

 CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name [ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ] AS query 

CREATE TABLESPACE

定义一个新的表空间。

 CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory' 

CREATE TRIGGER

定义一个新的触发器。

 CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] } ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ] EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments ) 

CREATE TYPE

定义一个新的数据类型。

 CREATE TYPE name AS ( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] ) CREATE TYPE name ( INPUT = input_function, OUTPUT = output_function [, RECEIVE = receive_function ] [, SEND = send_function ] [, ANALYZE = analyze_function ] [, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ] [, PASSEDBYVALUE ] [, ALIGNMENT = alignment ] [, STORAGE = storage ] [, DEFAULT = default ] [, ELEMENT = element ] [, DELIMITER = delimiter ] ) 

CREATE USER

创建一个新的数据库用户帐户。

 CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] 

option 可以是以下选项之一：

 SYSID uid | [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | IN GROUP group_name [, ...] | VALID UNTIL 'abs_time' 

CREATE VIEW

定义一个视图。

 CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query 

DEALLOCATE

删除一个准备好的查询。

 DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name 

DECLARE

定义一个游标。

 DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query [ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ] 

DELETE

删除一个表中的行。

 DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ] 

DROP AGGREGATE

删除一个用户定义的聚集函数。

 DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP CAST

删除一个用户定义的类型转换。

 DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP CONVERSION

删除一个用户定义的编码转换。

 DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP DATABASE

删除一个数据库。

 DROP DATABASE name 

DROP DOMAIN

删除一个用户定义的域。

 DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP FUNCTION

删除一个函数。

 DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP GROUP

删除一个用户组。

 DROP GROUP name 

DROP INDEX

删除一个索引。

 DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP LANGUAGE

删除一个过程语言。

 DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP OPERATOR

删除一个操作符。

 DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP OPERATOR CLASS

删除一个操作符表。

 DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP ROLE

删除一个数据库角色。

DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]

DROP RULE

删除一个重写规则。

 DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP SCHEMA

删除一个模式。

 DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP SEQUENCE

删除一个序列。

 DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP TABLE

删除一个表。

 DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP TABLESPACE

删除一个表空间。

 DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name 

DROP TRIGGER

删除一个触发器定义。

 DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP TYPE

删除一个用户定义数据类型。

 DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

DROP USER

删除一个数据库用户帐号。

 DROP USER name 

DROP VIEW

删除一个视图。

 DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

END

提交当前的事务。

 END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] 

EXECUTE

执行一个准备好的查询。

 EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ] 

EXPLAIN

显示一个语句的执行规划。

 EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement 

FETCH

用游标从查询中抓取行。

 FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name 

direction 可以是以下选项之一：

 NEXT PRIOR FIRST LAST ABSOLUTE count RELATIVE count count ALL FORWARD FORWARD count FORWARD ALL BACKWARD BACKWARD count BACKWARD ALL 

GRANT

定义访问权限。

 GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON DATABASE db_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] 

INSERT

在表中创建新行，即插入数据。

 INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ] { DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query } 

LISTEN

监听一个通知。

 LISTEN name 

LOAD

加载或重载一个共享库文件。

 LOAD 'filename' 

LOCK

锁定一个表。

 LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ] 

lock_mode 可以是以下选项之一：

 ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE | SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE 

MOVE

定位一个游标。

 MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name 

NOTIFY

生成一个通知。

 NOTIFY name 

PREPARE

创建一个准备好的查询。

 PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement 

REINDEX

重建索引。

 REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ] 

RELEASE SAVEPOINT

删除一个前面定义的保存点。

 RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name 

RESET

把一个运行时参数值恢复为默认值。

 RESET name RESET ALL 

REVOKE

删除访问权限。

 REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON DATABASE db_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] 

ROLLBACK

退出当前事务。

 ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] 

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

回滚到一个保存点。

 ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name 

SAVEPOINT

在当前事务里定义一个新的保存点。

 SAVEPOINT savepoint_name 

SELECT

从表或视图中取出若干行。

 SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] * | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...] [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start ] [ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ] 

from_item 可以是以下选项：

 [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ] ( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ] function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] ) from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ] 

SELECT INTO

从一个查询的结果中定义一个新表。

 SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] * | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...] INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start ] [ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ] 

SET

修改运行时参数。

 SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT } SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT } 

SET CONSTRAINTS

设置当前事务的约束检查模式。

 SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE } 

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

为当前会话设置会话用户标识符和当前用户标识符。

 SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION 

SET TRANSACTION

开始一个事务块。

 SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...] SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...] 

Where transaction_mode is one of −

 ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY 

SHOW

显示运行时参数的值。

 SHOW name SHOW ALL 

START TRANSACTION

开始一个事务块。

 START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ] 

transaction_mode 可以是下面的选项之一：

 ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY 

TRUNCATE

清空一个或一组表。

 TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name 

UNLISTEN

停止监听通知信息。

 UNLISTEN { name | * } 

UPDATE

更新一个表中的行。

 UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] [ FROM from_list ] [ WHERE condition ] 

VACUUM

垃圾收集以及可选地分析一个数据库。

 VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ] VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ] 

VALUES

计算一个或一组行。

VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...] [ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ] [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ] [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]

更多内容可以参考手册中的 SQL 语法：http://www.runoob.com/manual/PostgreSQL/sql-syntax.html。