I have a website in Arabic, and the website was displaying unreadable characters like رسائل. I managed to fix the issue by changing the settings in MariaDB 10.6.19.
character_set_client utf8mb4 character_set_connection utf8mb4 character_set_database latin1 character_set_filesystem binary character_set_results utf8mb4 character_set_server latin1 character_set_system utf8mb3 character_sets_dir /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ Now, the problem is that I cannot read the database in phpMyAdmin, as the Arabic text still appears as garbled characters.