if, elif, else - Conditional Execution

if condition1: # code to execute if condition1 is true elif condition2: # code to execute if condition2 is true (and condition1 was false) else: # code to execute if all preceding conditions are false

for loop with else - Iteration with Completion Check

Iterates over a sequence (like a list, tuple, string, or range). The else block is executed only if the loop completes without encountering a break statement.

Syntax:

for item in iterable: # code to execute for each item  # if condition_to_break:  # break # Exits the loop and skips the else block else: # code to execute if the loop completes normally (without a 'break')

while loop - Repetitive Execution

while condition: # code to execute repeatedly as long as condition is true  # Make sure to break or make the condition false to avoid an infinite loop

4match statement (Python 3.10+) - Structural Pattern Matching

Allows you to compare a value (the “subject”) against several possible patterns. It’s a more powerful and readable alternative to multiple elif statements for specific comparison scenarios.

match subject: case pattern1: # code to execute if subject matches pattern1  case pattern2: # code to execute if subject matches pattern2  case _: # The "wildcard" pattern, similar to 'else'  # code to execute if no other pattern matches

e.g.

status_code = 200 match status_code: case 200: print("Foo: Success (OK)") case 404: print("Bar: Not Found") case 500: print("Baz: Internal Server Error") case _: print("Unknown status code") 
day = 4 match day: case 1: print("Monday") case 2: print("Tuesday") case 3: print("Wednesday") case 4: print("Thursday") case 5: print("Friday") case 6: print("Saturday") case 7: print("Sunday")

Using an expression:

day = 4 match day: case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5: print("Today is a weekday") case 6 | 7: print("I love weekends!") 
month = 5 day = 4 match day: case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 if month == 4: print("A weekday in April") case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 if month == 5: print("A weekday in May") case _: print("No match")