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Let $(M,g)$ be a globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifold and $(E,\nabla)$ be some smooth vector bundle over $M$ equipped with a connection. Consider a generalised d'Alembertian, that is, a second order linear differential operator $$D:\Gamma^{\infty}(E)\to\Gamma^{\infty}(E)$$ that up to a zero-order term coincides with the connection d'Alembertian $\mathrm{tr}_{g}(\nabla^{2})$. Now, given a spacelike Cauchy surface $\Sigma$ with normal vector field $\nu$, it is a well-known fact that the Cauchy problem $$\begin{cases}Du&=s\\u\vert_{\Sigma}&=u_{0}\\\nabla_{\nu}u\vert_{\Sigma}&=u_{1}\end{cases}$$ is well-posed for a given set of Cauchy data $(s,u_{0},u_{1})\in\Gamma^{\infty}(E)\times\Gamma(E\vert_{\Sigma})\times\Gamma(E\vert_{\Sigma})$. Furthermore, it enjoys the finite-speed-of-propagation property, i.e. $$\mathrm{supp}(u)\subset \mathcal{J}(\mathrm{supp}(s)\cup\mathrm{supp}(u_{0})\cup\mathrm{supp}(u_{1}))\tag{1}$$

Now, I stumbled over the paper (arXiv:1310.0738 [math-ph]), in which the author proves a stronger statement for a different class of hyperbolic operators, namely for symmetric hyperbolic systems, which are differential operators of first order. In this case, the author proves in Corollary 5.4 that a symmetric hyperbolic system $S:\Gamma^{\infty}(E)\to\Gamma^{\infty}(E)$ enjoys the property $$\mathrm{supp}(u)\cap \mathcal{J}^{\pm}(\Sigma)\subset \mathcal{J}^{\pm}((\mathrm{supp}(Su)\cap \mathcal{J}^{\pm}(\Sigma))\cup\mathrm{supp}(u_{0}))\tag{2}$$ where $u_{0}:=u\vert_{\Sigma_{0}}$. In fact, he uses this equality to show that also $S$ has a similar finite-speed-of-propagation property as the wave operators, i.e. $$\mathrm{supp}(u)\subset \mathcal{J}(\mathrm{supp}(Su)\cup\mathrm{supp}(u_{0}))\tag{3}$$ Now, it is important to stress that (2) is a way stronger statement than (3).

Example: Take trivial intitial datum, i.e. $u_{0}=0$, and a source $s$ that is compactly supported somewhere in the future of $\Sigma$ (but not intersecting $\Sigma$), then by (2), I can conclude that $$\mathrm{supp}(u)\subset \mathcal{J}^{+}(\mathrm{supp}(s)).$$ In particular, I can conclude that $u$ has past compact support and vanishes on $\mathcal{J}^{-}(\Sigma)$. With (3), I cannot conclude that, because it just tells me that $\mathrm{supp}(u)\subset \mathcal{J}(\mathrm{supp}(s))$.

So, this leads me to the following question:

Question: Similarly to the situation for symmetric hyperbolic systems, can the finite-speed-of-propagation statement for d'Alembertians (1) be strengthened to $$\mathrm{supp}(u)\cap \mathcal{J}^{\pm}(\Sigma)\subset \mathcal{J}^{\pm}((\mathrm{supp}(s)\cap \mathcal{J}^{\pm}(\Sigma))\cup\mathrm{supp}(u_{0})\cup\mathrm{supp}(u_{1}))\quad ?$$

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    $\begingroup$ The answer to your question is affirmative by standard local energy estimates, which are proven for your so-called "generalized d'Alembertians" (more generally called nowadays "normally hyperbolic operators") in pretty much the same way as for symmetric hyperbolic systems. The most general proof of this, which holds for the so-called "regularly hyperbolic operators" coming from an Euler-Lagrange variational principle, can be found e.g. in D. Christodoulou's book "The Action Principle and Partial Differential Equations" (Princeton University Press, 2000). $\endgroup$ Commented May 18 at 17:22

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