C++ 策略模式讲解和代码示例
策略是一种行为设计模式， 它将一组行为转换为对象， 并使其在原始上下文对象内部能够相互替换。
原始对象被称为上下文， 它包含指向策略对象的引用并将执行行为的任务分派给策略对象。 为了改变上下文完成其工作的方式， 其他对象可以使用另一个对象来替换当前链接的策略对象。
复杂度：
流行度：
使用示例： 策略模式在 C++ 代码中很常见。 它经常在各种框架中使用， 能在不扩展类的情况下向用户提供改变其行为的方式。
识别方法： 策略模式可以通过允许嵌套对象完成实际工作的方法以及允许将该对象替换为不同对象的设置器来识别。
概念示例
本例说明了策略设计模式的结构并重点回答了下面的问题：
- 它由哪些类组成？
- 这些类扮演了哪些角色？
- 模式中的各个元素会以何种方式相互关联？
main.cc: 概念示例
/** * The Strategy interface declares operations common to all supported versions * of some algorithm. * * The Context uses this interface to call the algorithm defined by Concrete * Strategies. */ class Strategy { public: virtual ~Strategy() = default; virtual std::string doAlgorithm(std::string_view data) const = 0; }; /** * The Context defines the interface of interest to clients. */ class Context { /** * @var Strategy The Context maintains a reference to one of the Strategy * objects. The Context does not know the concrete class of a strategy. It * should work with all strategies via the Strategy interface. */ private: std::unique_ptr<Strategy> strategy_; /** * Usually, the Context accepts a strategy through the constructor, but also * provides a setter to change it at runtime. */ public: explicit Context(std::unique_ptr<Strategy> &&strategy = {}) : strategy_(std::move(strategy)) { } /** * Usually, the Context allows replacing a Strategy object at runtime. */ void set_strategy(std::unique_ptr<Strategy> &&strategy) { strategy_ = std::move(strategy); } /** * The Context delegates some work to the Strategy object instead of * implementing +multiple versions of the algorithm on its own. */ void doSomeBusinessLogic() const { if (strategy_) { std::cout << "Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it)\n"; std::string result = strategy_->doAlgorithm("aecbd"); std::cout << result << "\n"; } else { std::cout << "Context: Strategy isn't set\n"; } } }; /** * Concrete Strategies implement the algorithm while following the base Strategy * interface. The interface makes them interchangeable in the Context. */ class ConcreteStrategyA : public Strategy { public: std::string doAlgorithm(std::string_view data) const override { std::string result(data); std::sort(std::begin(result), std::end(result)); return result; } }; class ConcreteStrategyB : public Strategy { std::string doAlgorithm(std::string_view data) const override { std::string result(data); std::sort(std::begin(result), std::end(result), std::greater<>()); return result; } }; /** * The client code picks a concrete strategy and passes it to the context. The * client should be aware of the differences between strategies in order to make * the right choice. */ void clientCode() { Context context(std::make_unique<ConcreteStrategyA>()); std::cout << "Client: Strategy is set to normal sorting.\n"; context.doSomeBusinessLogic(); std::cout << "\n"; std::cout << "Client: Strategy is set to reverse sorting.\n"; context.set_strategy(std::make_unique<ConcreteStrategyB>()); context.doSomeBusinessLogic(); } int main() { clientCode(); return 0; } Output.txt: 执行结果
Client: Strategy is set to normal sorting. Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it) abcde Client: Strategy is set to reverse sorting. Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it) edcba 
