The GWO algorithm mimics the leadership hierarchy and hunting mechanism of grey wolves in nature. Four types of grey wolves such as alpha, beta, delta, and omega are employed for simulating the leadership hierarchy. In addition, three main steps of hunting, searching for prey, encircling prey, and attacking prey, are implemented to perform optim…

A simplified and effective version of IPO (called SIPO) with the aim of simplifying the main IPO equations, creating a powerful trade-off between the concepts of exploitation and exploration, and modifying the complexity of their structural parameters.